Iimbambano zemisebenzi ziye zaba luphawu oluqhubekayo lwemisebenzi, ngokufuthi olubandakanya izinto ezingundoqo kubasebenzi, abaqeshi, kunye noqoqosho olubanzi. Xa ukungavisisani kukhula ngemivuzo, iimeko zokusebenza, ingqeqesho, okanye ukuphelisa, indlela eziconjululwa ngayo ezo ngxabano zingaba nemiphumo ehlala ihleli. Embindini ukugcinwa kwemigaqo efanelekileyo kukugcinwa kwenkqubo efunekayo //i-elegal kunye nokukhuselwa okuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqela afumana unyango olufanelekileyo phantsi komthetho. Ezi zinto azizizozinto zisisiseko ezingenakuchazwa; zisemgangathweni eziqinileyo eziqulunjwe kwimimiselo, imimiselo, nemimiselo yezemibutho. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olufanelekileyo lwendlela enyanzekileyo yokusebenza, iingxube zokhuseleko ezingundoqo, iiprocracco, amanyathelo asemthethweni, amanyathelo asemthethweni aqhubekayo asetyenziswayo, naxa okuqondana okuqhuba imicimbi eenkuni eenkuni eenkuni.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Efanele Isetyenziswe Kwiingxabano Zemisebenzi

Inkqubo efanelekileyo, engundoqo, yimfuneko esemthethweni yokuba urhulumente okanye imibutho egunyazisiweyo ihlonele onke amalungelo asemthethweni afuneka kumntu ngamnye. Kwimeko yeempikiswano zemisebenzi, inkqubo efanelekileyo isebenza kubaqeshwa nakwabaqeshwa xa bejamelene nezenzo ezingalunganga ezifana nemilinganiselo yokuqeqesha, ukuphelisa, okanye ukukhanyelwa kweenzuzo. Le ngcamango isekelwe kwisivumelwano somsebenzi sesihlanu neseshumi elinesine soLawulo olupheleleyo, esiqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uya kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Emsebenzini, impahla isenokuvela kwisivumelwano somsebenzi, ukuvumelana okudityaniswa, okanye kwane neenkqubo ezimiselwe ezidala ukulindela okusemthethweni okuqhubekayo.

Inkqubo ePhakathi

Inkqubo efunekayo kumthetho wokusebenza iquka imilinganiso emibini: i-procedtural kunye ne-ecultletive. Inkqubo efunekayo yeProject igxininisa kubulungisa benkqubo esetyenziswa kwimpikiswano(---"inika isaziso esaneleyo, amathuba okuviwa, abenzi-zigqibo abangakhethiyo, kunye nelungelo lokubhenela. Spubstantive systed systed system [[[], ngexa kusetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimpikiswano zokusebenza, enoba umthetho okhoyo okanye isenzo ngokwaso siso sisengqiqweni kwaye asibo. Iindlela ezininzi zokuphikisana ngokusesikweni.

Imeko

Isiseko senkqubo yale mihla kwimpikiswano efunekayo yemisebenzi enxulumene nexesha elitsha, ingakumbi i- National Labor Relations (NLRA) ka 1935. I-NLRA imisele ilungelo labasebenzi lokulungiselela, ukulungiselela, ukuququzelela, kwaye ibandakanye kwimisebenzi edibeneyo, kwaye ivelise i- iNational Laborboration Board (NLB)[FLLY:] ukunyanzela loo malungelo. I-andrends kunye nokucaciswa komthetho kwanelisa izikhuselo ze-procractics. Umzekelo, [[FLT] ukwenziwa komsebenzi okungahambiselwano ngaphaya kwemithetho epheleleyo, kunye nemithetho esetyenziswayo. [ogqenti yomthetho-onke, i-okgrac.]

Ukubaluleka kwenkqubo efunekayo akunakuchazwa ngokugqithileyo. Iziphumo ezifanelekileyo, inciphisa amathuba ezenzo ezingekho ngqiqweni, kwaye ikhuthaza ukuthembana kwinkqubo yesigqibo sempikiswano. Ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezinamandla, iimpikiswano zingaphenjelelwa kukungalingani kwamandla, ukuziphindezelela, kunye nemfazwe engapheliyo.

