Igunya lenkundla lixhomekeke kubuchule bayo bokudlulisela izigqibo eziqiqayo, ezizinzileyo nezinyanzelekileyo. Indlela ethathwa kumthetho osemthethweni ukusuka kwisigqibo sokuqala ukuya kwisigqibo esivela kwinkundla ephakamileyo ekhoyo ichazwa ziinkulungwane zemithetho ebhaliweyo, eyenzelwe ukulungelelanisa ubuchule kunye nelungelo elingundoqo lokuviwa. Ukuqonda le ndlela kunika ukuqonda ngendlela ulungelelwano olubalulekileyo lwentlalo olugcinwa ngayo phantsi komthetho nendlela amalungelo omntu ngamnye alungelelaniswe ngayo nxamnye nezilangazelelo zebutho labantu kunye norhulumente. Olu hambo, ngelixesha lolwahluka-mthetho olukhethekileyo olungaphaya kwemimandla, lulandela isigqumathelo sobomi esithe ngqo: ukuvavanywa, isibheno, kunye nokunyazisa.

Isiseko Sezigqibo Zenkundla

Phambi kokuhlola amaqondo athile etyala, kubalulekile ukuqonda iintanda-bulumko ezisisiseko. Inkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika ingumgaqo ophambili, apho amaqela amabini aphikisanayo anikela ubungqina bawo kunye neempikiswano kumajaji okanye abachopheli-tyala abangondileleyo. Esi sakhiwo sahlukile kwiinkqubo zokuncina amakholwa ezifunyanwa kwamanye amazwe angomthetho, apho ijaji idlala indima esebenzayo ekuphengululeni iintanda-nto. Inkqubo esesikweni yale nkqubo i-adversarial ikhuselwa yingcamango ye- inkqubo ephambili [, efunyenwe kwiSihlanunu neshumi elinesine somthetho, apho izigwebo ezisetyenziswayo kwiUS. UmGaqo-siseko ophezulu. Imeko emiselwe ngumthetho osemthethweni, ifuna ukuba urhulumente ahlonele zonke iimfanelo zomntu, aqinisekise isaziso esifanelekileyo, icebo elifanelekileyo, kunye nelungiselelo elingakhethi-mthetho eliphantsi komthetho. [F.F.G.]

Ityala 1: Ityala — Izibakala Ezizicaceleyo

Ityala lingumgangatho osisiseko apho ityala lakhiwe ngobungqina obuyinyaniso. Eli candelo lixhalabele kakhulu ukuphendula imibuzo emibini: Yintoni yenzeka? kwaye yiyiphi imithetho esemthethweni esebenzayo kwezo zibakala? Isigaba sokuvavanya silawulwa yimithetho engqongqo efana Imithetho ye-fal Procedure[[FLT] [FLT] kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, elawula indlela ityala elisuka ngayo kwimpikiswano nje ukuya kumgwebo wokugqibela.

Inkcubeko kunye nokuyalela

Inkundla ayinakuva ityala ngaphandle isigwebo ``igunya elingokwasemthethweni ukwenza isigqibo sokubopha amaqela. Oku kubandakanya [ ulawulo lwesihloko-matterte ment (amandla enkundla phezu kohlobo lwetyala) kunye [[FLT:] [[FLT]] ulawulo olusemthethweni [[FLT:] (amandla enkundla kubantu abathile okanye izinto ezithile ezibandakanyekileyo). Inkqubo iqala ngokugqunywa kwe [FLT]] [FLT] [12], ekwalawulwa yindawo ecacileyo, ebhaliweyo yendlela esemthethweni yesutiti neyokufunwa ngayo. [FT] [FT] [9]

Inkqubo Yokufumana

Uhlaziyo lwangoku lubunjwe kakhulu yinqanaba lokufumana. Eli xesha langaphambi kovavanyo livumela amacala omabini aqokelele ubungqina kwelinye nelinye kumacala amathathu ukuphelisa izinto ezimangalisayo ekuvavanyweni. Izixhobo zokuhlola ziquka:

