I-Ireland iye yaziguqula ngokwayo ekubeni yeyoqoqosho oluncinane lwezolimo ibe yindawo yehlabathi lonke elawula urhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle kunye norhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu edluleyo, eli lizwe liye latsala inxaxheba engaqhelekanga yotyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwamazwe angaphandle (FDI) kwimibutho emikhulu yehlabathi, ingakumbi kwizobugcisa, inkcitho, kunye neenkonzo zemali. Olu tshintsho oluphawulekayo lubangelwa ngokubanziwa ngokubanzi yimigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu ye-Irenti yelizwe yenkciso yelizwe yamazwe angaphandle, ebangela ukuba kubekho imeko entle ekhethekileyo yezorhwebo efuna ukusungula ingeniso eYurophu. Ngoxa intengiso yemali ephambili yelizwe eli-12,5% ingulowo umbatho obonakalayo, i-ekhohlolo-nteli ibandakanya intlawulo oluntsonkozayo, ukutshintsha kwemali, kunye nezakhiwo zelizwe lonke ihlabathi eliseluvo oluthe. Eli liqwalaselayo

Ingqwalasela Yerhafu YaseIreland

Inkqubo yerhafu yase-Ireland yenzelwe ukuba ibe yeyokhuphiswano nengaguquguqukiyo. Imbombo yi-12.5% yerhafu yequmrhu elisebenza kwingeniso yorhwebo, esebenza kwimisebenzi emininzi yoshishino. Eli qondo liphakathi kweyona isezantsi kwi-European Union kwaye lingaphantsi kakhulu kwe-OECD umlinganiselo omalunga nama-23%. Ngokwahlukileyo, ezinye ii-projekthi ezinkulu ze-Europe njengeJamani (30% idityanisiwe), iFransi (25%), kunye noManyene eUnited Kingdom (25% nge-2023) ibeka irhafu yengeniso ephezulu kakhulu. Umlinganiselo we-12.5% uthetho awuzange utshintshe ukususela ekungeni kwayo ekupheleni kowe-1990, unika ukuqinisekiswa kokuba imicimbi yezizwe ngexabiso xa kusenziwa izigqibo zemali.

Ngaphezu komyinge-womxholo, i-Ireland inika izikhuthazo ezininzi zerhafu ezongezelelekileyo ezikhulisa ubunomtsalane bayo. Uphando nophuhliso (R&D) lweNkcitho luvumela iinkampani ukuba zifumane ityala lemali eliyi-25% ngokufaneleka kwenkcitho ye-R&D, enokuthi ithintelwe kwirhafu yemibutho okanye, kwezinye iimeko, kuthiwa ihlawula imali ehlawulwayo. Oku kunciphisa ngokunempumelelo ixabiso lerhafu lerhafu kwaye kukhuthaza iinkampani ukufumana imisebenzi yazo yophando eIreland. Olu lungu olubalulekileyo yi-Rhoverbox (KDBH), enika umyingeno werhafu enciphi encinane yengeniso ephuma kwingeniso ekwimfuyo yempahla yobuchule – i-oglogisterss kunye ne-software evelisiweyo ekhuliswe ngaphandle kwe-R&D e-Ireland.

I-Ireland iphinde igcine inkqubo yerejista yerhafu, ithetha ukuba ingeniso yangaphandle ayilawulwa yirhafu yase-Ireland ukuba inkampani engaphantsi kwayo ingumphathi-mrhumo werhafu ngaphandle kwe-Ireland. Idityaniswe nenethwekhi ebanzi yezivumelwano zerhafu eziphindwe kabini namazwe angaphezu kwama-70, le nkqubo ivumela amaqela ahlukahlukeneyo ukuba alawule ngokufanelekileyo amatyala awo erhafu emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphezu koko, i-Ireland iye yafumana igunya eliqhelekileyo lokufumana ikomkhulu lenkampani kunye nenkampani ngenxa yokuphathwa kwayo kakuhle kwengeniso yemali ephambili, inzuzo, kunye nenzuzo yamasebe. ICapital Beans Taxibac (CT) ilungele ukulahlwa kwemiqatha, kodwa iziphumlo zikho kwimiqatha yemali ye-10% yezoshishino kunye nesantya se-royi-octives. Zonke ezi zidityaniswe kunye nezi-onke ezi zibangela ukuba izibonelelo ezikhoyo zikho.

