Ukuguquka Kwemeko Yezobupolitika: Ukuhambela Phambili Kwehlabathi EJapan Yanamhlanje

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, ulawulo lwezopolitiko lwaseJapan luchaziwe luphantse lungaphazanyiswa lulawulo lweLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) engaqhelekanga. Ukususela ekuyilweni kwayo ngo 1955, i-LDP iye yavelela ummangaliso wezoqoqosho waseJapan, ilawula ukudubuleka kwezixhobo zexabiso, kwaye yalawula iingxaki zebutho labantu abaluphele ngokukhawuleza. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, igalelo lamaqela ahambela phambili liye lavela, livavanyanisa ukuma nokukhuthaza ukuhlaziywa okunzulu kwentlalo. La maqela, ngoxa eselula kwiDiet, azisa ngempumelelo imicimbi efana nokungalingani kwemeko, isigaba, isihlalo, kunye nokusesikweni kwentlalo kwincoko yezopolitiko. Le nqaku lihlola ukunyuka kwaleenkqubo yawo, iinkqubo zawo ezingundoqo, iimqobo, kunye neemeko zawo zexesha elizayo.

Umxholo Wembali: Ukusuka KwiLDP Ukuya Kutsho Kwizahlulo Zezobupolitika

Ukuqonda ukunyuka kwamaqela ahambela phambili kufuna ukuvuma inzuzo yokwakha yeLDP. Inkqubo yokukhetha yamaJapan, exubene neendawo ezikwilungu elinye kunye nomelo olulungelelanisiweyo. (_ii-1990ds ukuxhasa amaqela amakhulu anee-metaneti ezinzulu zasekuhlaleni. Ixesha elikhulu lasemva kwemfazwe, ekuphela kwenkcaso ephawulekayo yavela kwiQela lamaKhomanisi laseJapan (JCP) kunye neJapan Socialist Party, zombini ezilwa nzima ukwandisa isiseko sawo. Ii-1990 zabona ixesha elifutshane loorhulumente abanqolobina, kodwa i-LDP yaphinda yazinziswa ulawulo. Ulawulo lwama-2009-2012 lweDDEmoctic Party yaseJapan (DP) lwaphawula inqaku eliphezulu lenkcoastrit, kodwa olwangaphakathi lwawodwa lwawo lwawonga olukhokelele kwizithembiso ze-P.

Kule ndawo ingenanto, imikhosi emitsha eqhubekayo iye yasebenzisa amalahle. I-Democratic Party ye-DDEmocratic yaseJapan (CDP), yasekwa ngo-2017 isuka kwintsalela ye-DPJ namanye amaqela akhululekileyo, izikhundla ngokwazo njengesazulu esisekhohlo. IQela lobuKomanisi liye lazimisela iqonga lalo, ligxininisa idemokhrasi nentlalo-ntle yentlalo-ntle yalo siseko sobuGawulayo. Ngaphezu koko, amatsha amatsha afana neReiwa Shingumi, asungulwe ngumphathi wemidlalo Yamato, athathe ingqala phambili ngezicelo ezinamandla abomvu nakulwanomthetho wamandla. Kwaneentlalo lwaseSocial Democratic Partioctic Par (SP), nangona enciphile, agcina ilizwi elikumalungelo abantu kunye neyantlukwanolukwano:

Ukwenziwa Kwenkqubo Yomgaqo-nkqubo Wekhorali: Oko Kulwelwa Ngako Ngamatheko Aqhubekayo

Intlalo - ntle Nobulungisa Bezoqoqosho

Amaqela ahambela phambili eJapan aphikisa ngokuthi ukukhula kwezoqoqosho kwelizwe akukhange kwabelwene nganto. Amashumi eminyaka okuhlawulwa, ukunyuka kwemisebenzi engaqhelekanga (abasebenzi abangenamdla ngoku bamalunga nama-40% abasebenzayo), kwaye iimfuno zokhuseleko loluntu ezingephi zidibeneyo. Izicelo ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Ukwandisa i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa ukugquma bonke abasebenzi, kuquka ixesha lekhefu kunye nentsebenziswano.
  • [[UMTL:0] ukwandisa umvuzo omncinci kumgangatho womvuzo ophilayo, ngexhoba le 1.500 yen ngeyure (ngoku malunga newaka leyen ngokwesizwe).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqinisa inkqubo yempesheni kawonke-wonke [ ukunqanda ubuhlwempu obudala, obuchaphazela amabhinqa angaphezulu kwe-20% ahlala yedwa.
  • Ukungenisa ingeniso engundoqo yendalo yonke njengosukelo lwexesha elide, kunye neReiwa Shinsengumi ukwenza lento ibe yinkqubo yeflegi.