Ukhuseleko olungundoqo olunyanzelwayo ekuchaseni isisombululo

Ukhuseleko olusisiseko olusisiseko olufunekayo lusoloko lunyanzeliswa kwiinkqubo zokucombulula iinkonzo. Olu khuselo lwenzelwe ukucutha indawo yokudlala phakathi kwamaqela asoloko engenazo iimpahla nobuchule obungalinganiyo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Amanqaku e Processings: onke amaqela kufuneka afumane ulwazi olufike ngexesha kunye olucacileyo malunga nemeko yempikiswano, iimbambano eziza kuxoxwa, kunye neendlebe ezicwangcisiweyo. Ukunganikezi isaziso esaneleyo zingenza phucuka zenzo ezilandelayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene kukuva: omabini amacala kufuneka abe nethuba elinentsingiselo lokunikela ubungqina, ukubiza amangqina, kwaye enze iimpikiswano. Oku kubandakanya ilungelo lokumelwe sisiluleko okanye ummeli womanyano.
  • Isigqibo-somenzi-sicaba: Impikiswano kufuneka isombululwe ngumbambi ongasolwanga/enokuba ngumgwebi womthetho wolawulo, umphathi-mphini, okanye indawo yolawulo (] engenayo imilo yenzala okanye uxinzelelo lwangaphandle.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene ekunikeleni ubungqina kunye nohlolo lomnqamlezo: Izahlulo zingangenisa amaxwebhu anxulumeneyo kunye nobungqina, kwaye zivavanya ubungqina obuphikisayo ngokunqamleza.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Isigqibo esingoo-oyile abaneziqinisekiso: abenzi besigqibo badla ngokufuneka ukukhupha uluvo olubhaliweyo oluchaza isiseko esiyinyaniso nesomthetho somthetho wabo, obangela ukuba kulula ukubukeze nokubhenela.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo: izigqibo ezingathandekiyo zingacelw ’ umngeni ngohlolo lwangaphakathi okanye isibheno sogwebo, ukunikezela uvavanyo nxamnye neempazamo okanye ikhethe.

Ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo ekuqokelelweni

Kwimisebenzi edityanisiweyo, izivumelwano ezidityanisiweyo ezisoloko ziquka iinkqubo ezithile ezifunekayo. Ezi zingafuna abaqeshi ukuba balandele “ukubangela” imigangatho phambi kokuqeqesha okanye ukukhulula abasebenzi, kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho eziqhubekayo. Ulwahlulo, olunye oluqhelekileyo lokusebenzisa imigaqo efunekayo, luquka imigaqo efunekayo: Ukwenziwa kwe-Abitration Act [[[FLT: 1] kunye nenkqubo ye-"FLT] Act [[FLT: 3] imisela imigangatho ye-arbitration Act [[[FLT: 3]] imigaqo ye-amplate, ubundidi, ukufunyanwa, kunye neenkqubo zokuva. Abaqeshinamstams kunye neenkqubo zobugrac. Abaninzi bamkela izicwangciso-mthetho ze-Mediactic Mediation kunye ne-Arbtription ye-A.[5]

Imisebenzi yesakhelo enika impumelelo

Ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo alukho kwikhamandela; lukwimithetho, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo zoomasipala. Ukuqonda izakhiwo eziphambili kunceda kubonise indlela esenzeka ngayo imigaqo yokwalathisa.

UMthetho weSizwe weNkcubeko yezeNLRB

[[NTLT:0] UMthetho weNational Labor Relations (NLRA) usisiseko somthetho weqela lomsebenzi wobucala eUnited States. Phantsi kwe-NLRA, abasebenzi banelungelo lokuyila, lokudibanisa, okanye lokuncedisa imibutho yabasebenzi; ijolise; idibanise; kwaye ibandakanyeke kwimisebenzi ekhuselekileyo. I-Act iyabathintela abaqeshi kunye namaqhina okusebenza angekho mthethweni. I-'Act iyabalela abasebenzi kunye namaqumrhu ekubandakanyeni kwizenzo zokusebenza ezingekho mthethweni (ULPs). [[FLT] I-National Revolation Bools Board (NLB) [[FFFF:3] ibone imigaqo epheleleyo yemithetho elawulayo, kwaye ibone imigaqo-mthetho egqithiseleleyo.[5]

Enye iNxaxoso Yesigqibo (ADR)

