Isiseko somgaqo-siseko senkqubo elindelekileyo ukwenzela izenzo ze-arhente

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States sivakalisa ukuba akukho mntu “uya kuphulukana nobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” UMthetho oLamlisiweyo we-14th udlulisela olu khuseleko lunye kwizenzo zikarhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, iinkundla ziye zakholelwa ukuba amaqumrhu olawulo olulawulayo (‘arguntial state okanye urhulumente) amele azihlonele ezi ziqinisekiso xa emisela izigwebo. Inkqubo yomthetho ayiyondlela engqongqo; kunoko, ifuna ukuba urhulumente asebenzise iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ezilungele izilangazelelo ezixhotyisiweyo. Oku kuthintela ukuba amaziko awo angasebenzisi amandla awo okuqinisekisa umsebenzi njengesixhobo esichuliweyo kwaye awanyanze ukuba aphathe izigwebo ezisisiseko.

Amagosa olawulo anegunya elikhulu. Amisela imithetho, ahlole, azise izenzo zonyanzelo, kunye nezigwebo zemali yabemi. Amanye amasebe asenokunyanzela ukukhutshwa okanye ukukhutshwa kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente, ezinokuthi zivale ishishini ngokuphumelelayo. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, eli gunya lingakhuthaza ukumiswa kwesigqibo sonyanzelo. INkundla Ephakamileyo isoloko iqonda ukuba inkqubo efunekayo “kukusetyenziswa kakubi kwasemthethweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba isohlwaywa kumiselwe kuphela emva kokuba kunikwe ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuviwa.

Indlela Imbopheleleko Yolawulo Esebenza Ngayo Nesizathu Sokuba Inkqubo Ibalulekile

Xa umbutho ugqiba kwelokuba umntu okanye umbutho wokwaphula umthetho okanye umthetho, ungayiqalisa inkqubo yokunyanzelisa ulawulo. Izigwebo eziqhelekileyo ziquka intelekelelo, ukurhoxiswa kwephepha-mvume, ukupheliswa kwemiyalelo, kunye nokubuyiselwa. Ngokungafaniyo nemali yetyala ebekwe yinkundla, izigwebo zolawulo zidla ngokubekwa liziko lezibonelelo, ngokokungaqiniseki kohlolo lwezomthetho. Le nkqubo isebenza njengomcuphi, umtshutshisi, kunye nejaji (* isenza intelekelelo yemiqathango yemiqathango engundoqo.)

Inkqubo elindelekileyo kule meko isebenzisa iinjongo ezintathu ezingundoqo: inciphisa ubungozi bokuhluthwa kwempahla okanye inkululeko; iqinisekisa ukuba iqela elichaphazelekayo lingathatha inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo ekuqhubekekeni; kwaye ikhuthaza intembelo yoluntu ekubonakaliseni okusesikweni kwenkqubo. Ngaphandle kwezi zikhuseli, umbutho ungafaka isigwebo esinzima esisekelwe kubungqina obungaphelelanga, ukwenza izigqibo ezisusiweyo, okanye ukuqulunqa okufihlakeleyo. Inkqubo efunekayo ibeka imigangatho yesiseko apho abameli bengenakuhamba ngaphantsi, nokuba isebenza njani inkqubo enokuthi ibonakale isebenza ngokukhawuleza.

Umahluko Phakathi Kokwenza Umthetho Nokuphelisa Inkohlakalo

Kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi komthetho womthetho kunye nesivumelwano solawulo. Ukwenza umthetho kumisela imilinganiselo yexesha elizayo yokuziphatha kwaye kudla ngokufuna isaziso kunye neenkqubo zolawulo phantsi koMthetho we-Administrative Procedire (APA). Ulwahlulelo, kwelinye icala, kumisela ukuba iqela elithile liye laphula imithetho ekhoyo kwaye nasiphi isigwebo esifanele sisetyenziswe. Iimfuno zenkqubo ziphezulu kwizicwangciso zokubophelela apho amalungelo omntu abekwe khona ngokuthe ngqo esibondeni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba naxa isiko sisebenzisa inkqubo entsha, iqela elichaphazelekayo kufuneka lifumane isaziso esaneleyo nesohlwayelelo olufanelekileyo. Iinkqubo zenjongo zokuqalisa ukuququlungela ukuphendula ngaphandle kokunika ithuba lokuphendula kweqela.