ICDP ne-JCP zikwaxhasa ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu okuqhubekayo .ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu kwingeniso ephezulu nokufumana ingeniso eninzi ngexesha lokunciphisa irhafu kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi. Baphikisa ngelithi ukuxhomekeka kweLDP kwirhafu esetyenziswayo kunyusa umthwalo onzima kumahlwempu.

Ukuzinziswa Kwemekobume Nesenzo Semozulu

IJapan yindawo yesihlanu ekhuliswe kakhulu yekharbon ekhuphayo, kwaye inkqubo yayo yamandla iye yabunjwa kakhulu yintlekele yenyukliya yowama-2020 Fukushima. Amaqela aqhubela phambili aye atyhalela phambili kutshintsho olukhawulezileyo kumandla avuselelwayo, anamaxhoba afana nekhulu eli-100% lombane ohlaziyekayo ngo-2040-202050. Imigaqo-nkqubo engqalileyo iquka:

  • ukhupha amandla enyukliya ngokupheleleyo, ngokuphikisana nocwangciso lwe LDP lokuyigcina njengomthombo womthwalo osisiseko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuyeka inkxaso-mali yamandla amalahle kokubili ekhaya nakurhwebo lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
  • Ukungenisa kwigridi yenqnawa[[FT:1] kunye nobugcisa bokugcina ukwenzela ukungena okuphezulu kwelanga nomoya.
  • [[UMTL:0] imisebenzi eluhlaza eqokelela kumacandelo afana nothutho lukawonke-wonke, ukwakha ii-atrofit, kunye nezolimo ezizinzileyo.

I-JCP ibisebenza kakhulu kwintshukumo zasekuhlaleni ezichasene nokwakhiwa kwezityalo zamalahle, ngeli lixa i-CDP inomthetho wemozulu ofakelwe imo yezulu oza kumisela unciphiso lwezikhonkwane zokukhupha igesi ezibotshwayo. Umlinganiselo wama-2022 ubushushu obushushu kunye nokwanda kweziganeko zemozulu ezigqithisileyo zibole ungxamiseko kwezi zindululo.

Umgangatho wesihluku-ntloko kunye neLGBTQ+ amalungelo

IJapan ibala ngokungephi ngokulinganayo kwenani lamabhinqa, kwaye kumazwe angama-141 kuMazwe e-Economic Forum akwingxelo ye-2022 yeNtlalo-ntle yehlabathi. Amaqela ahambela phambili aye enza amalungelo namaqela ahlukeneyo. Iimfuno ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Isivumelwano esifuna umlinganiselo wesini sobufanasini kumaqumrhu eqela kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba bezobupolitika (iCDP icebisa ama-30% amabhinqa ngo-2030).
  • Imali ehlawulwayo ukwenzela umsebenzi olinganayo, ivala isithuba somvuzo wesini (ngoku malunga ne25%).
  • Imithetho echasene nokungalawuleki ekhusela amaxhoba omsebenzi kunye nokukhathazwa ngokwesini.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukwamkelwa komtshato kunye nomanyano olufanayo lobufanayo ; ngeli xesha abanye oomasipala sele benikela iziqinisekiso zomanyano, umthetho wesizwe awuluqondi umanyano olufanayo lobudlelane. ICDP ne-JCP zixhasa ukulingana okupheleleyo komtshato, kunye neReiwa Shinsengumi ibeke ityala elicel ’ umngeni.
  • ukwandisa ufikelelo lwabantwana nekhefu labazali, kuquka ikhefu lokuzala, ukubhekisa kumlinganiselo osezantsi wokuzala.

Ngo-2023, iCDP yatyhalela isibheno sokuvala unyango lokuguqula abantu, iLDP eyathi yaluhlisa phambi kokudlula (ukuqinisekisa umlo oqhubekayo weLGBTQ +.