Impembelelo Kungeniso Lwamazwe Asemzini

Ukuhlasela Kwezinkulu Ehlabathini Lonke

Owona mphumo ubonakalayo wemigaqo-siseko yerhafu yase-Ireland sisikali kunye nolwandiso lotyalo-mali lwamanye amazwe. Eli lizwe liye laba lisiseko esikhethelweyo eYurophu kwicandelo elikhulu lobugcisa behlabathi. I-Apple, iGoogle, Microsoft, iFacebook (Meta), kunye neQualcommm zonke zinemisebenzi ebalulekileyo eIreland, isebenza njengekomkhulu lazo lengingqi leYurophu, iMpuma ephakathi, kunye ne-Afrika. Kwicandelo lenzululwazi yezezobugcisa, amagama anjengePftize, Johnson & Johnson, Merson, kunye ne-Abbavie, ziseke zophando zophando zophando. Ngokutsho kwe-200,000, umbutho worhwebo lwangaphakathi lwelizwe, i-Ireland, uninzi lwemibutho lamazwekazi eliqeqeshiweyo ngaphezu kwe-200 000. Xa i-R30,000 i-ithropu yemisebenzi equququququze i-iactive propati yelizwe loshishishortmental.

Irhafu isoloko ichazwa njengesizathu esiyintloko solu hlolo. Uhlolisiso lweZiko lezezoqoqosho nezentlalo (NICEF) lwafumanisa ukuba umlinganiselo osezantsi werhafu yenkampani ephezulu eIreland ubuyeyona nkqubo ibalulekileyo yomqhubi weFDI equkuqelayo, ingakumbi kushishino lolwazi oluphezulu apho imida ephezulu yerhafu yenza ixabiso elikhulu khona. Uvavanyo lwe-IDA lwamazwe ngamazwe lubeka ingeniso engakumbi kwi-Iriland 12.5% nomgangatho wayo ozinzileyo werhafuthezo phakathi kweemeko ezintathu eziphezulu, kunye nokufikelela kwe-EUCM, ukufumaneka kolwazi, ukuthethwa-Grhwebelana kwamaNgesi. Umjikelo ube ngumjikelezo olungileyo: ubukho babo bamazwe ngamazwe batsala urhwebo oluthe kratyayo oluvela kubanikeli, abalungiseleli, abakhuphindi, nabakhuphindi, ulawulo olunyukileyo lwe-Irishi, ulawulo oluphezulu lwe-Ireland.

Ingqokelela yamanani eFDI kunye noMthendeleko

Amanani ayabetha. NgokweNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yeTrade neNkqubela (UNCTAD), i-Ireland isoloko iphakathi kwabafumana iFDI abaphezulu abalishumi ehlabathini kwisiseko somntu ngamnye kwaye esinxulumene ne-GDP. Ngo-20222, i-Ireland yatsala malunga ne-CR338 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi eFDI, inani elanciphisa ezo zezoqoqosho ezinkulu kakhulu. Ngexesha le-2052222, isikali seFDI esingaphakathi eIreland sanyuka ukusuka kwi-CRG1,000 000 000 000 000 ukuya kwi-spoints, umboniso weemali ezintsha kunye nexabiso elikhulu lempahla ezigcinwe lizweni. Le FDI inyuke ngokuphangalele kwicandelo eliphezulu le-Gigen: ulwazi nobugcisa obuqhelekileyo, kunye nobugcisa obumayela kwi-40% ye-D, kunye nee-Pinthemich, kunye nee-Promachine-15% zemali.

Isiphumo sokudala umsebenzi siye satshintsha. Phakathi kowama-2010 nowama-2023, amanani abaqeshi abasuka kumazwe ngamazwe e-Ireland akhula ngama-500,000, ulwando oluyi-75%. Le misebenzi isoloko ibulawa kwaye ikhutshwa kakuhle: i-avareji kwicandelo langaphandle iphantse ibe ngama-60% ngaphezulu kunomlinganiselo wesizwe. Ngaphezu koko, iziphumo zokuchitheka komsebenzi zibalulekile. Iinkampani zasekuhlaleni ekunikezeleni, iinkonzo, kunye ne-R&D zisebenza kakhulu ngemveliso nentabalala yemveliso. Iyunivesithi kunye nomanyano yophando lwamazwe luxhamlo luxhaswe yiR&D, ixhaswa yi-R irhafuthelo kwaye inika iinkqubo zenkqubo.

