Indlela Amazwe Anikela Ngayo Agqiba Ngayo Ngokufuduswa Koncedo Lwamanye Amazwe

Uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle sisixhobo esingundoqo sophuhliso lwezizwe ngezizwe, ukuthumela ubuncwane kumazwe atyebileyo ukuya kumazwe asweleyo. Kodwa inkqubo apho amazwe anikelayo afumana indawo, indlela, kunye nendlela aluncedo ngayo ekunikezeleni lungekho ngqiqweni. Ibandakanya ukudityaniswa okuntsonkothileyo kweenjongo zokunceda abantu, ubalo, iinzuzo zezoqoqosho, kunye neengcinezelo zezobupolitika zasekhaya. Ukuqonda le nkqubo yesigqibo ibalulekile kuye kumntu ngamnye ofunda ngolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, inkqubela yezoqoqosho, okanye inkqubo yehlabathi lonke.

Imbali Yoncedo Lwamanye Amazwe

Inkqubo yoncedo yamanye amazwe yavela emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, eyabunjwa yiMarshall Plan kunye nokudalwa kwamaziko amaninzi anjenge World Bank kunye neNkxaso yeNkxaso yezizwe ngezizwe. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo, ulwahlulo lwabekwa ngamandla, kunye neUnited States kunye neSoviet Union isebenzisa uncedo ukwakha izivumelwano kunye nempembelelo echaseneyo. Emva kwemfazwe yoMmandla oMbindini, ukugxininisa kubhekiselwa kunciphiso lobuhlwempu, ulawulo olulungileyo, kunye noPhuhliso lweMinyaka Elikhulu. Namhlanje, amazwe anikezela ngoncedo ahamba ngelizwe eliquka inkcitho yemozulu, iziphumo zebhabhazamzamza, kunye noPhuhliso oluziweyo oluzinzekayo (SGSGS). Le ndaleko ibonisa ukuba izinto eziphambili zembali azizange ziphele; zibonise ulawulo lwe-Pintellige kunye nemeko kunye nezinto zezoqoqosho kwixesha ngalinye.

Oonobangela abaphambili abaphembelela uncedo lokufuduka

Ukwabiwa koncedo lwexesha elizayo kuxhomekeke kumxube weentshukumisa ezizinyolekileyo nezizintlulela ngokwawo. Ezi ngongoma zilandelayo zisoloko zikho kwiincwadi zemfundo nakumaxwebhu enkqubo yelizwe elinikelayo.

Intswelo yoluntu neMida yoPhuhliso

Inkoliso yabanikeli ithi ibeka amanqanaba aphezulu obuhlwempu, ingxabano, kunye nokuchanabeka. Izalathiso ezifana ne-GDP kumntu ngamnye, amanani okufa kweentsana, kunye nesalathisi soPhuhliso loluntu zidla ngokusetyenziswa ukulinganisa imfuneko. i-OECD Development Translation Committee [ ilandela indlela olude ngayo uncedo oluya kumazwe aphucukileyo, kunye neendawo ezininzi ezibeke amaxhoba okufumana ingeniso esizwe (GNI) kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo. Umzekelo, ubuchule boncedo loBukumkani obumanyeneyo bagxininisa amazwe abuthathaka kunye neengxabano ngenxa yeemfuno ezinzulu zabantu apho.

Iimfuno ezicwangcisiweyo nezezopolitiko

Amazwe anikela uncedo rhoqo asebenzisa uncedo ukuhambisela phambili iinjongo zawo zomgaqo-siseko wamanye amazwe. Uncedo lungajongwa kumazwe abekwe kakuhle, anezinto zendalo, okanye angundoqo kuzinzo lwengingqi. Ngokomzekelo, i-United States, isebenzisa imijelo ebalulekileyo ukuya kuMbindi Mpuma kunye noMzantsi Asia njengenxalenye yokhuseleko kunye nemigudu yokulwa nemikhosi yobuphekula. I-Belt kunye ne-GraadInitive idityaniswa noncedo lwezibonelelo lwezibonelelo zoqoqosho kunye nempembelelo yezobupolitika. Ukhuphikiswano lwe-GeoPhondo, njengoko kubonwa phakathi kwe-U.S. kunye neTshayina, ngokufuthi kuqhutywa ngezixhobo ezinokufumana ingqalelo encinane.