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • Imithetho: Ubungqina obungoomlomo obuthatyathwe phantsi kwesifungo ngaphandle kwenkundla, ivumela amagqwetha ukuba ahlole ukuthembeka nokutshixa kobungqina bawo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, izivumelwano, kunye ne-data ye-elektroniki (ukufumana).
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zeMithetho: Iingxelo ezimele ukuvunywa okanye ukukhanyelwa ukuxinanisa iimpikiswano eziyinyaniso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iingxelo zamangqina ezinika inkxaso-mali: Kwimeko ezintsonkothileyo, iingcali kwimimandla efana namayeza, injineli, okanye imali yemali zinika iingxelo zokuhlalutya ubungqina.

Uphando ludla ngokuba yeyona nxalenye exabisa kakhulu nethatha ixesha elininzi yelitha, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuvavanywa kusekelwe kwiseti epheleleyo yezibakala.

Intshukumo zangaphambili

Phambi kokuba ityala liqalise, amaqela angafaka iintshukumo acela ijaji ukusombulula ityala okanye ukushwankathela imiba. imvakalelo yokulahla[ (njengemithetho 12 (b) (6) intshukumo yokungawuphumeleli ummiselo) aphikisa ukuba nokuba yonke into echaphazelekayo ithi inyani, umthetho awuniki isicombululo. Isixhobo esinamandla kakhulu yi-[ imotion yomgwebo omfutshane [ (i-66), ephikisayo ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ekhoyo kwaye ukuba iqela elihambayo linelungelo lomgwebo njengomthetho. Ukuba umshwankano, isiphelo somgwebo siphelo ngaphandle kwetyala.

Ukucinywa Kwetyala

Ukuba ityala lisindile kwintshukumo zangaphambi kovavanyo, liqhubekeka livavanywa. Iinxalenye ezingundoqo zetyala ziquka:

  1. [[NTL: 0] Ukukhetha (Indawo yeVoir): IAttorney zibuza ukuba abachopheli bejaji bangachonga ikhethe kwaye baqinisekise indawo yolawulo engakhethiyo.
  2. IiNgxelo eziVulayo: kwicala ngalinye lichaza ubungqina abaza kubunikela. Ezi asibobungqina, kodwa yimapu yendlela yabachopheli-tyala.
  3. [[NTL:0] ICase-in-Chief: I-paltiff (okanye ukungxengxelelwa kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho) inikela ubungqina bayo kuqala, ibiza amangqina ukuba avavanywe ngqo. Ukhuselo ngoko lunethuba lokunqumla amangqina lawo. Ukuzikhusela kunikela ubungqina bawo namangqina emva komchasi-mthetho.
  4. Iimpikiswano ezichazayo: Icala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina kwaye liphikisa isizathu sokuba abachopheli-mthetho balawule bebaxhasa.
  5. Imiyalelo engalunganga i-[FLT: 0] Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala kumthetho okhethekileyo osebenza kulo mba. Lo ngumthombo osoloko ukhona wezibongozo, njengokuba imiyalelo engachananga ingaba nekhethe iqela.
  6. [[FLT: 0] I-Deberation kunye neSigwebo: Abagwebi ngasese ukufikelela kwisigqibo. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, umthwalo wobungqina ngu ngaphandle kobuthandabuzeko obusengqiqweni[. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, ngu [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [4] uphazamiso lobungqina [ (ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu).

Emva kwesigqibo, ijaji ingena kwityala . Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, umgwebi usebenza njengomgcini-sango kumthetho, ngoxa ijaji ingumfumani wento.