Amatyala e-R&D kunye nokukhuthaza

Ngaphezu komlinganiselo omkhulu we-FDI, iinkqubo zerhafu zase-Ireland zikwabumbe ubungalingani botyalo-mali. Ityala lerhafu leR&D liye lasebenza ngokukhethekileyo ekuqhubeni iprojekthi encinane, intlawulo equka intlawulo, iintloko, kunye nenkcitho yerhafu kwizixhobo zeR&D, izixhobo, kunye nezixhobo. Iinkampani zingaba ne 25% kwisiseko somqulu (akukho sikho impempempe esisiseko), kwaye ukususela ngo-2021, ityala liye lahlawulwa ngamatyala amathathu ukuphucula ukunyuka kwemali efektha emali emalini encinane. Ngonyaka wama-2022, 1.1, iinkampani ezingaphezulu kwewaka eliyi-1.1 lamawaka athengwayo. Ayiqukwanga imizekelo e-Fokixtiesting (ultet) kwi-RD, i-RPult, kunye ne-oces, iziko ze-Roces, kwiphondo lobunji lobunji lobunji lobunji le-R.

Ibhokisi yoPhuhliso lweZibonelelo itsale utyalo-mali lwe-IP olunzima. Ngokuhlisa umlinganiselo werhafu osebenzayo ekufanelekeni kwengeniso ye-IP kwi-6,25%, i-Ireland ikhuthaza iinkampani ukuba zifumane kungekuphela nje ukwenziwa okanye ukuthengiswa, kodwa kwakhona ubunikazi obusemthethweni kunye nolawulo lwemvume kunye nolawulo lwezikhuseli kunye nokhuseleko kwimida yayo. I-parma enkulu kunye neefemu zobugcisa zibonise ukuba ulawulo lwe-IP lunetyala lokurhoxaba lwezigidi-ibhili ze-IP kwi-IP, ikhuthaza umsebenzi wezoqoqosho ophezulu kuquka ukukhongomisa okusemthethweni, imali, kunye nemisebenzi yokuphatha. Ngexesha ingeniso epheleleyo yeKDBH ikhutshi ikhutshelwe ngokufihlakeleyo ngenxa yokuhlawula irhafuthelisa irhafu, uqikelelo oluzimeleyo lucebisa ukuba ulawulo lwe-IP olunembusayo lwe-IP kwi-IP.

Iingenelo Zorhwebo Nokwanda Kwezoqoqosho

Inkcitho erhwetywe kwamanye amazwe

Ukusingqongileyo kwerhafu ye-Ireland kuncedile ngokungqalileyo kumsebenzi wayo okhethekileyo. Eli lizwe lisoloko lisebenza ngomnye wemivuzo emikhulu yorhwebo ehlabathini ngokunxulumene ne-GDP yalo. Ngokwe-Central Statistics Office Ireland, ukuthunyelwa kwezinto kunye neenkonzo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2023 zaxabisa ngaphezu kwe-CS500,000 yezigidi, nezithengwayo kuphela ezigqithiseleyo ezigqithisileyo kwizigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeerandi. I-Ireland ingumthombo ophezulu wokuthunyelwa kwemichiza, izixhobo zonyango, imichiza, nemichiza yeza yeza, kunye neenkonzo zekhompyutha. Urhwebo lwempahla kwi-United States – i-Europe engaphezulu kakhulu kwezorhwebo – ukuzalanisa indima yokudlala ehambayo kwimveliso yexabiso eliphezulu le-Irishlands.