Ukukhathalelwa Kwezoqoqosho Norhwebo

Kwakhona ubuchule bokuzingca ngokwezoqoqosho buyasebenza. Amazwe ancedisayo angadibanisa uncedo lokuthenga impahla neenkonzo kwifemu zawo (uncedo oluzizinzileyo), okanye angasebenzisa uncedo ekuvuleni iimarike ezintsha zokurhweba ngaphandle kunye notyalo-mali. Umzekelo, uncedo lwamanye amazwe lunxulumene ngokwesithethe kwimisebenzi yesiseko enceda iinkampani zamaJapan. Kwanoncedo olukhutshiweyo lungadala ububele obunceda ukurhweba. Ngaphezu koko, abanikeli basenokunikela banokukhokela kumazwe anobuchule bokukhula, benethemba lokuba inkqubela phambili iza kukhokelela kwimibutho yoqoqosho eyandisiweyo.

Biteracal vs. Iziqhagamshelanisi ezininzi

Abanikazi bagqiba kungekuphela nje ukuba ngawaphi amazwe afumana uncedo kodwa kwanangawaphi amajelo. Uncedo lwebhanile lunikwa ngqo ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye, lunika ulawulo olungaphezulu kwiinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo. Uncedo lwemininzi luthunyelwa ngemibutho efana neBhanki yehlabathi, amasebe eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kunye neebhanki zenkqubela-phambili yengingqi. Uncedo oluninzi lusoloko lubonwa njengolunobundilele ngakumbi kwaye lungashukunjelwanga kangako kwezobupolitika, kodwa lunganzima kubanikeli ukuba bavume ukuba banconywe ngeziphumo. Umlinganiselo phakathi kwemibutho yemijelo kunye neya-minye imimandla emininzi umelo usisigqibo esibonakalisa isigqibo somnikeli obonisa ukuthembeka kwemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nomnqweno wayo wokubonakala.

Ukwenza iMimiselo kunye nabaSebenzi beZigqibo

Ukwabiwa koncedo lwamanye amazwe akugqitywanga ngumdlali omnye; kubandakanya amasebe amaninzi karhulumente, amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho, kunye nabangenisi-mali abangengomagunya.

Iqumrhu lolawulo oluphezulu

Kumazwe amaninzi, uncedo lulawulwa ngumbutho wophuhliso okanye ubulungiseleli obunikezelweyo. USUSAID (United States Agency for International Development) iququzelela uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle, kodwa kufuneka idibane nezinto eziphambili ezicwangciswe liSebe Lelizwe neNdlu emhlophe. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] I-UGOP], Commotional Ofection Office [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FDO], esungulwe ngu 2020] ngokudibanisa iSebe loPhuhliso lwezizwe ngeOfihlo lweHTT, ibonakalisa utyekelo olubhekisweyo ngenkqubo yamanye amazwe. [FFT] kunye noncedo lwezoburhulumente.[5]

Impembelelo Yomthetho

Iipalamente neengqungquthela zisoloko zinolawulo olubalulekileyo kuqingqo-mali loncedo. EUnited States, iBhunga ligunyazisa kwaye linika uncedo olufanelekileyo kwamanye amazwe nyaka ngamnye, kwaye lingayibophelela imali kumazwe athile okanye amacandelo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekunikeni izalathiso ezibonisa iimfuno zezobupolitika zeemfako zemithetho enempembelelo kunokuba zibe nemigaqo yokuphuhlisa. Umzekelo, uncedo lwase-U.S. lusoloko luxhaswa yinkxaso yengqungquthela, kwanaxa izibonelelo zokuphuhlisa iinkamiso zicebisa ezinye izinto eziza kuqala.

Amaqela oluntu nawamagunya

Imibutho engeyoyangorhulumente, iitanki, kunye namaqela olawulo abumba izinto eziza kuqala zoncedo. Iintlangano ezifana nomntu omnye, i-Oxfam, kunye neZiko lolwamkelo loPhuhliso lwehlabathi lonke ukuze kufumaneke uncedo olwandisiweyo kunye nezabelo ezisekelwe kwimfuno nempumelelo. Zipapasha iingxelo kunye nezikhundla eziphenjelelwayo ukuba ziguqule. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lunendima efanayo: kumazwe anikelayo, abemi basoloko bebonakalisa inkxaso yoncedo loluntu, olunokukhuthaza oorhulumente ukuba balondoloze okanye bandise uncedo kumacandelo axakile.