Utshintsho Negunya Lolutsha

Izakhono ezithe zahambela phambili zijonga imfundo njengesixhobo sokuzibandakanya nokuthembisana.

  • Ukwenza ikholeji ekhululekileyo okanye ephantsi kakhulu ; amaJapan amaninzi aselula athwaliswa ubunzima lityala labafundi, kwaye ingeniso kwiyunivesithi yesizwe inyuke kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo.
  • Ukunciphisa ubungakanani bodidi nokuqesha abafundisi- ntsapho abangaphezulu ukuphucula umgangatho wemfundo.
  • ukukhuthaza ukucingela ukugxeka kunye nokwahluka-hlukeneyo kwezifundo zesikolo ukucaphula kakhulu ukukhumbula kunye neencwadi zesizwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Injongo yemfundo enyanzelekileyo ukuquka isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo , enokuthi ngoku ikhethe, nangona phantse bonke bezeyo.

Ezi zicelo zijoliswe ekucombululeni ukungafani kwemfundo okuqhubekayo eJapan, apho imali efunyanwa yintsapho iqikelela imiphumo yemfundo.

Amalungelo Abasebenzi Namathuba Okukhusela Abasebenzi

Ukunyuka “kwezoqoqosho” nokungaqeshwa kwangaphandle kubangele intengiso yokusebenza entlu - mbini.

  • [[UMTHLOBO: 0] Imali ehlawulwayo yabasebenzi abaqhelekileyo nabangengomthetho ukwenza umsebenzi ofanayo.
  • Imibutho eqinisayo yokusebenza kunye neqela elithelekisa amalungelo, ingakumbi kumashishini amancinci naphakathi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ichaza ukugxothwa ngokungekho sikweni kwaye ikwenza kube lula kubasebenzi ukuthatha amalungelo abo.
  • Ukukhupha isiKhakamo esinyanzelekileyo sihlawule ikhefu lokugula (ngoku akuyomfuneko esemthethweni).

IQela lamaKomanisi laseJapan linembali ende yokusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi, kwaye iCDP iye yasebenza kunye namaqumrhu orhwebo ukuqulunqa ityala elingaphezulu lee nguqulelo ecacileyo eyabakho phantsi kweAbe.

Imisebenzi eCwangcisiweyo

Amaqela aqhubela phambili aye enza inzuzo encinane kodwa enokufumaneka. Kunyulo lwe-2021 jikelele, iCDP yafumana izihlalo ezingama-96 (kusukela kuma- 465), iyisenza ibe yeyona ntloko inkulu yeqela lenkcaso. IJCP yaba nezihlalo ezilishumi, neReiwa Shinsengungumi yafumana izihlalo ezintathu. Kunyulo lweNdlu yaseMantla yama-20222, umbutho wokuchasa i-CDP, i-JCP, ne-SDP) wagcina izihlalo ezaneleyo zokuvala inkqulukelo yomgaqo-siseko. Unyulo lwasekuhlaleni lubone abazamkeli bephumelela kwimijaho ehlala ephezulu enjenge-Yokokkokjow neKyoto, ngokufuthi ngokuqhuba kwiqonga elichasene neqonga elichasene ne-ovimba-mlilo.

La maqela afakelele ucwangciso lwengca, esebenzisa ijelo leenkqubo zonxibelelwano kunye nemali encinane esetyenziswayo ukukhupha abagcini bamasango eendaba. I-JCP iqhuba umnatha wamaziko oluntu anikela uncedo lwasimahla olusemthethweni nolulubonelelwa ngoluntu, ukwakha intembelo kwimimandla esebenza kwimimandla yasezidolophini. UReiwa Shinsengumi uye wasebenzisa amaphulo e-virusation, njengokufaka “Uwethube irhafu” kwiinkampani ezinkulu zobugcisa. Phezu kwayo nje le migudu, isiseko se-LDP sihlala sisomelele, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni apho unxibelelwano lobuqu kunye nengxolo ye-dyal-harf esetyenziswayo isengu.

