Ulawulo lwaseScandinavia neNtlalo-ntle: Inkcitho Enzulu

Amazwe aseScandinavia . .Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, kunye ne-Iceland ngokuqhelekileyo kudala izithanda kakhulu izazinzulu zezobupolitika, ezoqoqosho, kunye nabenzi beenkqubo zentlalo-ntle emhlabeni wonke. Ukuxubana kwazo okuzizo ngokwahlukileyo kolawulo lwedemokhrasi, amaziko abonisayo, kunye neenkqubo zobuntlalo olubanzi zisoloko zibeka intlalo phakathi kwezona ziyonwabisayo, ezilinganayo, nezinempumelelo kuMhlaba. Le nqaku liqwalasela ngobunzulu ukufikelela okukhethekileyo kwesizwe ngasinye, kwaye lihlola imingeni edidanisa le nkqubo yehlabathi jikelele.

Umgaqo ongundoqo, iScandinavia uxhomekeke kwisivumelwano sentlalo: abemi bahlawula iirhafu eziphezulu ngokwentelekiso ukwenzela ukuba bonke abantu bafumane iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezisemgangathweni, imfundo, ukunyamekela abantwana, ukunyamekela abadala, kunye nokhuseleko lwengeniso. Le sivumelwano sixhaswa kukuthembana okuphezulu korhulumente, ukunganyaniseki okusezantsi, nokuthathi-nxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle. Isiphumo sithetha ukuba umntu ngamnye nentlalo-ntle ayibonwa njengemikhosi ephikisanayo kodwa njengoko isebenza kunye.

Izakhiwo zolawulo eScandinavia

Onke amazwe aseScandinavia asebenza njengolawulo-lawulo-bume lwepalamente, mhlawumbi nemikhosi yomGaqo-siseko (iSween, iNorway, iDenmark) okanye irepublic (iFinland). Amandla athotyelwe kakuhle, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banandipha inkululeko engundoqo, kwaye ukwenza izigqibo kuphawulwa ngolwakhiwo lwezigqibo phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi ezobupolitika. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo itshintsha, ingakumbi ezo zichaphazela inkqubo yentlalo-ntlalo, zidityaniswa kakhulu kwaye zisetyenziswa ngononophelo.

Iinkqubo zezobupolitika Nomanyano

Umba ochazayo wezobupolitika zaseScandinavia lukwanda kweenkqubo ezininzi kunye noorhulumente abamanyeneyo. Akukho qela linye elisoloko libambe uninzi, iqela elinyanzelisayo ukuba lidibane kwaye lenze izivumelwano. Oku kukhuthaza ukulalanisa kunye nokuceba ixesha elide, njengoko utshintsho lwentlalo lusoloko lufuna inkxaso enqamlezekileyo. Umzekelo, iRiksdag yaseSweden iquka amaqela asibhozo epalamente, kunye noorhulumente abakhelwe rhoqo yimibutho ephakathi okanye ephakathi.

Ezi ntlobo-ntlobo zezobupolitika ziqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amancinane, amaphandle, kunye nezilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo zezoqoqosho ziyamelwa. Isiphumo sisimo sobume obuzinzileyo, obunokuthelekelelwa, nobungaphi na ukuphazamiseka okunokutshintsha ngequbuliso, okuphazamisayo, okubalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke kwintlalo-ntle.

Ukucaca, Umthetho, Nokunganyaniseki

Amazwe aseScandinavia asoloko ephambili ekuthetheni okusehlabathini lonke ngenxa yokubonakala, umthetho, nokungabikho korhwaphilizo. Ngokwe-Transparency International’s Foogrations Index, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, neNorway asoloko ekwisikhundla phakathi kwamazwe alishumi aphezulu anobugqwirha. Oku akuyiyo ngengozi: isiseko esiqinileyo somthetho, izigwebo ezizimeleyo, inkululeko yemithetho yolwazi, kunye nenkcubeko yokuziphendulela zonke iinkonzo.

Abami bathemba ukuba ingeniso yerhafu isetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo nangokusesikweni. Ukuthembana okuphezulu, kwenza kube luncedo ngokwezobupolitika ukugcina irhafu ephezulu (isitshixo senkqubo yezentlalo-ntle.). Umzekelo, eSweden, umgaqo wokufumana uluntu kumaxwebhu asemthethweni (ii-intelifetsiprin) uye wafakwa ekwakheni umthetho ukususela ngowe-1766, ukunika abemi nentatheli amandla kunye nokuhlolisisa iindleko zikarhulumente.