Iindlela Nobuchule Bokusasaza Uncedo

Amazwe anikelayo asebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukahlukeneyo ukunikela uncedo, nganye kuzo ithetha indlela eziza kuqala ngayo nokujongwa kwazo.

Imali-mboleko

Iimali ezibolekiweyo zilolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lwenkxaso-mali efumaneka kumazwe aphantsi. Azifuni kubuyiselwa, kuncitshiswe umthwalo wamatyala kubamkeli. Imali-mboleko yemali ebolekiweyo, enikelwa ngaphantsi kwexabiso lenzala, isoloko isetyenziselwa kwiprojekthi yesiseko sophuhliso kumazwe akhoyo phakathi. Abanye abanikeli, njengaseTshayina, banikezela ngemiqulu emikhulu yemali-mboleko, ephakamise inkxalabo ngokuzinzisa. Ukhetho phakathi kwemali nemali ebolekisiweyo lubonisa uvavanyo lomnikeli lwemali yokuba uyakwazi ukuhlawula kunye nokudalwa kweprojekthi.

Uncedo olungenaziphene

Uncedo oluthenjiweyo lufuna ukuba kuthengwe izinto neenkonzo kwilizwe elinika uncedo. Ngexa oku kunceda iifemu zasekhaya, kusoloko kunciphisa ixabiso loncedo ngo 15-30% kuba abamkeli abanako ukukhetha ezona zinketho zixabisayo. I-OECD ityhalela phambili ukuze ikhuthuze uncedo, kwaye abanikeli abaninzi baye banciphisa ukubophelelwa. Noko ke, ikhonkxa zisoloko zixhaphakile kwicandelo elifana nesiseko somzinzo kunye noncedo lobugcisa, apho ubuchule bokunika ingeniso buthengiselwa kakhulu.

Uncedo loluntu luphikisana noncedo. Uphuhliso

Uncedo olusetyenziswa ngabantu ludla ngokunikwa ixesha elifutshane kwaye lunikezelwa ukuphendula kwiintlekele zendalo, iimfazwe, okanye ubhubhani. Lusoloko lwabelwa ngezibalo ezimbalwa ze-global kuba imfuneko yophuhliso ingxamisekile. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, luthabatha ixesha elide kwaye lujoliswe kwinkqubela-phambili yesakhiwo njengemfundo, iinkqubo zempilo, kunye nokukhula kwezoqoqosho. Abanikeli kufuneka balungelelanise ezi ntlobo zimbini; umzekelo, umnikeli unokunyusa uncedo lobuntu kwingingqi yemfazwe ngelixa kuncitshiswa iinkqubo zokuphuhlisa imimandla emide kumazwe azimeleyo kodwa ahlwenee.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kokunceda Ukufuduka

Phezu kwazo nje iinjongo ezintle, ukunceda kuxhomekeke kwiingxaki ezingapheliyo ezinokukwenza ungaphumeleli.

Urhwaphilizo Nolawulo Olubuthathaka

Kumazwe amkelayo amaqondo aphezulu okonakala, uncedo lungangangachatshazelwa okanye lungafikeleli abaza kungenelwayo. Abasebenzi baye baphendula ngokubeka imilinganiselo yokuzitshintsha kweemeko , imilinganiselo yokulwa nokonakala, okanye iinguqu ezithile zenkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, umlinganiselo wemibandela uyaphikisana: ingamisela iimeko ezingafanelekanga ngokwesithethe okanye eziphazamisani nezobupolitika, kwaye isoloko ingaphumeleli ukufumana utshintsho oluhlala luhleli. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi ulwahlulo loncedo lufanele lunyuse amazwe anamaziko aqinileyo, kunokuba bazame ukuzama ukuzakha ngokukhubeka.

Ukwahlulwa koncedo nokwanda

Amazwe amaninzi asakhasayo afumana uncedo kwintabalala yabanikeli, ngamnye onezinto zakhe eziza kuqala, iinkqubo, kunye nokunika ingxelo yeemfuno. Oku kwahlulwa kubeka umthwalo onzima wolawulo koorhulumente abamkelayo kwaye kunciphisa ukusebenza koncedo. Imigudu efana neSibhengezo se-Paris esingeyongenelelo (2005) kunye neSivumelwano seBusan Secanneshipment (20) siye sakhuthaza ukulungelelaniswa nokuba nelizwe, kodwa inkqubela ihlala ingalingani.