Iingxaki Nemiqobo Ebangela Utshintsho Luqhubeke

Inkqubo ye-Electoral kunye neMidlalo

Inkqubo yesithili esinye saseJapan ivumela i-LDP, enemibutho enzulu yasekuhlaleni kunye namaqhina omeleleyo kwintsebenziswano yezolimo, amashishini okwakha, kunye nentlangano yezamayeza enamandla. Amaqela ahambela phambili asoloko ehlula ivoti yenkcaso, ivumela i-LDP efumana i-30-40% yovoti. Ngelixesha iCDP ne-JCP ivelise imibutho yabanyuli (umz. ngo-2021 adibanisa abatshatikazi abatsha abatshakazi abali-10 000), intsebenzi enjalo ihlala ingobuthathaka. I-JCP i-antimoniarchist ne-effenethis zembali zokulwa noziquququalisa i-zi zikwa zikwanqanda ukuba zingasebenzi izikhundla ezithe amanani abavoti-oneleyo.

Ukugqunywa Kwamajelo eendaba Nokungaqiniseki

Izixhobo eziphambili zetheminali zaseJapan .ethenjiswe ziinkqubo zikamabonwakude ezixhomekeke kwizibhengezo kunye nezibhengezo zikarhulumente ```iii-add'' ukunikela ixesha elithe kratya kwiqela elilawulayo. Iinkokeli zeqela eliqhubela phambili zisoloko zikhalaza ngokutyeshelwa okanye ukukhutshwa. Ngaphezu koko, iqela leembono ezithe tye ezithe tye njengeembono ezithe ngqo ze- “ngeyoJaphani" okanye eziphekekayo, ingakumbi kwimibandela efana nokuthomalalisa kunye nomtshato ophakathi. I-9/11 yentlangalo-ntla nesongelo zikwasemntla ye Korea nazo ziye zakhuthaza ukukhuseleka okuqhelekileyo phakathi kokhuseleko olukhoyo.

Ukwahlulwa ngokweenkqubo kunye nokwahlulwa kolwazi

Inkampu ehambela phambili ayingonogada-mda. Le CDP liqela elikhulu eliquka ukukhulula okuphakathi, ebeyi-DPJJ, kunye nababesakuba ngabacuphi. I-JCP igcina indlela yokulawula yasekhohlo engaqhelekanga kwimiba yezoqoqosho. UReiwa Shinsengumi ungumgqumo kunye nokulwa nomthetho ochaseneyo. Olu mahluko maxa wambi luthintela ukudlulisela amagama ngokumanyeneyo. Umzekelo, kwinkqubo yokhuseleko, iCDP iquka amalungu axhasa umkhosi onamandla ozixhasayo osecaleni kwe-Denfense, ngexa uJCP ifuna ukupheliswa kweSDF. Ezi zinto zingasetyenziswa njenge-LDP, ezizibonakalisa zithe ngqine njengezinto ezizinzileyo.

Amandla Enkqubo Alinganiselweyo

Kwanaxa kuveliswa amatyala aqhubekayo, anqabile ukudlula. I-LDP ilawula uninzi kuzo zombini izindlu zikaDiet, kunye neqabane layo elingumbutho uKomeito(a umbutho otyebileyo wamaBhuda). Amaqela ahambela phambili aye asebenzisa iindlela kunye namaphulo oxinzelelo ukulungisa iindleko zikarhulumente (umz., ukukhusela inkxaso-mali yokukhulisa abantwana ngo-2023), kodwa utshintsho olungundoqo lwesakhiwo luye lwangabi lula.

Ikamva Lotshintsho EJapan

Ukutshintsha Imbali Nesimo Sengqondo Sezinto Eziqhelekileyo

Abemi baseJapan bayaluphala, kodwa abantu abaselula (abangaphantsi kwama-30) baya bekhula kwimiba yentlalo nemekobume. Uhlolisiso lwama-2022 olwenziwa yiNgqungquthela yoLutsha yaseJapan lwafumanisa ukuba ama-70% abantu abaselula abaxhasa umtshato omnye, ama-60% abeka imozulu kwindawo yokuqala kunenkqubela yezoqoqosho. Unyulo lwasekuhlaleni lwabona uvotelo olubhaliweyo lolutsha olukwizibhedlele ezithile zasedolophini. Ukuba olu tyekelo luyaqhubeka, amaqela aqhubela phambili anokufumana impembelelo eyomelele ngakumbi ngokukhuthaza ulutsha oluvoti-manani alo.