Ngaphaya kwe-NLRB, iimpikiswano ezininzi zomsebenzi ziconjululwe ngenye indlela yempikiswano (ADR) iindlela zokuphelisa impikiswano. I-Federal Medition kunye neNgqungquthela yenkonzo (FMCS), [[FLT:] [1], iqumrhu elizimeleyo lolawulo, linikezela iinkonzo zokuthintela nokucombulula iimpikiswano zomsebenzi. [[A] Iqela lesithathu linikezela ngesigqibo sokubopheka. [AF][3][AFF]

Imithetho

Amaphondo amaninzi aneebhodi zawo zonxibelelwano lwabasebenzi abasebenza (umz., i-Foource Relations Board yase-California, i-New York Public Processolution Board). La maqumrhu anyanzelisa inkqubo efunekayo esebenzisa iinkqubo ezifanayo. Ukongeza, intlawulo neeyure, imigaqo yembuyiselo yabasebenzi, kunye nemithetho echasene nokukhutshwa kwemiqathango isoloko ibandakanya amalungelo okuva nokubhenela. Ukudibana kwesizwe, urhulumente, kunye nezakhiwo zabucala kungadala umaleko wokhuseleko

Indima yeeNkundla

Iinkundla zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni inkqubo efunekayo ngokuhlola izigqibo zolawulo, amabhaso, kunye neengxaki zomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ibambe ukuba abasebenzi boluntu abanomdla wempahla kwimisebenzi yabo banelungelo lokunika isaziso sangaphambi kwexesha kunye nokuchophela izivumelwano (umz., [[FLT: 0]]] neBhunga lemfundo yezemfundo. Loudermill[[FL:1]], 470 U.S. 532). (1985). Kwicandelo labucala labucala, inyanzelela izivumelwano zokwamvo kunye nokuhlola ukuba bahlangabezana nemigangatho esisiseko efunekayo, umzekelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umenzi-yodwa wayenethuba lokungakhethi, yaye amaqela ayenethuba lokufumana ithuba lawo. [FLT]

Iinkqubo zokuqhuba inkqubo elindelekileyo ekuqheliseni

Ukuqonda amanyathelo abandakanyekileyo kwimpikiswano yemisebenzi eqhelekileyo kungacacisa indlela efunekayo yokukhusela inkqubo esebenza ngayo kwiimeko zehlabathi lokwenene. Lo mzekeliso ulandelayo usebenzisa ukusetyenziswa komsebenzi okungekho sikweni obekwe kwi-NLRB, kodwa amanyathelo afanayo ayasebenza kwizicwangciso ezininzi zokwahlula kunye nezicwangciso zebhodi yorhulumente.

  1. Ukufaka ityala: Umqeshwa, okanye umqeshi ufakela ityala elichaza ukwaphulwa kwe-NLRA. Ityala malibe lichaziwe kwaye ligcinwe kumda wexesha (ngokukakhulu iinyanga ezintandathu). Iqela eliphendulayo lifumana ikopi nethuba lokunikezela impendulo.
  2. I-Investigation: i-NLB's ofisi yengingqi iqhuba uphendlo, iqokelela ubungqina kunye nodliwano-ndlebe namangqina. Omabini amacala anganikezela ngamaxwebhu neengxelo zokungqina. Ukuba uphando alufumani sizathu, ityala liyarhoxiswa (namalungelo okubhena).
  3. Ukuchaza kunye nokuvakala Kuphakanyiswa: Ukuba icebo jikelele lifumana imfuneko, isikhalazo esisesikweni siyakhutshwa. Umphendula-gosa kufuneka afake impendulo. Umgwebi wolawulo (ALJ) ucwangcisa ukuchola, ngesaziso esipheleleyo kuwo onke amaqela.
  4. [[NTLA:0] Izabelo ezivakalayo: Izabelo zingabandakanyeka ekufumaneni (ukutshintsha amaxwebhu, ukuncina amaxwebhu, ukuphonononga, ii-arhente) njengoko kuvumelekile. Iintshukumo zingagcinwa. I-ALJ ingagcina iingqungquthela ezihlolwa ngaphambi kokuba kucatshulwe kwimiba.
  5. Ukuva: Ukuva kuqhutywa njengetyala. Icebo Jikelele linikela ubungqina kuqala, lilandelwa yimpendulo. AmaNgqina afungelwa, athe ngqo, avavanywe ngokunqamlezileyo, kwaye amathandabuzo alawulwa. Onke amaqela anelungelo lokumelwe licebiso. Ukuva kubhalwe okanye kubhalwe.
  6. Iposi- Yezifutshane Nesigqibo: Emva kokuchotshelwa, amatheko anganikezela iimfihlelo ezibhaliweyo. I-ALJ ngoko ikhupha isigqibo esiqulathe iimpahla ezifunyenweyo zenyaniso, iziphelo zomthetho, nomyalelo onconyelweyo. Isigqibo kufuneka siqwalaselwe kwaye sikhankanye ubungqina obuxhasayo.
  7. Appeal kwibhodi: Iqela elinokuyifaka ifayile enqamlezayo kwisigqibo se-ALJ ne-NLRB eWashington, D.C. Ibhodi ihlola irekhodi de novo okanye phantsi komgangatho olibazisayo. Isigqibo seBhodi sisenzo sokugqibela sombutho.
  8. IFUTY: Ingcebiso yeqela elikhutshwe ngumyalelo wokugqibela weBhodi ingacela iNkundla yezibheno yase-U.Inkundla ihlola iingxelo zeBhodi zenyaniso ukwenzela ubungqina obuninzi kunye neziphelo zayo ezisemthethweni ze-arbitrorie. Ukungahambelani nomyalelo wenkundla kungakhokelela ekudeleni ityala.