Ukuzinza nokuzihambela korhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Enye intsika yolawulo lwaseScandinavia ngurhulumente onamandla. OoMasipala nemimandla banomthwalo wokunikela iinkonzo zezentlalo-ntle ezininzi, zezonyango, zokwabelana kwabadala, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo. Bafaka irhafu yabo yengeniso yerhafu kwaye bafumana intlawulo yemiqobo kurhulumente wesizwe. Oku kuthotyelwa kweliso elifanelekileyo kuvumela ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo ilungelelane neemfuno zasekuhlaleni ngoxa kugcinwa imigaqo yesizwe ngomthetho nangenkxaso-mali.

EFinland, umzekelo, oomasipala abangaphezu kwama-300 balawula ulawulo oluphambili lwempilo nemfundo, kunye nemeko eqinisekisa ukulingana kwendlela ebanzi. Utshintsho lwakutshanje lukamasipala waseDenmark lwaqinisa oomasipala abangama-721 baba ngama-98 ukuze baphucule impumelelo ngexesha lolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Olu lungelelwano phakathi kolawulo lwasembindini kunye nolunobugocigoci buphawu lwemodeli yeNordic.

Iimodeli zeNtlalo-ntle: Imo yeNtlalo-ntle yeNordic

Imodeli yentlalo-ntle yase-Nordic idla ngokuchazwa “ngomhlaba wonke” kunye“ nokuncitshiswa kwexabiso”"" okuthetha ukuba ukufikelela kwiinkonzo ezibalulekileyo kunelungelo lokuba ngummi, kungekhona ukuxhomekeka kwingeniso yemarike. Isiseko sayo ngumgaqo womanyano lwentlalo: wonke umntu unikela ngokobuchule nangeengenelo ngokweemfuno. Oku kuxhaswa ngokuyintloko ngerhafu eqhubekayo, irhafu (VAT), kunye neminikelo yomqeshi.

Unyango lwehlabathi

Onke amazwe aseScandinavia anikela ngezonyango ezibonelelwayo ezikhululeke kakhulu ngexabiso lokusetyenziswa. Iinkqubo zikhokelwe irhafu-mali, kunye nerhafu yesigulana kwiinkonzo ezithile (umz., amazinyo, amayeza agunyazisiweyo) kodwa zinezikhonkwane zonyaka ngamnye zokukhusela iindleko zentlekele. Umzekelo, iNorway, iikhopthi zingaphandle kwenkcitho zezonyango malunga ne-NALI emalunga nama-5 500 (R330) ngonyaka. Umlinganiselo wobomi kummandla uqikelelo lweminyaka engaphezu kwama-822, kwaye amanani okufa kweentsana aphantsi emhlabeni wonke.

Ulawulo lwezonyango luyahluka: iDenmark neNorway ziye zasebenzisa inkqubo yezonyango yesizwe; iSweden neFinland zisebenzisa umxube wamabhunga namaphondo. Nangona kukho umahluko kwizakhiwo, iziphumo zisoloko zintle, njengoko zilinganiswa ngokwengxelo ye-OECD Health kwi-Glance.

Imfundo Ekhululekileyo Nemfundo Yobomi Bonke

Imfundo evela kwisikolo esiphambili ukuya kwiyunivesithi ikhululekile kuwo onke amazwe aseScandinavia. EFinland, eSweden naseDenmark, imfundo ephakamileyo iquka ukungayihlawuli imali yabafundi basekhaya kunye ne-EU/EEA, ngoxa iNorway ngaphambili yayinika bonke abafundi bezizwe ngezizwe imvume yamahhala (ngokulula nje inkcitho yabafundi abangengo-EU). Igxininiswa ekulinganani kwamathuba: kungakhathaliseki ukuba bavela kusini na, umntwana ngamnye unomgangatho ofanayo wemfundo.

Inkqubo yemfundo yaseFinland yaziwa kakhulu ngokuba ingekho inkqubo elungeleleneyo yokuvavanya, abafundisi - ntsapho abaqeqeshwe kakuhle, yaye inikela ingqalelo kwinkqubela ephakamileyo yezinto ezithandwayo. Eli lizwe lisoloko limi kufutshane nelona liphambili ekufundeni, kwizibalo nakwinzululwazi, nangona lichitha imali encinane kunamanye amazwe amaninzi ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho.

