Ukuqonda Umsebenzi woMgaqo-siseko kaRhulumente waseMerika

Urhulumente wase-United States usebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye nokuhlola kunye nokulinganisela, isakhiwo esimiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko ukuthintela naliphi na isebe elinye ekufumaneni igunya eligqithisileyo. Esi sakhiwo sahlula igunya likarhulumente phakathi kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: iSigunya, iSilawuli, kunye ne-Jaji. Ngoxa isebe ngalinye lisebenzisa amandla akhethekileyo omgaqo-siseko, iimbopheleleko zalo eziqulukileyo zidala inkqubo esebenzayo apho intsebenziswano kunye nolawulo lomntu omnye luyimfuneko khona ekuphatheni okusesikweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela la masebe amathathu asebenza ngokuzimeleyo kodwa asebenza kunye ukuxhasa umthetho, ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, nokugcina umyalelo oye wakhokela uhlanga kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini.

Intanda-bulumko esekelwe koku kwahlulwa kwamagunya isuka kakhulu kwimibhalo kaMontesquieu kunye namava asebenzisekayo esizukulwana esisekiweyo, esoyika amandla akhethekileyo emva kolwazi lwazo ngolawulo lobukumkani baseBritane. UJames Madison wachaza lo mbono kuFederali No. 51, ephikisa ukuba [[FLT: 0]] ikhubalo malenziwe ukulwa nebhongo ngesakhiwo solawulo esiyilwe ngenyameko. Isiphumo singurhulumente apho isebe ngalinye lingakhangela abanye ngexa lihlala linikwe amandla ngokwaneleyo ukuze liphumeze imisebenzi yalo yomgaqo-siseko.

Ukwakhiwa Kweepeksi Nolungelelwano

Inkcubeko yenkqubo yaseMerika ilele kungekuphela nje ekuhluleni amagunya kodwa ekunikeni izixhobo zesebe ngalinye ukumisela ezinye. Isebe elilawulayo lenza imithetho kodwa lifuna imvume elawulayo yomthetho olandelwayo kunye nokujongwa komthetho wokusebenza kwezomthetho. Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lilawula urhulumente kodwa lixhomekeke kwinkxaso-mali engoMthethweni nakumagunya okuxhasa, ngelixa isebe leJaji lichaza imithetho kodwa lixhomekeke kuMlawuli weSebe ukulungiselela ukugcinwa komthetho kunye noMthetho wokwenziwa komgaqo kunye noqingqo-mali.

Oku kuxhomekeka kolawulo kudala isingqi sendlela yokulawula efuna ingxubusho, ukulalanisa, nokuhlonela imida yemithetho-siseko. Ukuqonda indlela la masebe asebenza ngayo kutyhila inkqubela-phambili yedemokhrasi yaseMerika kunye nendlela yokukhusela okusesikweni ekuzameni ukusetyenziswa komthetho-siseko okanye ukufikelela ngaphaya komsebenzi karhulumente.

Isebe Lomthetho: Igunya Lokumisela Imithetho

Isebe loMgaqo-siseko, elimiselwe yiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, sisiko le-bankaral eliyilwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlalo. Indlu, enamalungu angama- 435 avota abelwe ngabantu ngurhulumente, imele izilangazelelo ezithe ngqo kubantu ngeminyaka emibini egcina abameli benoxanduva olusondeleyo kwii-ofisi zabo. IBhunga, enamalungu ali-100 (ababini kumazwe ngamanye), isebenza kwiimfuno zeminyaka emithandathu kwaye inika impembelelo ezomeleleyo, imele intlalo yombuso kunye nembono emide yesizwe.

Imisebenzi Yomthetho we-Core

Imbopheleleko yokuqala yeKhomishini kukuqulunqa izivumelwano, ingxoxo, nokumisela umthetho osingatha iimfuno nocelomngeni lohlanga. Le nkqubo ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi apho iingcamango ziba ngamatyala, amatyala abe yimithetho, kwaye imisebenzi engundoqo ibumbe ubomi baseMerika. Imisebenzi engundoqo iquka:

  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Ukungenisa iindleko zengeniso kwiNdlu yabameli, njengoko kufunwa ngumGaqo-siseko i’ igalelo lemvelaphi.
  • [[UMTL:0] uphumeza kunye nomthetho othengisiweyo [ ngeekomiti ezichotshelwayo, iingxoxo zomgangatho, neekomiti zengqungquthela ezidibanisa umahluko phakathi kweNdlu yendlu neNdlu yeNtlanganiso.
  • Ukungqina uqingqo-mali lwezwe kunye nokufaka imali yemisebenzi karhulumente, amandla anika iKhomishini exhotyisiweyo elungileyo kunezinto eziphambili kulawulo oluphezulu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izivumelwano zokuqinisekisa ngeqela leQela leNtlanganiso lesithathu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zibonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kuquka onobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi bephondo, abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye noonozakuzaku benkqubo yokuqinisekisa.
  • Ukulungiselela ukuchongwa komphathi kunye nophando lokulawula imisebenzi yesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu nokuqinisekisa ukuphendula.

Iindlela Zokuhlola Umthetho Kwamanye Amasebe

IBhunga linempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwamanye amasebe ngobuchule obuninzi bomgaqo-siseko. ICamp Camp ’ inecebiso namandla okuvuma amacandelo okumisela amatyala. Ingqungquthela ikwalawula ulawulo lweenkundla zesizwe kwaye, ngomthetho, iphembelela indlela isebe lejaji elisebenza ngayo. Igunya eligunyazisa igunya leBhunga linika amagunya karhulumente aquka uMongameli, uMongameli, kunye nabagwebi bemithetho yezomthetho [FLT: 0] yolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nabameli abasetyenziswa kakubi bomongameli. Ngokungakumbi, iBhunga lomthetho linokususa umongameli wephondo kunye namagxam amabini-3-3-am, linika igunya lokususa amagosa eencwadi esizwe kuquka uMongameli, ukumisela imithetho echasaphisayo.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Ukunikela Nokulungiselela UMthetho

Isebe eliLawulayo, elimiselwe liQumrhu II lomGaqo-siseko, likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente. UMongameli uxhaswa nguMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, kunye nolawulo oluninzi lwezorhulumente oluquka amasebe anjengeRhulumente, uKhuselo, uNkxaso, uMasipala, namaqumrhu amaninzi. Eli qela likhulu lezixhobo zolawulo lisebenza kwaye linyanzelela imithetho edluliselwe yiBhunga loMkhosi ngelizwano ngexesha elilawula imisebenzi yemini-mini-yo karhulumente worhulumente.

Imisebenzi yeWonga leMbali

Isebe eliLawulayo liphumeza iimbopheleleko ezininzi kakhulu ezichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bamaMelika. Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo iquka:

  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ukunika imithetho yequmrhu ngeSebe leSigwebo, amagosa omthetho, kunye nemibutho yowiso-mthetho eqinisekisa ukuthobela imimiselo.
  • uqulunqo lolwalamano lwamanye amazwe kwaye umela iUnited States kwimimandla yezizwe ngezizwe, izivumelwano zesivumelwano, kunye nokulawula ulwalamano lwentlalo-ntle namanye amazwe.
  • Ukuyalela amajoni axhobileyo njengoMyaleli kwiNtloko, ukukhokela imisebenzi yomkhosi kunye nokubumba inkqubo yokhuseleko lwesizwe.
  • [ imiyalelo yequmrhu eliphetheyo kunye nemigaqo ekhokela indlela amaqumrhu karhulumente asebenzisa ngayo imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga.
  • Ukuthethelela nokuphinda uvume kwetyala likarhulumente, amandla anika ityala kwisebe lejaji kwaye avumela ukuba kubekho inceba kwinkqubo yobulungisa.
  • Ukubeka amagosa esizwe kuquka abagwebi, oonozakuzaku, kunye noomphathi abakhulu, phantsi koqinisekiso lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso.

Isebe eliphetheyo Lihlola Amanye Amasebe

UMongameli unezixhobo ezithe kratya zokuhlola amasebe eMithetho ne-Ofisi. Amandla eveto avumela uMongameli ukuba angavumi umthetho odluliselwe yiKhonklane, anyanzelise abenzi bomthetho ukuba bamkele i-veto okanye baqhube imikhosi emikhulu ukuba ilawule. UMongameli i’ ugunya lokumisa ukubumba icandelo lephondo libumba izizukulwana, njengoko ukumisela kwejaji kuthwala ubomi obuphakathi kunye negunya elibalulekileyo lokucacisa. Umlawuli ukwalawula ulawulo lwenkundla, okuthetha ukuba isebe leJaji lixhomekeke kwintsebenzi elawulayo esebenzayo ekuphumezeni imithetho yalo ngokufezekile.