Iimfuno ezizizo ukwenzela intengiso

Ukuzalisa inkqubo efanelekileyo, umbutho wolawulo kufuneka ubuncinane unikezele okulandelayo phambi kokuba isohlwayo sigqibe:

  • Isaziso sokwaphulwa okubekiweyo. Isaziso kufuneka sibelwe ngokufanelekileyo ukwazisa iqela ngezityholo nesohlwayo esinokwenzeka. Ityala okanye izityholo zentengiso azinele. Isibonelelo kufuneka sikhankanye isiseko esisemthethweni kunye nezizathu ezichanekileyo zesenzo.
  • Lithuba lokuphendula. Iqela elichaphazelekayo kufuneka libe nethuba elinentsingiselo lokunikela ubungqina, liphikisa ityala, livavanye ubungqina bombutho. Oku kunokwenzeka ngokuthobela okubhaliweyo, ingqungquthela engacwangciswanga, okanye ukuva okucacileyo okuthe ngqo kuxhomekeke kumongo.
  • Amenzi wesigqibo sobundilele. Igosa eligqibayo ngetyala kufuneka lingacaluli. Isiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko ‘ senkundla yesikhululo” sisebenza kwimicimbi yolawulo. Nokuba umenzi wesigqibo ngumqeshwa wombutho, akanakuba nobungcatshi bobuqu okanye bobuqumrhu obungaluthintela ugwebo olulungileyo.
  • A isigqibo esicacisiweyo. Umbutho kufuneka uchaze isiseko sesohlwayo sawo, uchaze indlela olinganisa ngayo ubungqina kunye nesizathu sokuba imvume ifanele ukuchasana. Ngaphandle kwengcaciso eqinisiweyo, isenzo sibonakala singenamkhethe, kwaye inkundla ephindayo ayinakuwuhlola ngokwaneleyo umsebenzi womziseli.

Ezi mfuneko azifuni ngokuzenzekelayo ukuchongwa okupheleleyo kohlobo lokuvavanya. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo . MAWs v. Elditridge (19976) imisele uvavanyo oluthambileyo lokulinganisela, ngoku oluyinkqubo engundoqo yokugqiba ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo xa umeli karhulumente ebeka isohlwayo.

Uvavanyo Lwemathew

EMatews v. EEldridge, iNkundla yachaza izinto ezintathu ezimele zivavanywe yinkundla ukuze kugqitywe imigaqo ecacileyo efunekayo:

  1. Inzala yabucala ezakuchatshazelwa linyathelo elisemthethweni. Okukhona ilahleko enokwenzeka (nokuba ingakanani na imali, inkululeko, okanye ilayisensi yengcali) -- kokukhona inkqubo izakunikwa.
  2. Umngcipheko wokungahlawulwa ngempazamo ngenkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo ngoku, nexabiso elilindelekileyo, ukuba kukho, wongezelelo okanye wokuthatha indawo yemigaqo.
  3. umdla karhulumente, kuquka umsebenzi obandakanyekileyo kunye nemithwalo yemali kunye nolawulo ekufuneka zongezelelwe okanye ezithathele indawo zibandakanya.

Olu vavanyo asilolungiselelo lobuchule kodwa lulugqibo olusebenzisekayo. Luye lwasetyenziswa kuyo yonke into esuka ekuncedeni ukupheliswa kwempahla yasekuhlaleni ekulahlekeni kwemali ehlawulwayo yolawulo. Umzekelo, xa umbutho ubeka intlawulo encinane ngokunxulumene nokwaphula umthetho okuncinane, umdla karhulumente ekusebenzeni kakuhle ungenza isiqinisekiso sokungachani kakuhle. Kodwa xa isohlwayo sisongela indlela yokuziphilisa yeshishini .

Inkundla ePhakamileyo iQela eliPhakamileyo lichaza iNkqutyana yeNkqutyana ePhakamileyo

Ityala eliphawulayo elininzi lichazile imida yenkqubo efunekayo kulawulo:

  • Goldberg v. Kelly (70): INkundla yathi abamkeli boncedo banelungelo lokuvalwa ngokucacileyo phambi kokuba iinzuzo zabo zipheliswe. Nangona eli tyala libandakanya iingenelo zemfuza, ukuqiqa kwalo kusebenza nakweliphi na inyathelo lombutho elisongela inzala yempahla ebalulekileyo. Inkundla igxininisa ukuba ukuva kwangaphambili kuyimfuneko xa ukunqandwa kungeloxakeka kwaye umamkeli unomdla onamandla kwi-risithi eqhubekayo.
  • . MAthews v. Eldiridge (1976): Njengoko kuxoxwe ngako, iNkundla yacoca inkqubo efunekayo yecalculus yeziphumo zokhuseleko loluntu, ivumela ukuva emva kwe-pastenaprive kulo mongo kuba ubungozi bempazamo babusezantsi kwaye ubunzima bolawulo bukarhulumente buphezulu. Noko ke, iimeko ezilandelayo zisebenzise oothunywa beMathus kwimiso nezokukhupha izigwebo, ezisoloko zifuna ukuva okuphambili xa isohlwayo sinzima.
  • I-altephen à Liudlum Steel Corp. v. United States (1978): Isekethe yesiphaluka imigaqo efunekayo kwimiqathango yemeko- bume, ukuba umbutho kufuneka unike ithuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa ngaphambi kokuba isohlwayo sigqibeke. Oku kubonisa indlela iinkundla ezisezantsi ezinyanzelisa ngayo inkqubo efunekayo kumongo wokulawula iintengiso.
  • Tull v. United States (1987): Ngeli thuba iGqibelo leSekela linelungelo lokugweba kwityala lesigwebo samakhaya, uTull ugxininisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ubeka imida kwindlela abamele bafumane ngayo izigwebo. Xa isohlwayo sisohlwayo sikwindalo, ukudityaniswa kwemigaqo yolawulo kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho kamva kufuneka kuhlonelwe ilungelo kwityala labachopheli-tyala. I-Amplity ayinakusebenzisa imigaqo yolawulo ukuphepha ukuphepha imigaqo-siseko.