IParase 2: Isibheno — Ukuphengulula Impazamo

Isibheno asilotyala lesibini. Ummangaleli akanakuphikisa nje ukuba abachopheli-tyala babe phosakeleyo. Endaweni yoko, isibheno kukuphinda ulwenziso lwengxelo echongiweyo ukufumanisa ukuba inkundla evavanya lenza impazamo engokwasemthethweni echaphazelekayo kwisiphumo. Iqela elinomtsalane yi- appant, kwaye iqela eliphikisayo liyi

Ilungelo Lokubhenela

Kwinkqubo karhulumente, akukho lungelo lizenzekelayo lomGaqo-siseko ukubhenela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye umgwebo wabemi. Isenzo sokubhena sinikezelwa ngomthetho. Le nkqubo iqala ngokufaka i- ulwandiso lwesibheno. I-applent kufuneka ngoko ilawule ekubhexezeni , okuquka i-gracture, bonke ubungqina obuvunywayo ekuvavanyweni, kwaye yonke imisebenzi yangaphambili kunye nemiyalelo. Inkundla ye-applette ixhomekeke ngokufutshane kule ngxelo; akukho bungqina butsha bunikiweyo.

Imigangatho yempinda ephunyezweyo

Iqondo lokulibalela inkundla enika inkundla esezantsi lixhomekeke kuhlobo lwembambano ehlaziywayo:

  • Imibuzo yoMthetho (De Novo): Inkundla enika ingxelo ingqwalaselo igosa lokutolika umthetho ukusuka ekukrazukeni, engabekeli mva. Oku kuquka ukuqwalasela imiyalelo yabachopheli-mthetho nentsingiselo yemimiselo.
  • Imibuzo yeQiniso (Engafihliyo): Ekuvavanyweni kwebhentshi (ekugwetyweni ngabagwebi ngaphandle kwejaji), inkundla yezakuthatha ityala iza kubhukuqa kuphela iziphumo zenyaniso ukuba zicacile ukuba ziphosakele", inkundla ishiywa nesiqinisekiso esiqinisekileyo nesomeleleyo sokuba imposiso yenziwe. Kumatyala abachopheli-mthetho, afumanisa nyani akunakwenzeka ukurhoxiswa ukuba zixhaswa bubuphi na ubungqina obusengqiqweni.
  • Izigqibo ezidityanisiweyo (Izigqibo Zobulumko): [ Abagwebi betyala banengqiqo ebanzi kwimicimbi yengcaciso, efana nokuba bayabuvuma ubungcaphephe obungoogcisa okanye baqhubeke. Inkundla ephetheyo iza kuzibhukuqa ezi zigqibo ukuba umgwebi wetyala wenza ngokungekho ngqiqweni okanye ngokungekho ngqiqweni.

Izizathu Zokuvuselelwa

Asizizo zonke iimpazamo ezivumela ukuguqulwa. Iinkundla zokwahlula phakathi:

  • Imposiso engenanto ye ````Imposiso engenanto''' yempazamo engachaphazelekanga kwisiphumo setyala. Isigqibo simile.
  • Imposiso engenakugwetywa: Yimpazamo esenokuba yachaphazela iziphumo zetyala, ifuna inkundla yeziphumo zetyala ukuvala umgwebo kwaye iyalele ukuvavanywa okutsha okanye ugwebo olulungisiweyo.
  • Imposiso yoPlain: Yimpazamo enzulu eyenzekayo nokuba iqela alizange lilwe xa kuvavanywa. Oku kunxaxhi akusoloko kunikwa, njengokuba inkqubo ye-adversarial ifuna amaqela ukuba agcine umngeni ngokukhawuleza ukuze afake isibheno.

Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokubhenela ziquka ukuvuma ubungqina obungafanelekanga bokuva amava, amagqabaza agqwethekileyo omgwebi, uncedo olungancediyo lwesiluleko (kumatyala olwaphulo - mthetho), nemiyalelo ephosakeleyo yabachopheli - tyala.