Isebe Lezeejaji: Ukutolika Imithetho Nokumisela Okusesikweni

Isebe lezeejaji, elimiselwe liQumrhu III lomGaqo-siseko, likhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States kwaye liquka iinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo ezinjengeeNkundla zezibheno neeNkundla zeSithili. Abagwebi bamaPhondo babamba iiofisi zabo ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, ngempumelelo abakhusela kwiimeko zobomi, ezibakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye zibavumela ukuba bagqibe amatyala asekelwe kumthetho nomgaqo-siseko kunokuba bacingele okuqhelekileyo okanye ukuqwalaselwa yimiqathango yezo.

Imisebenzi Yezahlulelo zeCore

Isebe lezeejaji lisebenza njengomtoliki womgaqo-siseko nomchasi-siseko weempikiswano zomthetho kwinkqubo karhulumente. Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo iquka:

  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Ukubeka umGaqo-siseko nokugqiba ukuba imithetho edluliswa yiKhonkcotho okanye zizenzo ezithatyathwe lisebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu ziyavumelana nemfuno yomgaqo-siseko.
  • Ukulungisa iimpikiswano zomthetho phakathi kwamaqela, kuquka amatyala abandakanya umthetho wesizwe, ulawulo oluhlukeneyo phakathi kwabemi bamazwe awahlukeneyo, kunye neempikiswano ezibandakanya urhulumente waseUnited States.
  • Ukujongwa kwemisebenzi yesebe lolawulo ukuqinisekisa ukuba basebenza ngaphakathi kwegunya lomthetho kwaye bahlonela inkqubo efunekayo yokuphuhliswa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko ngokutolika iBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokulungiswa komgaqo-siseko okulandelayo.
  • Ukuchaza umzekelo womthetho ngemfundiso yokujonga idecisis, enika uzinzo nokuxelwa kwangaphambili kumthetho.

Ukukhangela Amasebe Okugweba

Amandla ohlolo logwebo olunoLawulo oluphezulu, amiselwe kwityala eliphawulayo Madison (1803), avumela iinkundla zesizwe ukuba zivakalise izenzo zeBhunga okanye izenzo zesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu. Eli gunya lisebenza njengejongo elijongene nomthetho kunye nokuphamba. Isebe leJaji likwacacisa intsingiselo yemimiselo karhulumente, ngokufuthi limisela indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezithile kunye nokumisela imida yegunya. Ngala maqela, iinkundla zigcina umgaqo-siseko kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba amanye amasebe asebenza kwimiqathango yegunya lawo amiselweyo.

Indlela Amasebe Azondelela Ngayo Okusesikweni

Ngeli xesha inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela idala ingxwabangxwaba phakathi kwamasebe, ulawulo olusebenzayo lufuna intsebenziswano eqhubekayo nokuhlonelana. Le ntsebenziswano ibonakala ngeendlela eziliqela ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela ulawulo lwezobulungisa.

Umanyano lomthetho wokwenziwa komthetho

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho idla ngokubandakanya ukunxibelelana okunzulu phakathi kweKhonkxane nesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu. Oomongameli bacebisa ukuba kwenziwe imimiselo yemithetho, bakhuphe amatyala eepetroli, kunye neNkqutyana yengingqi yokungqinelana ukuze kumiselwe izinto eziza kuqala. Amasebe alawulayo anikela ubuchule kunye nengqiqo esebenzisekayo ngendlela imithetho ecetyisiweyo esebenzayo esebenzayo. Le sebenzisana kunceda kuveliswe umthetho ovakala kakuhle nonokwenzeka ngokwemigaqo-siseko, ukunciphisa amathuba okuphunyezwa kweengxaki okanye ukungasebenzi kwekomiti egweba.