Imizekelo karhulumente enokubakho

Ngexa kungenakwenzeka ukuba iqela elinye elinenkqubela liphumelele uninzi kwixesha elizayo, oorhulumente abamanyeneyo banakho. Urhulumente we-DPJ owenziwe ngo-2009 wabonisa ukuba i-LDP ingakhutshwa, nangona loo mbutho udibene ngenxa yokungabinabuchule kunye nengxaki yeFukushima. Ukuba iCDP, JCP, ne Reiwa Shinsengumi iyakwazi ukugcina indawo edityanisiweyo qhaqhaqhaqha, kwaye ukuba iKomeito igqibele ukwaphuka norhulumente wasekhohlo. Urhulumente onjalo ungenza utshintsho lolwandiso lokuqala: ukwandisa uhlazo lwabantwana, ukunyusa umba, ukunyuka komvuselelo oluncinci, nokuvuselela amandla okuthunyelwa.

Impembelelo kumgaqo-nkqubo weLDP

Nangaphandle kolawulo, amaqela aqhubela phambili aye asusa i-Overton window. I-LDP iqalile ukwamkela ubugcisa obuqhubekayo, obufana “nomphathi-mikhosi omtsha wecapital” ogxininisa ubutyebi ekunikezelweni. Ngo-2023, urhulumente waphakamisa umvuzo omncinci nge 3%, kwaye wangenisa i-“Bantwana kunye ne-Arhente Yeentsapho” ukudibanisa inkxaso yabantwana. Zombini iingcamango ezikudala zixhaswa ngamaqela aphikisayo. I-LDP ikwadlulisa nomthetho oxutyiweyo LGBTQ+ ophantsi kwengcinezelo, ithintela izikhundla eziqhelekileyo kumtshato omnye.

Indima Yoluntu Lwasekuhlaleni Nengcinezelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Amaqela ahambela phambili akawodwa afuna utshintsho. Oku kujongwa kwangaphandle kunika amaqela aqhubekekayo alwa notshintsho kwi-Amnesty International Japan, i-Greenpeace, kunye ne-Weters Network for Peace kunye nezobupolitika ukuqhubekisela phambili amalungelo abantu kunye neenjongo zemekobume. Amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe anjenge-UN aye agxeka ukungalingani kweJapan yobufana, ukuxhomekeka kwezixhobo zenyukliya, nokungamkeleki kakhulu kweembacu. Oku kuhlola kwangaphandle kunika amaqela aqhubekekayo ukulwa kweenguqu ngokuhambelana nemilinganiselo yehlabathi.

Isiphelo: Ukutshintsha Ngokuthe ngcembe KweJapan Enokulingana

Amaqela ahambela phambili eJapan ajongene nemiqobo emikhulu: iqela elilawulayo elingqongqo kakhulu, inkqubo yonyulo ebohlwaya amaqela amancinane, kunye noluntu olulumkileyo ngeenguqu ezikhawulezileyo. Kodwa ukukhuthala kwawo kubangele iingxaki ezibalulekileyo, ukulingana kwemeko-bume, ubufana, ucalucalucalulo olukhoyo, ukubekwa phambili kwengxoxo yezopolitiko. Ngokuzinzisa izivumelwano zonyuselo, imigudu yonyuselo, kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yemithetho-ogractive, sele iphenjelelwe yimigaqo-nkqubo. Indlela yokuya enyanisweni yeJapan iya kuba yeyona nto iphambili, kodwa inyanze ukwanda kwengcinezelo encinane kunye nengcinezelo engenakuphikwahlulwa kweminye imekobume kungqina ukuba utshintsho lwentlalo aluthandabuzeki ukuba, kodwa xa kuthe kwababukeli bezobupolitika baseJapan bayaqhubeka bebukele imigaqo yesizwe, kuba bachaza kakuhle indlela yamashumi eminyaka.

Ubuncwane bangaphandle bokufunda ngokubhekele phaya: ([[FLT: 0]] Iqela leDemocratic yeSigqeba selizwe laseJapan ), ( iMinyaka yeJapan yohlalutyo lomanyano [), ([ Isigqeba sobuKomanisi seSingesi []), [[FLT] Ingxelo yezentengiso yehlabathi 20222], ([FLT][FLT]] .NPPPNPN.com kwinkangeleko [FFFF:]