Kuwo onke la manqanaba, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba amatheko angacalucalucalulo ngokungeyomfuneko ngokulibaziseka, ukunqongophala kwesaziso, okanye ukwenza izigqibo ezibubuqhetseba. I-NLRB inobunjani bolawulo lwangaphakathi, kuquka ukuqeqeshelwa i-ALJs kunye nohlolo oluthe rhoqo lwezigqibo.

Ukusebenzisana Nezicombululo

Ukuba ulwaphulo olufanelekileyo lufunyenwe, umyalelo wokulungisa ungaquka ukubuyiselwa, ukuhlawula, ukuthumela izibhengezo, nokuyeka imiyalelo. Abaqeshi abaphula amalungelo enkqubo afanelekileyo, i-NLRB ingafuna isiqabu kwinkundla yesizwe. Kwisithintelo, iinkundla zingafumana amagqabantshintshi ukuba isalathisi sigqithise igunya okanye sibonakala sinomahluko, esiyinkqubo ekhethekileyo efunekayo.

Ucelomngeni Nokuqinisekisa Ubunyulu Kwindlela Efanelekileyo

Nakuba kukho ubuchule obuninzi, ukunyanzeliswa kwemigaqo efunekayo xa kuxatyiswa abasebenzi kujamelana neengxaki ezibalulekileyo.

balance

Olunye ucelomngeni oluzingisileyo lukukudityaniswa okungokwemvelo phakathi kwabaqeshwa ngabanye nabaqeshi. Abaqeshwa badla ngokuswela ubuncwane bemali, ulwazi olungokwasemthethweni, kunye nokuqina ngokweemvakalelo ukuqhuba iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo. Umelo lwe-Union lunganciphisa oku, kodwa abasebenzi abaninzi abangeyongozi. Kwizicwangciso ezinyanzelisayo, abaqeshi bangayibeka imithetho ethintelayo elinganisela ukufunyanwa okanye ukuthintela izenzo zeklasi, ibangela ukuba inkqubela yenzeke. Iinkundla zicubungele izivumelwano ezinjalo, kodwa umthwalo usoloko uwela kubaqeqeshi ukuba bacel ’ umngeni. [[FLT:]] Umthwalo onzima unika ugcino-mali kumalungelo abasebenzi, kuquka indlela yokufumana izikhala zefayile kunye noncedo olusemthethweni.

Ukulibazisa Neendleko

Kwanangeenkqubo ezifanelekileyo, ulibaziseko lungaphelisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo efunekayo. Iimeko ze-NLRB zingathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka ukusuka kwityala ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela, ingakumbi xa kubandakanyeka izibheno. Ngelo xesha abaqeshwa bangalahlekelwa yingeniso, bajongene nempindezelo, okanye banikezele. Isantya singakhawuleza kodwa singaba sixabisa kakhulu ngenxa yemali ehlawulwayo kunye neendleko ze-agnomenti. Iinkqubo zokukhupha imiyalelo, njengokusebenzisa iindlebe ezikhutshiweyo okanye ishefu ze-elektroniki, ziyaqhubeka. Noko ke, isantya asimele sifike ngendleko yokucotha kwemali.