Inkqubo Eza Kufikelelwa Ngayo

Amatyala athe athethwa agqitywe liqela labagwebi (ngokomfuziselo lamathathu). Le nkqubo ibandakanya:

  1. [[NTL: 0] Ukuphendula: Umgwebi ungenisa ingcaciso emfutshane echaza iimpazamo ezenziweyo kwaye kutheni zifuna ukuguqulwa. I-appelle inikezela ukuphendula kancinane impikiswano yokuba umgwebo ulungile okanye nayiphi impazamo ayinabungozi.
  2. [[UMTL: 0] Impikiswano ebanzi: Icala ngalinye linikwa ixesha elifutshane (ngokufuthi imizuzu eli-15 ukuya kwengama-30) ukuphikisana ngetyala labo nokuphendula imibuzo evela kubagwebi. Iimpikiswano zomlomo zivumela abagwebi ukuba bavavanye amandla okuqiqa okusemthethweni.
  3. [[FLT: 0] Isigqibo: Inkundla ikhupha uluvo olubhaliweyo. Uluvo lunga u-frectr inkundla esezantsi (ibambe umgwebo), [ ijijela (ijikezela umgwebo), okanye ne (ithumela umba emva kwinkundla yokuvavanya okuqhubekayo komthetho ohambelanayo nomthetho).

Ingqwalasela yeNkundla Ephakamileyo

Ukuba iqela liphulukana nenkundla yezibheno yesizwe (okanye inkundla ephakamileyo yephondo), bangacela iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ukuba ifumane ingcebiso ye i-certari. Ngokungafaniyo nesibheno sokulunga, i-ceretari inegunya. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ifumana izibongozo ezingaphezu kwama-7000 nyaka ngamnye kodwa inika kuphela uhlolo olupheleleyo malunga nama-80. INkundla yeNkundla ingu-FLT] yesi-4 imisela ukuba ukuba ukuba ukuba iivoti ezine zetyala zivote, i-writ inikwa ityala elibalulekileyo. Inkundla idla ngokuva nje ithetha ukuba kubandakanya impikiswano yorhulumente, impikiswano yeNkundla yeNkundla yesizwe, okanye uluvo olunzulu lwesizwe.

Ukuthobeka 3: Ukunyanzeliswa — Ukuwuqonda Umgwebo

Ukuphumelela kwisigwebo setyala kusisiqingatha sedabi, esinye isiqingatha silwa nalo.

Imigwebo Yemali

Ukuba umgwebo ufuna iqela elilahlekileyo ukuhlawula imali, iqela elikhohlakeleyo (umboleki womgwebo) lingasebenzisa iziphumo zenkcubeko ukufumanisa izinto zeqela elilahlekileyo (ityala lomgwebo). Iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa ziquka:

  • I- Isikhuphi sokuphumeza: Umyalelo wenkundla oyalela umphathi wenkundla ukuba abambe aze athengise impahla ukuze anelise umgwebo.
  • Imali ejingayo: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna umqeshi obolekileyo ukuba arhoxe isahlulo somvuzo aze awuhlawulele umtyalayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] IiLebhi zombhexi: Ukukhulula ii-akhawunti zebhanki zeyalele ibhanki ukuba ijike imali.
  • Ityala letyala lijongene nempahla yenene yomkweleti, ukuthintela ukuthengiswa kwempahla de ihliswe.

Ukucinywa Kwenkundla

Imiyalelo efuna iqela ukuba lenze into (okanye liyeke ukwenza into ethile), inkundla ixhomekeke kumandla ayo okudelela. iphembelela ukuthob'amandla yenzelwe ukunyanzela ukuthobela umyalelo wenkundla, njengokuhlawula ityala okanye ukuya entolongweni de iqela liphose i-empeni. ukudelelwa okugqithisileyo [ kusetyenziswa ukubohlwaya ukuziphatha okusele kuphule umyalelo wenkundla, njengokungaphumelelanga ukuvela ekuveni okucwangcisiweyo. Amandla okuthoba libalulekile kwigunya le judiary; ngaphandle kwayo, imiyalelo iya kuba yi-avistion.

Ngaphezu kwendlela yesithethe: Iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa kwezinye izinto kunye nezikhethekileyo

Indlela yokugweba yesithethe yokuya kwityala asiyondlela yodwa yokucombulula iimpikiswano. Ukulawula indleko ephezulu nolibaziseko lokukhupha, inkqubo yomthetho iphuhlise ezinye iindlela kunye neenkundla ezikhethekileyo.