Intsebenziswano yeSebe eliphetheyo

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu linendima ebalulekileyo ekuzalisekiseni izigqibo zenkundla. Amasebe oManyano kufuneka alungise iinkqubo zawo kunye noqheliselo lwawo ukusabela kwizigwebo zogwebo. ISebe lezeMithetho limela urhulumente enkundleni, likhusela imithetho yesizwe kunye nezenzo zolawulo lolawulo lomthetho ngoxa likwathobela imiyalelo egwebayo. Olu nxulumano lufuna unxibelelwano oluqhubekayo kunye nokuhlonelana phakathi kwamasebe, kwanaxa kuvela ukungavisisani ngokucaciswa kwemithetho okanye umGaqo-siseko.

Interlatho-yoMthetho

IBhunga liphembelela isebe lezeejaji ngamandla alo ukuchaza igunya lenkundla yephondo, ukumisela iikomiti ezintsha, nokumisela imbuyekezo yomthetho kunye noqingqo-mali. Iinkundla, nazo, zitolika intsingiselo yemimiselo yowiso-mthetho zize zimisele ukusebenza kwayo. Olu lwalamano lukhuthaza iBhunga ukuba limisele umthetho ngokunenkathalo kwiimfuno zomGaqo-siseko kunye nenkqubo ekhoyo, ngoxa iinkundla zizabalazela ukuhlonela injongo yomthetho xa zitolika imimiselo edityanisiweyo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Lentsebenziswano Yamava Nengxabano

Iziganeko eziliqela eziphawulekayo kwimbali yaseMerika zibonisa indlela amasebe amathathu asebenza ngayo kwaye abonise inkqubo i’ amandla okucombulula iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo kubulungisa.

Ibhodi yemfundo namalungelo abantu

INkundla ePhakamileyo ’ izigwebo ngo1954 Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yavakalisa ucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke olungekho semthethweni, ibhukuqa imfundiso eyahlukileyo kodwa elinganayo eyayisele ikhona kangangamashumi eminyaka. Ngelixesha iNkundla imisele umgaqo-siseko, ukuzalisekisa okufunekayo kwinyathelo lamasebe. IBhunga ladlulisa uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-649 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965, ukuguqulela izigwebo zomthetho ezisemthethweni owiswe ngokunyanzekileyo. Isebe eliphetheyo, phantsi koMongameli Eisemboer, ka-Kennedy, kunye no-Johnson, linyanzelela ezi mithetho nxamnye norhulumente abachanileyo, lisebenzisa igunya lorhulumente ekuwiseni umthetho-omthetho-omthetho-omthetho-omthetho-onke ka-onke ka-mthetho ka-Orthoritan.

Ingxaki Yamanzi Nengxelo Elawulayo

Ihlazo leWatergate yee-1970 labonisa indlela onke amasebe amathathu anokusebenza kunye ngayo ukuxhasa umthetho nxamnye nokuqhatha. Isebe leMithetho laphanda ngeetyala zeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtloko ezabonisa ukuziphatha okubi komongameli. Isebe lezeeJaji, ngemiyalelo evela kwiinkundla zorhulumente equka iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- United States v. Nixon (1974] [FLT], linyanzelele umongameli ukuba akhulule iikhasethi zendlu emhlophe ezangqina ukuba zisemgangathweni woburhulumenteni. Umongameli uNixon uveza ukuba akukho mphathi-mthetho, hayi umongameli, ungaphezulu komthetho xa amasebe eqhuba iimbopheleleko zawo zobugqeqesholo-mfama.

UMthetho wokunyamekela onokufikeleleka kunye nokugwetywa komGaqo-siseko

Ukudlula koMthetho we-Affordcules Care Act ngo-2010 kwabangela ukuvavanywa okugqithisileyo kwemida yamandla karhulumente kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwamasebe. INkundla ePhakamileyo i’ isigqibo se-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012) waxhasa ugunya ngamnye phantsi kweKhomishini ̱ ulawulo lwerhafu ngexa kulawula urhulumente wezwe i̱ amandla okubeka inkxaso-Médistion wind winds xa kuququzelelwa. INkundla yafaka ulungelelwano phakathi komthetho-mthetho-siseko ([FLT) [[FLT] [implat:1] [umthetho olawula ulawulo lwesizwe] kunye nokhuseleko phantsi komGwamGwalm wezo-mthetho-omatila. Isebe eliphethe lisebenzisa umthetho omiselwe yiNkulungisa, imigaqo elungelelanisayo, imigaqo elungelelanisayo, imigaqo, i-enze i-e

Indima Yecudi Ekukhuseleni Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Iinkundla zoManyano zisebenza njengenkundla ebalulekileyo kubantu abafuna ukukhuselwa kumagunya karhulumente okanye ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ngokugonyamela kwemigaqo egweba, iinkundla zingayiphelisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezingqubanayo nenkululeko esisiseko. Iimeko ezibandakanya inkululeko yokuthetha, ukuqhelisela unqulo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, kunye nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho esoloko iza phambi kwabagwebi begunyaziwe, abasebenzisa imigaqo-siseko kwiimeko ezithile eziziinyani.