Ukusetyenziswa koncedo

Uncedo lungasetyenziswa njengesixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe, maxa wambi kwiindleko zeziphumo zophuhliso. Umzekelo, umnikeli angalunciphisa uncedo lokunyanzela urhulumente phezu kwamalungelo abantu okanye idemokhrasi, nokuba ukwenza oko kuyingozi kubemi ababuthathaka. Ngokuchasene noko, uncedo lunganyuswa kwilizwe elibalulekileyo elilungele ukuphuhliswa kwalo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi olo tshintsho lunciphisa usukelo lobuntu nophuhliso oluthi lufanele lusebenze.

Ukudinwa Nokuncitshiswa Koqingqo-mali

Kumazwe amaninzi anikela ngenkxaso kawonke-wonke yoncedo lwamanye amazwe ingancipha xa kudodobala uqoqosho okanye xa iimfuno zasekhaya zithathwa njengezicinezela kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, uBukumkani bomhlaba waseUnited States, beka uqingqo-mali lwawo loncedo ukusuka ku 0.7% ukuya ku 0.7% ka-GNI ngo-2021, becaphula iingcinezelo zezoqoqosho kwisifo se-COVID-19. Oku “kudinwa okuqhelekileyo kusongela iinkqubo zexesha elide zenkqubela-phambili kwaye kwenza kube nzima kumazwe amkelekileyo ukuceba ngokuzinzisa.

Utyekelo Lwakutshanje Lokubuyisela Izinto Eziza Kuqala Zokunceda

Imibandela eliqela yelo xesha ichaza indlela amazwe anikelayo anikela ngayo uncedo.

Imali Yemozulu

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuye kwaba ngumsebenzi omkhulu wokunika uncedo. Abasebenzi bemali bazimisele ukuqokelela ii-R100 zamawaka ezigidi ngonyaka ngo-2025 ukunceda amazwe asakhasayo anciphise ukukhutshwa kwegesi nokuqhelaniswa nemozulu. Lo msinga mtsha wemali ukhuphisana nenkxaso yesithethe kwaye uye wakhokelela kwingxoxo yokuba imali yemozulu ifanele ibonwe njengoncedo okanye ihlale yahlukene. INgxowa-mali yeGreenti yeC, esungulwe phantsi kwe-UNFCCC, izibonelelo ezingundoqo, kodwa ukusasazwa akulingani, namazwe amancinane namazwe aphucukileyo asoloko ekho.

Ukulungiselela iPandemic kunye nempilo yomhlaba wonke

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabalaselisa ukubaluleka kwenkqubo yempilo kumazwe afumana imali encinane. Abanikazi baye banyusa inkxaso-mali yokhuseleko lwempilo lwehlabathi lonke, ukusasazwa kwemichiza yokugonya (i-COVAX), kunye nokujongwa kwezifo. I-World Health Organization kunye neNgxowa-mali yomhlaba wonke yokulwa noGawulayo, isifo sephepha ne-Malaria ibone izifungo ezintsha. Le ngxaki isenokuqhubeka, njengoko iindyikitya zokufa zingawuhloneli umda, yenza uncedo lwempilo lombandela wokuzingcamzelana.

Ukulingana Kwendoda Nendoda Nebhinqa

Ngoku abanikeli abaninzi bakubeka imilinganiselo ecacileyo yokulingana kwesini, bechaza inxalenye yoncedo kwiinkqubo ezixhasa amabhinqa namantombazana. I-Fminist International Alternative Policy yaseKhanada, eyaveliswa ngo-2017, ngumzekelo obalaseleyo. IBhanki yehlabathi namabhinqa eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ajonga inkcitho ejoliswe kwi-aron. Olu tshintsho lubonisa uvumo oluphanzileyo lokuba amabhinqa awamele amalungelo abantu kuphela kodwa akwangumqhubi wenkqubela yezoqoqosho nozinziwo lwentlalo.