I-inshorensi Yoluntu Nemisebenzi Ekhutheleyo Yokuthengisa Ishishini Lezemisebenzi

Imeko-ntle inikela inkxaso-mali kwingeniso yobomi: iingenelo zomntwana, ikhefu labazali (ukuya kwiiveki ezingama-65 ezihlawulwa eSweden), i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, iinzuzo zokugula, iimpesheni zemhlala-phantsi, kunye neemali zomhlala-phantsi ezidala. Intsebenziswano zininzi(ukungaqeshwa kwemali ehlawulwayo).

Imigaqo-nkqubo yezentengiso esebenzayo (i-ALMP) yeyokusebenza iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo. Oorhulumente banikela kakhulu ekuqeqesheni, ekunikeni abantu umsebenzi, nasekuhlawuleni inkxaso-mali yokunceda abasebenzi abasebenzayo. Imodeli “yokungaqeshwa” idibanisa imodeli ebhetyebhetye nokuqeshwa ngengeniso ephezulu kunye nomlinganiselo wengeniso ephezulu yemali esebenzayo. Le ndlela igcine amanani okungaqeshwa esezantsi ngokwentelekiso (ngokusuka kwisi-4 ukuya kwisi-6%) ngoxa igcina umkhosi wabasebenzi abasebenzi abasebenzayo besebenza kakhulu, ingakumbi kumabhinqa nabadala.

Ukulingana kweNtlalo noMthendeleko

Iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle zaseScandinavia zenzelwe ngokucacileyo ukunciphisa ukungalingani. Ngokuhambela phambili kwerhafu nokuthuthwa ngesisa, iGini conagietical (umlinganiselo wokungalingani kwengeniso) kumazwe afana ne-Sweden ne-Norway imalunga ne-0.25-0.27, ithelekisa ne-0.39 eUnited States kunye ne-0.35 eUnited Kingdom. Ukongeza kwingeniso, urhulumente wentlalo ukhuthaza ukulingana kwamadoda ngokwesini ngokwendlela yokunyamekela abantwana, ikhefumfa yabazali, kunye nemigaqo ekhuthaza ootata ukuba baxhase iimbopheleleko zokunyamekela.

Isiphumo asikokufumana izinto eziphathekayo kuphela kodwa kwanomgangatho ophezulu wokuthembana kwentlalo kunye nomlinganiselo ophantsi wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ingxelo yehlabathi yolonwabo ibeka iFinland, iDenmark, iIceland, neSweden ngokuqhubekayo phakathi kwamazwe amahlanu aphezulu angowona avuyayo, ichaza iingingqi zenkxaso entle yoluntu nokunganyaniseki okucingelwayo.

Ingqiqo Ethelekisayo: Ukwahluka Kwamazwe AseNordic

Ngoxa libelana ngemigaqo esisiseko, ilizwe ngalinye laseScandinavia liye lavelisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela imbali, oovimba nempembelelo yezobupolitika.

ENorway: Ilizwe leWelfare ene-Oyile

Ubutyebi obukhulu be-oyile eNorway, obufunyaniswe ngoo 1960, buye balawulwa yiNgxowa-mali kaRhulumente yePension Global (ngoku ixabisa ngaphezu ko-R1,7,000 yezigidi). Le ngxowa-mali yobutyebi ivumela i-Norway ukuba isebenze iinkqubo zoncedo lwentlalo-ntle ngelixa ixhasa imali yesizukulwana esizayo. Eli lizwe linobukhulu obukhulu kwi-GDP kulo mmandla kwaye liqhayisa inkcazo yenkcaso yoPhuhliso loluntu lwehlabathi lonke (0.96666 njenge-2022). Inkqubo yempesheni ye-mali yemali yemali yemali yemali yemali engundoqo yehlabathi lonke, umhlala phantsi onxulumene nomhlala phantsi, kunye nomhlala-mhlala-phantsi onyanzelo. Noko ke, ukukhuselwa kwemali efunekayo kwingeniso ye-oli kubangela ukukhuthuka kwexabiso lehlabathi lonke, kwaye ilizwe eligqwene ngoqoqo.

IFinland: Ukufuduswa Nemfundo Kuqala

I-Finland ingenabo ubuncwane bendalo, i-Finland yafaka imali eninzi kwimfundo nakubugcisa emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Iziphumo ziziphumo zoqoqosho oluphezulu olukhokelwa ziinkampani ezinjenge Nokia (kunye ngoku imo yendalo eqalayo). Imodeli yentlalo-ntle yaseFinland igxininisa iinkqubo zemisebenzi yezorhwebo esebenzayo, kwaye ilizwe liye lazama ingeniso esisiseko yehlabathi lonke (UBI) kwi-nqwelo-moya encinane esuka ku-2017-2018. Ukuvavanywa kwafunyanwa ukuba abamkeli baxelwe kakuhle kakhulu kwintlalo neziphumo ezingcono zemisebenzi kuneqela labalawuli. IFinland yaphinda yaphucula ukhuseleko lwalo lwempilo kunye neenkonzo zentlalo-ntle (STE) ukuze ikwazi ukudibanisa izixanduva nokuncitshiswa kweendleko, nangona ukwenziwa kwemali kuntluntlulo oluntsonko.