Isebe lezeejaji likwakhusela amalungelo ngokuchaza kwalo imimiselo karhulumente. Xa iNkqutyana imisela imithetho ethetha ngamalungelo abantu, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, ukhuseleko lwabathengi, okanye ukucalucalulwa kwemisebenzi, iinkundla zimisela umgamo nokusetyenziswa kwaloo khuseleko. Oku kuchaza kudla ngokufuna ukuba iinkundla zilungelelanise imicimbi ephikisanayo zize ziqwalasele injongo yomthetho ngoxa zihlala zithembekile kwimiqathango yemithetho.

Ubuchule Bokulawula

Ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko osemthethweni, amalungiselelo aliqela asebenzisekayo anceda intsebenziswano kunye nokuvelela phakathi kwamasebe. Iikomiti zeBhunga zisoloko zithetha ngeendlebe namagosa aphezulu esebe, zifuna ubungqina malunga nemisebenzi yesebe kunye nezigqibo zomgaqo-siseko. I-Ofisi yeGosa elinoXanduva inika iNkxaso ezimeleyo yemisebenzi yeBhunga elilawulayo. Abagwebi boManyano basebenzisana neNgqungquthela yezeengxelo, enxibelelana nejajizakhono lejaji ̱ iimfuno nenkxalabo eziphatheleneno zomthetho ezichaphazela iinkundla.

I-Ofisi yeSebe Lezomthetho elikwiSebe leMicimbi yeJaji inika amacebiso asemthethweni kumasebe aphetheyo, ngokufuthi echaza imibuzo engokomGaqo-siseko ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe inyathelo. Lo msebenzi wokuqinisekisa unceda ukuthintela iingxabano ngenjongo yokuququzelela imicimbi okanye imizekelo engokweqhinga ngaphambi kokuba ivele, nto leyo enegalelo kulwalamano olulungelelanisiweyo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Korhulumente Olungeleleneyo

Inkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye noxilongo kunye nolungelelwano luye lwangqineke luhlala ixesha eliphawulekayo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Ngoxa ungquzulwano kunye nongquzulwano phakathi kwamasebe lungenakuphepheka kwaye lunqweneleka kwinkqubo eyenzelwe ukuthintela amandla agqithisileyo, impumelelo epheleleyo yenkqubo yomGaqo-siseko ixhomekeke kwisebe ngalinye ngokuphathelele indima yalo yomgaqo-siseko ngoxa lisebenzisa amandla alo ngokunenkathalo.

Intsebenziswano phakathi koMthetho, uMlawuli, noMlawuli, kunye noMgaqo-siseko iqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni akuyongcamango nje engekho ngqiqweni kodwa yinto eyinyaniso eyenzekayo efunyenweyo ngokwenza umthetho, ukunyanzelisa, kunye nokufungisa. Xa inkqubo isebenza njengoko kucetyiwe, akukho sebe linye, amalungelo akhuselwayo, kwaye umthetho womntu ngamnye ulawula ngaphezu kwamandla omthetho ozimeleyo. Abahlali abaqonda indlela urhulumente wabo asebenza ngayo baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuba bagcine abameli babo benoxanduva kunye nokuba nenxaxheba kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yedemokhrasi yezomgamgamgamtheli yaseMerika.

Ukuqonda le ntsebenziswano ibalulekile kumntu ofuna ukubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika okanye ukuxabisa iziseko zomGaqo-siseko wenkululeko yaseMelika. Abakhi bezixhobo bayila inkqubo eyakufuna ingxoxo eqhubekayo kunye nokulalanisa, belindele ukuba iphulo lesebe ngalinye liza kuvavanya amabhongo abanye. Le ndlela iyaqhubeka inceda uhlanga, ikhokela umsebenzi karhulumente nosukelo lwemithetho esesikweni kuwo onke amaMelika.