Ubandakanyeko Lwamahlelo Abucala

Abanikeli basebenzisana ngokukhulayo neenkampani zabucala ngemali edityanisiweyo, ukuveliswa kwemali, ukusetyenziswa kwemali, kunye nomanyano lwamaqabane kawonke-wonke. Ezi nkqubo zijolise kwikomkhulu lokusebenzisa inkxaso yabucala ukwenzela imisebenzi yokuphuhlisa, ingakumbi kwizinto eziziingqalelo namandla avuselelwayo. Ngoxa besenza utshintsho, baphakamisa imibuzo engokuphendula ityala, intshukumisa yengeniso, kunye nomngcipheko wokuphambukisa uncedo kude kubemi abangamahlwempu.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: EUnited States, eJamani naseJapan

Ukuthelekisa iindlela zabanikeli abathathu abaphambili kubonisa iingcinga ezahlukahlukeneyo eziqikelelwayo.

I-United States

I-U.S. yeyona inikela nge-bigatenal eninzi ngamagama apheleleyo. Uncedo lwayo luphenjelelwa kakhulu zizinto eziqulunqweyo nezikhuselekileyo, zineendawo ezibalulekileyo eziya kwiAfghanistan, i-Iraq, i-Iraq, neYiputa ngokwembali. I-U.S. i-U.S. ikwabeka imilinganiselo ephambili yempilo yehlabathi (umz., i-PEPFAR kwi-HIV/AIDS) kunye nokhuseleko lokutya (Sondla ikamva). IBhunga loMbutho kunye nempembelelo yeSebe leSebe leRhulumente lithetha ukuba isoloko ithatha isiseko esisemva kwinjongo ye-PNCM.

I-Jamani

IJamani yeyesibini ekwandiseni kwaye inikezela uncedo olusekelwe kwintlanganisela yentswelo kunye nezilangazelelo zezoqoqosho. UManyano loBulungiseleli bezezoqoqosho noPhuhliso (BMZ) lusebenza ngokusondeleyo necandelo labucala. Uncedo lwamaJamani lusoloko luxhasa imisebenzi yamandla avuselelwayo, uqeqesho lomsebenzi, kunye nolawulo lweziguqulo. IJamani ikwasebenzisa umlinganiselo omkhulu ukutyhubela iEuropean Union, ibonakalisa ukuzinikela kwayo kwimibutho emininzi yamazwe azimeleyo.

IJapan

Uncedo lwaseJapan lujoliswe kakhulu kwizibonelelo eAsia, lunxulumene neenjongo zayo zezoqoqosho kunye neenkqubo zokuboleka i-ODA. I-Japan International Cooperation Agency (JAHA) iphumeza imisebenzi enjengebrorho, amazibuko, kunye nololiwe onceda urhwebo lwengingqi. IJapan ikwagxininisa uncedo lobugcisa kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wentlekele.

Ukulinganisa Impumelelo Nokufuduka

Abanikeli basebenzisa ngokukhulayo iziseko ezisekelwe kubungqina ukuvavanya ukusebenza koncedo. Inxuwa leNphuhliso yehlabathi lonke ipapasha ukuzinikela kwayo kuphuhliso lwesalathisi, abanikeli abaphezulu ngendlela ezixhasa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo yabo ukuphuhliswa kolwazi. Iindlela zovavanyo lontanga lokuhlola ukusebenza komnikezi. I-milqumrhu iquka ukwabelana uncedo oluya kumazwe aphuhlise kancinci, iqondo lokukhutshwa koncedo, kunye nokuphumelela kokunikezelwa. Ngaphandle kwala zixhobo, ulwahluzo lwezopolitistiki oludla ngokugqithisileyo, ulwa kolwahluzo logcino-lwazi, kunye notshintsho lucotha.

Isiphelo

Ukwabiwa koncedo lwamazwe angaphandle yinkqubo yezopolitiko enzulu, ukulungelelaniswa kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha efunekayo ukunceda ihlabathi elihlwempuzekileyo nezilangazelelo eziqhelekileyo zabanikeli. Ngoxa kufuneka imfuneko echazweyo, ubalo olucwangcisiweyo, iingenelo zezoqoqosho, kunye nezobupolitika zasekhaya zisoloko ziqhuba izibonelelo zemali. Utyekelo lwezenkcubeko, ukhuseleko lwezempilo, kunye nolobufana bubonisa ukuba izinto eziphambili zikhona, kodwa iingxaki ezindala `ukungalungisi, ukwahlukana, kunye nokungaphicothani koonontlalo-mthetho-lwazi. Kubafundi kunye noogqirha, ukuqonda obu bungundoqo ekuhlalutyeniseni inkqubela yehlabathi lonke nokukhuthaza iinkqubo zoncedo ezisebenzayo.