ESweden: ISizwe SeeArpinteal Universal Welfare

Imodeli yaseSweden idla ngokuthathwa njengeyona ibanzi. Inika ikhefu elibanzi labazali (iintsuku ezingama-480 umntwana ngamnye), ukunyamekela abantwana kakhulu (malunga ne-1-3% yengeniso), kunye nemfundo yamahhala yaseyunivesithi. Eli lizwe linomlinganiselo ophezulu werhafu ukuya kwiGDP (malunga nama-42%), kodwa ulwamkelo lukawonke-wonke luhlala lunamandla. I-Sweden ikwanesithethe eside se-corporatism (8% yemibutho yabaqeshi, imibutho yabaqeshi, kunye norhulumente wokumisela imivuzo kunye neemeko zengqekelelwano. Uxaso luquka ukudibanisa abantu abaninzi abafuduki, ukugcinwa kwezindlu, nokunyuka kolwaphulo-mthetho kwimimandla efuna uncedo.

IDenmark: IFlexicurity neSizwe Esincinane seLiberalism

Imodeli ye-Denmark “yokungangeni mandla” yimodeli ephezulu: abaqeshi bangaqesha kwaye batshise ngemiqathango embalwa (ukungabi nangxaki), ngeli xesha iinzuzo zokungabikho komsebenzi kunye neenkqubo zokuqeqesha ezisebenzayo zinika ukhuseleko. Le ntlanganisela igcine uqoqosho lweDenmark lunamandla kunye nomlinganiselo walo wokusebenza (malunga no-75%). Urhulumente wentlalo-ntle yaseDenmark uphangalele kancinci kakhulu kwiindawo ezithile ezithelekiswa ne-Sweden, kodwa iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ziyasebenza. Ilizwe nalo linocandelo likawonke-wonke-wonke elinomgaqo-wo, neenkonzo ezininzi ezifikelelekayo kwi-intanethi. I-Denmark i-heandsss kodwa igcine ukulondolozwa komhlala kwiinguqu zemali nezoqoqosho.

Iingxaki Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Nangona ziphumelela, iimeko zokhuseleko zaseScandinavia azigonywanga kwingcinezelo.

Ukukhula Kwabemi Nokuzinziswa Kwabantu

Njengamazwe amaninzi ahambele phambili, iScandinavia ijongene nokwaluphala kwamanani abantu abalupheleyo. Umlinganiselo wamanani adala (abantu abangama-65+ kwikhulu leminyaka) ulindeleke ukuba unyuke ukusuka kuma-30 ukuya kuma-45 ukuya kuma-2050 kwamanye amazwe. Olu tshintsho lunika imali yomhlala-phantsi, unyango, kunye nokunyamekela abadala. Utshintsho luye lwanyusa ngokuthe ngcembe iminyaka yokuthatha umhlala phantsi (umz., inkqubo ye-Sweden idibanisa iimpesheni nobude bobomi, kwaye amazwe amaninzi ayandisa ukungenelela kwemisebe phakathi kwabasebenzi abadala. Imali yobutyebi yaseNorway inikela ikhuthulelo, kodwa amanye amazwe kufuneka axhomekeke kwirhafu okanye kwingeniso eluncedo.

Ukufuduka nolokufuduka

IScandinavia ifumene intsebenziswano ephawulekayo yokufuduka, kuquka abafuni bekhusi abasuka kwiingingqi zemfazwe kunye nabafuduki abasebenza kwi-EU. Ukurhoxa kungqineke kulucelomngeni, okunemigangatho ephantsi yemisebenzi kunye neziphumo zemfundo phakathi kwamanye amaqela abaphambukeli. ISweden, eyamkela inani elikhulu leembacu ngo 2015, ineenkqubo zokhuseleko eziqinileyo kwaye ivelise iimfuno ezingakumbi zokuqeqeshelwa ulwimi kunye noqeqesho lwezezoburhulumente. IDenmark iye yamkela eminye yeyona mithetho ingqongqo yokufuduka eYurophu, ngoxa iFinland neNorway iye yagxininisa kwiinkqubo zokwazisa ukudibana nokusebenza kwemisebenzi. Imisebenzi yokunceda abantu nentlalo-ntle ihlala ingumbandela wezopolitiki othanda ukulwa.