Ukufikelela kumelo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo iyasilela ukuba amaqela angenako ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo. Abasebenzi abaninzi abafumana imali ephantsi abanako ukuthenga amagqwetha azimeleyo. Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni namagqwetha amaqumrhu agunyazisela izithuba ezithile, kodwa imfuneko engaphaya kweso sinikezelo. Amanye amaphondo aye azama iinkqubo zeprobono okanye iinkqubo ezenziwe lula zamaqela azimeleyo. Iwebhsayithi ye-NLRB inika iifomu nokhokelo, kodwa ukuqhuba inkqubo ngaphandle koncedo lobugcisa kuyalucelomngeni. Ukwandisa ukufikelela kwisiluleko neenkonzo zotoliko kuya kuqinisa inkqubo efunekayo.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje: I-Gig Economy kunye nezindlebe ezikude

Ukunyuka kwemeko yezoqoqosho kuye kwadala imibuzo emitsha efunekayo. Abasebenzi abahlulahlulwe njengezindlu ezizimeleyo basoloko bengenakho ukufikelela kukhuseleko lomthetho wesithethe. I-NLRB'S i-evoing kuvavanyo olubalulekileyo lobume bomsebenzi (umz., Shutle DFW [[FFF:1]], 367 NLB], No. 75 (2029) inentsingiselo ebalulekileyo yenkqubo efanelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-CHOVID-19 inyusa ukusetyenziswa kobuzwe obukude, iphakamisa imibuzo ephathelele ubunjani bobungqina obuthembekileyo, uvavanyo oluthembekileyo, kunye nokufikelela kwizobugcisa zobugcisa ezikhoyo. Ngoxa ukuhambelana kwazo kusekude kunokwenziwa ukwandisa kunye nokunciphisa iindleko, kufuneka zikhuselwe ngokuzinzisa i----e---neactive, ngoko kuqinisekisa ukudibana, ngokokusebenza okufanelekileyo, kunye nokusebenza kwamaphepha amanani akhoyo.

Izenzo zomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Ukubonakalisa okusesikweni kufuna kungekuphela nje imithetho esemthethweni kodwa kwakhona impucuko yokuthembeka phakathi kwabenzi besigqibo kunye nabaxhasi. Abaququzeleli kunye nabaxhasi kufuneka batyhile iingxabano ezinokubakho zomdla. Imibutho emininzi ipapasha iirosters zobundilele ezinobuchule obuneenkcukacha. Uqeqesho kwimigaqo nenkcubeko lunceda ukunciphisa ikhethe elingekho ngqiqweni. Ukubonakala gcatha ngokufana nokupapasha izigqibo nokugcina iingxelo ezicacileyo . "Izivumela uwonke wonke ukuba ajonge ukungaguquguquki kunye namaqumrhu okune netyala. [[FLT: 0] [FLD] Federal Mediation nenkonzo yeNkqums (FLTS) inemilinganiselo yomlamlamthi kunye nomgcini-mthetho, nto iyimfuneko ekugcineni ukuthemba.

Isiphelo

Imigaqo efunekayo yemithetho elawulayo nengumthetho olungele ukugcinwa kwemithetho elawulayo, inkqubo enzima kodwa engqinelanayo isisombululo sempikiswano esesikweni. Baqinisekisa ukuba akukho qela lilawulwa kwizigqibo ezizenzekelayo, okokuba kuvakala ubungqina, kwaye kunikezelwa izigwebo zokungakhethi. Ukusuka kwi-NLRA ne-NLRB ukuya kwimithetho elawulayo. Ukungalungelelani, ukulibazisela, nokungena kwemida efunekayo, kufuneka kuchazwe ngendlela efanelekileyo ukuze zonke izinto ziqhubeke. Njengokuba iintengiso zengqesho ezisebenzayo ziguquka ngendlela entsha kunye namalungiselelo amatsha. Noko ke, ukuqinisekisa akuyo akuxhomekekanga kwimigaqo yayo engundoqo.