Enye iNkxaso

Iinkundla ziya zifuna ukuba amaqela azame i-ADR ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Ezi ndlela zimbini ziphambili zezi:

  • Uququzelelo: Iqela lesithathu elingondilele linceda unxibelelwano phakathi kwamaqela ukuba afumane indawo yokuhlala yokuzithandela. Umlamli akanyanzelisi sigqibo. I-Media isebenza kakhulu, icombulula ipesenti enkulu yamatyala phambi kokuvavanywa.
  • I-Arbitation: Alungu lesithathu lobundilele (okanye indawo yolawulo) uva ubungqina kunye neempikiswano ezivela kumacala omabini kwaye ukhupha isigqibo esisisidibanisi. I-Arbit iqheleke kakhulu kunesixhobo sokulawula kodwa ingaphantsi kwetyala. Uhlolo lwejaji lwemiqathango lulinganiselwe kakhulu phantsi kwe Actal Arbitration [, okwenza ulwahlulo lokugqibela, olunempumelelo, kodwa olusoloko lunendlela engaguqukiyo.

Iinkundla ezizodwa

Ukusingatha umthamo kunye nokuntsonkotha kweentlobo ezithile zamatyala, amatyala amaninzi avelisa iinkundla ezikhethekileyo. Umzekelo, iNkundla yerhafu yase-U.S. ithetha ngeempikiswano phakathi kwabaqeshi berhafu ne-IRS, ngoxa iNkundla yeBhankiptacy yaseUnited States isingatha ukuphinda isohlwayelwa okanye ukukhutshwa kwamatyala. Iinkundla zezonyango zeziyobisi neenkundla zempilo yengqondo ziyingxaki egxininisa ekulungiseni imo yempilo nonyango kunokuba isohlwayo, ngokufuthi inika enye indlela yokulungisa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Impembelelo Yokupheliswa Kwenkwenkwezi

Enye yezona ziphumo zibalulekileyo zesigqibo setyala eliphakamileyo yimpembelelo yalo kumatyala azayo. Ngaphantsi komgaqo we stares decisis (ngesiLatini "ukuma ngokwezinto ezigqitywe"), iinkundla ezisezantsi zinyanzelekile ukulandela izigqibo zeenkundla eziphezulu kugunyaziso olunye. Uluvo olupapashiweyo oluvela kwiNkundla yezibheno lubopha zonke iinkundla zesithili kwisangqa sayo. Ngokufanayo, inkundla ephakamileyo yeNkulawula ibo eUnited States ibophelele yonke inkundla elungelelaniswe kwaye ilungele ukumiswa kwelizwe, ivumela abantu ngabanye namashishini ukuba baqonde amalungelo abo kunye neembopheleleko zabo ngaphandle kokuthetha yonke imibango. Kuphela utshintsho kwimithetho okanye isigqibo esilandela kwinkundla ephakamileyo.

Isiphelo

Indlela ethathwa kumthetho wokumangalelwa kwetyala ukuya kuqikelelo lomgwebo wokugqibela luhambo olucwangcisiweyo. Isigaba sokuvavanya simisela izibakala kwaye sisebenzise umthetho ozinzileyo. Isigaba senkqubo ye-appellate siqinisekisa ukuba ityala lenziwe kakuhle kwaye lisemthethweni, lilungisa iimpazamo kwaye licacisa umahluko phakathi kwamatyala exanduva. Isigaba sokunyanzelisa siguqulela umgaqo wephepha wenkundla kwisivumelwano sokwenene sehlabathi. Nganye, le migaqo iyila inkqubo elungiselelwe ukucombulula iingxabano, kodwa ukwenza njalo ngendlela engqinelanayo, ekhanyayo, kwaye elula. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwetyala nesibheno, indima yemigaqo yokuhlola, nentsingiselo yenkqubo efunekayo kubaluleke nabani na ohamba kwinkqubo engomthetho okanye ofuna ukuqonda ngendlela elula indlela yokulungisa esetyenziswa ngayo kwibutho labantu.