I-EU imakethe enye ingumxhasi obalulekileyo. Njengelungu elipheleleyo le-EU ukususela ngo1973, i-Ireland ifumana ungenelo olukhululekileyo kubathengi abazizigidi ezingama-450 kwaye inenxaxheba kwintshukumo yamahala yezinto, iinkonzo, ikomkhulu, kunye nomsebenzi. Oku kufumaneka kuluncedo ngokukodwa kumazwe ahlukahlukeneyo ase-UNITES nabaseAsia afuna isiseko ngaphakathi kwe-EU ngaphandle kokuthwala indleko yokurhweba ngaphandle kwe-EU. Ukudityaniswa kwerhafu esezantsi kunye norhwebo olukhululekileyo kubangela utsalo olunamandla: iinkampani zingavelisa okanye zifumane iinkonzo eIreland, zize zithumele kwamanye amazwe e-EUNIA ahlukeneyo ngokukhuthuka okuncinane. Akuyingozi ukuba iinkampani ezilishumi eziphambili zezorhwebo zezorhwebo zivelise i-Ireland, zithumela izibhedlele nakwii-pmacculkn.

Uthelekiso lonikezelo

I-Ireland iye yaba yindibano-malungu ebaluleke kakhulu ehlabathi lonke enikezela ngezixhobo zokubonelela, ingakumbi kwinzululwazi yezobugcisa kunye nezobomi. Umzekelo, eli lizwe linika umlinganiselo obalulekileyo we-insulin yehlabathi, imichiza, kunye nemicroprocesss. Ngo-2023, i-Ireland yabekek'ityala malunga ne 10% yezonyango lwehlabathi lonke lonyango lokurhweba kwamanye amazwe kunye ne 7% yesixhobo sonyango sehlabathi lonke esithumela kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kwemiqathango. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuphazamisa imveliso ye-Irish-Irland – njengexesha le-CHOVAD-19 – inokuba neziphumo ezikhudl. Ngokungafaniyo, ixabiso eliphezulu lokurhweba kwelizwe lithetha ukuba ilizwe lithwele ixabiso elininzi lokurhweba ngengeniso eliphezulu, elibonisa ukukhuselwa kwerhafu emalini elipheleleyo.

Ukukhula Kwezoqoqosho Nemilinganiselo Yobomi

Urhwebo kunye nokuveliswa kotyalo-mali kuye kwabangela ukuba i-Ireland ikhule kakhulu ngokwezoqoqosho, ibe semantla eitafile zomanyano lwaseYurophu. Ukwanda kwe-GDP yokwenene kuvezwe ngaphezu kwe-5% ngonyaka phakathi ko-2015 no-2022, umlinganiselo ongenakulinganiswa nayo nayiphi na enye inkcitho yezoqoqosho. Ingeniso yesizwe etshintshiweyo inyuswe yimali yelizwe (GNI*), esusa iziphumo ezigqwethekileyo zobalo lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, isandi esikhula ngaphezu kwe-4% ngonyaka, ibonisa impumelelo yokwenene yamakhaya. Iqondo lokungaqeshwa kwemisebenzi ye-owe-o-oklorfti ye-oyile ye-oyile exhobisayo ekwiminxeba eliphantsi kwe-l-oyile yezoqoqosho ngo-201272. Ingeniso eninzi yemali iveliswa ngoorhulumente abathenjiweyo, i-35% ngemfundo yemfundo ephambili, i-enza i-enza ingeniso, i-enza i-enza i-enza i-enza i-enza ingeniso

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Utshintsho lwerhafu ye-OECD lwesibini nehlabathi lonke

Imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu yase-Ireland ayikhange ithintelwe. Olona celomngeni lubalulekileyo eluluvo lwerhafu lwehlabathi lonke olukhokelwa yi-OECD kunye ne-G20, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Pillar II. Eli nyathelo lichaza umlinganiselo werhafu encinane yehlabathi lonke ye-15%, esebenza kumashishini amazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe anengeniso ngaphezulu kwe-10. Ngoxa i-Ireland iye yatyobela kwisivumelwano kwaye yandisa umlinganiselo wayo ku-15% kwiinkampani ezinkulu (uphumeze 2024), utshintsho lunganciphisa umlinganiselo wokhuphiko lwemali yemali elishumi elinesibini lamawaka nenkoliso yemibutho elihamba-traktha. Amashishini amancinane, amele uninzi lwamafeme-Ireland, ahlala ngomlinganiselo we-12,5%, kodwa ukuthandeka kwe-Irish ye-FDI ee.