Ukutshintsha Kwezoqoqosho Nokudityaniswa Kwehlabathi

Ukutshintshela kulwazi lwezoqoqosho, lokwenza ingeniso, nokhuphiswano lwehlabathi lonke kubangela uxinzelelo kushishino lwamasiko kunye nezakhiwo zemisebenzi. Amazwe aseScandinavia aye asebenzisa imali eninzi ekuphuculeni imigangatho yobugcisa nobugcisa obuluhlaza. Impumelelo yeFinland kwisakhiwo esinamandla sobugcisa ne-Sweden (umz., i-Spoifyd, iKlarna) ibonisa ukuvumelana. Noko ke, ukulondoloza intlalo-ntle kufuna imveliso ephezulu nokuthoba irhafu. Ukhuphiswano lwerhafu kwi-EU kunye nengcinezelo yemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ukuvavanyanisa ingeniso.

Ukulondolozwa kweendleko zikarhulumente

Umlinganiselo ophezulu werhafu ungasusa umsebenzi kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali ukuba ayilwe ngobuchule. Oorhulumente baseScandinavia baye baphendula ngokuhlisa irhafu ehlawulwayo ehlawulwayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngoxa besandisa iziseko zerhafu. Umzekelo, iSweden yanciphisa iqondo layo eliphezulu lerhafu ngo-202020, kwaye iDenmark inexabiso eliphantsi lerhafu kwinkampani (22%) nangona irhafu iphezulu. Isitshixo sigcina intembelo ephezulu kurhulumente //ukuba abemi bayayibona inkcitho okanye ukungahoywa kakuhle, ukuthobelwa kwerhafu.

Ulawulo lwamanani kunye nezindululo zexesha elizayo

IScandinavia iphambili kwi-e- cureator. I-Estonia isoloko ikhankanyiwe, kodwa amazwe ase-Nordic akwakhokele. i-Denmark inika ibhokisi yeposi yamanani enyanzelisayo (e-Boks) yonxibelelwano olusemthethweni; i-BankID yaseSweden inceda ukukhusela uchazo lwamanani; i-Finland inendawo yesizwe “yamKanta” yezonyango. Ezi nkqubo zinciphisa iindleko zolawulo, zandisa ukubonakala, kwaye ziyenza ibe lula kubemi ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zentlalo-ntle. Imiyalelo yexesha elizayo iquka ukunikezelwa komsebenzi oqhubekayo (umz. umz., ukuzalwa, ukunikezelwa komhlala wesizwe) kwaye zinikezela ngokuzenzekelayo iinzuzo ezinxulumene noqeqesho lobuqu nomsebenzi.

Isiphelo: Izifundo Ezifumaneka Kumava aseNordic

Indlela yokulawula yamazwe aseScandinavia idibene kakhulu nemizekelo yawo yentlalo-ntle. Ngokucacileyo, iinkqubo eziquka zonke zezobupolitika zinika ukufaneleka nozinzo olufunekayo ukugcina iirhafu eziphezulu neengenelo jikelele. Ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo ephantsi kuqinisekisa ukusabela, ngelixa iinkqubo zengqesho ezisebenzayo zigcina uqoqosho lunamandla. Imodeli yeNordic ayinxulumani namanani, uqoqosho, kunye neengxaki zentlalo-ntle, kodwa ukuphumelela nokukwazi ukumelana kwayo nokukwazi ukumelana nemeko-ethe .

Kwamanye amazwe, isikhokelo sabathathi-nxaxheba asikokuba balinganise yonke into kodwa baqonde imigaqo esisiseko: ukwakha ukuthembana ngokubonakala, ukuveliswa kwemali kwikomkhulu labantu, ukukhuthaza umanyano lwentlalo, nokugcina inkqubo ebhetyebhetye enokuguquka namaxesha atshintshayo. Amava aseScandinavia abonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukudibanisa ukhuphiswano lwezoqoqosho nolungelelwano lwentlalo, nto leyo enika umbono onamandla ngekamva lolawulo nentlalontle.

Comment=Uhlaziyo lwangaphandle lokufundwa okuqhubekayo: ECD yohlalutyo lwemodeli ye-Nordic, uphazamiso lwehlabathi Lorhlawulo lweziHlomelo-oknayiti, [, [[FLT]SMAT] Norway kwimithetho yezorhwebo esebenzayo[, kunye Ingxelo yolonwabo lwehlabathi