Abanye abahlalutyi berhafu bathi iPillar II iza kuxinzelela ii-arhente zerhafu eziye zabangela impumelelo yase-Ireland. Noko ke, abaxhasi beqhinga le-Ireland baphawula ukuba eli lizwe lisanikela udibaniso olulungileyo kakhulu lwenani (15% kwifeme enkulu isengaphantsi kakhulu koontanga abaninzi be-OECD), ukubolekisa ngetyala elininzi, inkqubo eqinileyo esemthethweni, inzuzo yobuchule, kunye nolwimi lwesiNgesi. Ngaphezu koko, i-Pip II kuphela isebenza kwimibutho engaphezulu komda; ezininzi kwimimandla emikhulu yezizwe ngezizwe sele imisele ubukho bomzimba kunye nobukho bomsebenzi eIreland obungabiza imali eninzi.

Ukuphepha Irhafu Namatyala oncedo kaRhulumente we-EU

I-Ireland ikwajongene nokugxekwa okunzulu ngenxa yokuthintelwa kwerhafu. Ngonyaka ka-2016, iKomishini yaseYurophu yagqiba kwelokuba i-Apple ifumene uncedo olungekho mthethweni lwezorhulumente ngemithetho yerhafu yase-Ireland eyayivumela ukuba ihlawule isantya esisebenzayo se-0.005% ngo-2014. IKhomishini yayalela i-Apple ukuba ihlawule irhafu esemva ngamawaka ali-113 ezigidi zerhafu – isigqibo esabhenela i-Ireland ne-Apple. NgoJulayi 2020, iNkundla Jikelele ye-European Union irhoxinise isigqibo, ifumanise ukuba iKhomishini ayikhange ibone luncedo. Noko ke, iKhomishini yaseYurophu iye yabhenela kwiNkundla yezobulungisa yaseYurophu, kwaye ityala alikapheliswangalungiswangalungiswangaso. Ngaphandle kwesiphumo sokugqibela, impikiswano ye-Ireland i-Ireliterrac" kunye noxinzelelo lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe serhafu.

Ezinye izithintelo eziphezulu, ezifana "zoku-Irish ka-Double kunye "Umthetho we-Detch Sandwich" nezakhiwo zerhafu, zasebenzisa ukungahambelani phakathi kweenkqubo zerhafu zesizwe ukuguqula ingeniso kwimithetho yerhafu ephantsi. I-Ireland igqibele ukuvala ezi ntshukumo: "Udidi lwe-Irish" lwabekwa ngaphandle ukususela ngo- 2015, kunye nolawulo "lokukhuphiswa kwe-10" lokuzinzisa iinqwelo-moto zomnyaka ziqikelezekile. Ngo-20202020, i-Ireland yasungula imithetho engqongqo efuna iinkampani ezinemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yequmrhulunqe-eta ebonakalisa ingeniso yokwenene, izinto zentengiso, kunye nokubeka izigqibo – ukuze kufuneke indawo yokuhlala ngerhafu. Kodwa abagxeki-mthetho baphikisa ukuba umdlalo we-Ireland uhlala usiba nethuba lokufumana ingeniso kwi-OCD-ekshorensiti.

Ukulungelelanisa Ukungahlawulwa Kwemali Nokuhlawula Irhafu

Kukho impikiswano eqhubekayo eqhubekayo ngokuxhaswa kwemali eninzi yokuhlawula irhafu ehlawulwa kwinkampani. Ngowama-2023, irhafu yequmrhu ihlawuliswa ngaphezu kwama- 27% engeniso epheleleyo karhulumente, ukwabelana okuphakame kakhulu ngemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe kwaye kuxhaswe kakhulu phakathi kwenani elincinane labantu bamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe (iiinkampani eziphezulu ezilishumi zinikela ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sayo yonke irhafu yerhafu yeshishini). Oku kufaka isixa esiphezulu: ukuhlahlela komhlaba wonke, ukutshintshwa kwemithetho yerhafu, okanye ukuphulukana nemizi-mali engundoqo kungachaphazela ingeniso kawonke kawonke-wonke. Urhulumente wase-Ireland uye wavuma lo mvuzo weNtyoloyezo zeNdayhobo, kodwa kusel

Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo zerhafu ziye zafak ’ isandla ekunyukeni kwemali yezoqoqosho, apho icandelo elinemveliso eninzi lamazwe angaphandle lihlala necandelo lasekhaya eliphantsi lenzala. Icandelo elikhulayo leFDI liye laqhuba imivuzo, iindleko zezindlu, kunye nemfuno yezezibonelelo, ukuvelisa uxinzelelo kumashishini kunye neentsapho zasekuhlaleni. Urhulumente uye wasabela ngokunyuka komngeni wemali kwizindlu ezinokufikeleleka kakuhle, ezothutho, nemfundo, kodwa ukungalungelelaniswa kwesakhiwo akuconjululwa lula. Kukho nenkxaso yokuba ulawulo lwerhafuthelo lungadibani naleyo yasekhaya – kwanezo zimele izixanduvane nemali eziphezulu zokukhuphisana ngerhafu ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinkosweni ezinkozweni ezininzi.

Ukuziphakamisa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nengcinezelo Yezobupolitika

Inkqubo yerhafu yase-Ireland ikwayibeke ekungqubaniseni namanye amazwe angamalungu e-EU, ingakumbi iFransi neJamani, aye aqhubela intengo yerhafu ephezulu kunye nemithetho enzima echasene nokungabikho kwerhafu. Ngexesha lama-201919-2023, umongameli waseFransi wabiza isiphelo soku "kulahlwa kwerhafu" kwi-EU, ngokungqalileyo i-Irish. Izicelo zeKhomishoni ye-"U. Izicelo ze-"Unionshell" zenkampani yeqokobhe" zokunqanda ukusetyenziswa kweqokobhele lerhafu ukuphepha irhafu, ukuhlasela imimandla enjenge-Ireland apho amaziko amaninzi enkampani akhoyo nemisebenzi encinane yezoqoqosho. Ngempumelelo i-Ireland ikhusele izilangazelelo eziphambili nge-12% ngokukhuselwa kwexabiso eliqhelekileyo ngexesha le-Piscoversal kunye ne-Pillalsonsssssss.

Isiphelo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu yase-Ireland isebenza ngokungenakuphikwa ekufakeni ingeniso yamazwe angaphandle kunye norhwebo, iguqula ilizwe elincinane lesiqithi libe lisebe lezoqoqosho lomhlaba wonke. Ukudityaniswa kwerhafu ephantsi yequmrhu lengingqi, irhafu ye-R&D ne-IP, inkqubo yerhafu yelizwe, kunye nokufumaneka kwe-EU yezorhwebo kuye kwatsala amazwe aphambili ehlabathi kwaye kwadala amakhulu amawaka emisebenzi ephezulu. Oku kuphumela ekuthengiseleni phambili, ukunyuka kwentengiso, ukunyuka kwemiqathango yerhafu, kunye nengeniso yerhafu yenkampani kuye kwanyusa imilinganiselo ekhoyo ephilayo kwaye kwavumela ilizwe ukuba lifumane imo yezoqoqosho ezininzi kakhulu kunezoqhwiso zezulu.

Kanti imodeli ijongene nemijukujelwa yerhafu ebalulekileyo. Utshintsho lwezizwe ngezizwe, olukhokelwa yi-OECD’s Pillal Yesibini, luza kucinezela isantya somonakalo ophambili kwiinkampani ezinkulu. Ukusetyenziswa kwerhafu kubangela umonakalo owenziwe ngokungekho mthethweni kwerhafu, kushenxise i-Ireland njengegunya elicocekileyo. Iingozi zemali ezibangelwa kukuhlawulwa kwerhafu kunye nobunzima obudibeneyo bezoqoqosho obudibeneyo. Ukuhamba phambili kubandakanya ukubuyiselwa kwendlela ephambili kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokulungisa irhafuthezo – ukungashiyi i-Irriterrali. Ukugcina imilinganiselo yerhafuthezo ezintsha, ukuhlawula ingeniso yemali eninzi, ukunyusa ingeniso engahlawulwa yimali ekhoyo, ukuphumelela kwayo kumele kuxhaswe ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye kumele kuxhaswe nanguwo lwamazwe awona nyaka-194, ukuba i-19, ibe ikho impumelelo.