Kutshanje, iNkundla ePhakamileyo United States v. Arthrex (2021) ithetha ngemida yemithetho-siseko esemandleni olawulo abagwebi, ibambe ukuba imiba yemiba yokumisela ichaphazela ukusebenziseka kwezigqibo zolawulo. Ngelixesha kungeyonkqubo efunekayo kwityala ngalinye, uGqrhrex uqinisa ingcamango yokuba isakhiwo solawulo kufuneka sihambelane nemigaqo yesiseko sokwahlula amagunya kunye nenkqubo elungileyo.

Xa inkqubo elindelekileyo ivumela i-arhente yesishwankathelo ukuba isebenze

Imfuneko efunekayo yenkqubo ayithethi ukuba umbutho awunakuze ubeke isohlwayo phambi kweva elipheleleyo. Kwiimeko ezithile, urhulumente ungenza ngokukhawuleza ukukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Umzekelo, umbutho wokutya neziyobisi ungathabatha izinto ezonakalisiwe ngaphandle kwesaziso sangaphambili kuba ubungozi bengozi budlula umdla wobuqu kwiziphumo ezingaphambili. Ngokufanayo, iqumrhu linokuvala imvume yobugcisa okomzuzwana ukuba ugqirha ubeka isisongelo esisondeleyo kuluntu.

Noko ke, kwanesenzo soshwankathelo kufuneka sisekelwe kwisiseko esiqinisekileyo esiqinisekileyo. Umbutho kufuneka ube nonobangela ofanelekileyo okanye ubungqina obufanayo phambi kokuba usebenze. Ubuchule bokwenza ngokukhawuleza abuyinikeli i-carte blanche yesebe; kufuneka ibonise ukuba uxakeka lukho ngokwenene kwaye umdla wabucala ukhokelwa ngokusesikweni, ukuba ukhawuleze, ithuba lokuviwa. Uvavanyo lokulinganisela kuMatews luqinisekisa ukuba abameli abanakusebenzisa umahluko wongxamiseko njengebgibelo lokugqitha iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zezibonelelo Nezolawulo

Kumaziko olawulo, imfuneko efunekayo ithetha ukuba kufuneka bamisele iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa ezinokusinda kuhlolo-mthetho. Oku kusoloko kubandakanya ukuveliswa koojaji bomthetho oqeqeshiweyo, ukwenza izikhokelo ezineenkcukacha kubasebenzi abaphandi, kunye nokunikela iingqungquthela zokuhlalisana. Ii-Accounting ezithi zimisela umngcipheko wokuba neziphumo ezifanelekileyo zokufumana izigwebo eziye zahlaziywa ngokuhlola, ezichitha ubuncwane bukawonke wonke kunye nokonakalisa iinjongo zolawulo. I-ofisi ye-Adminitivective Law Administracy Proviced Agemental Provity Agemental Agency, kunye neFoderaliance Traties, umzekelo, zonke izibonelelo ezisebenza phantsi kwemithetho elungiselelwe ngobuchule enziwe ngamashumi eminyaka efunekayo.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, inkqubo efunekayo ejongene nezigwebo zomaziko, yinkqubo enamandla yokuzikhusela. Iqela lingasiphikisa isohlwayo ngokuthi umbutho ungakwazi ukunika isaziso esaneleyo, uxhomekeke kwimivava ngaphandle kwethuba lokunqumla i-examine, okanye ukusebenzisa umenzi wesigqibo onamarherhe. Kwimeko ezininzi, ukungafuni ngamandla ukunikezela ityala okanye ukuthoba isohlwayo. Ingxelo yenkqubo ye-procedtura kufuneka icoceke; kungenjalo, inkundla ehlaziyayo iza kuthumela elo tyala emva kwequmrhu, amaxesha amaninzi kamva. Ukuqonda imida efunekayo inokubaluleka njengoko kuqondwa komthetho ongaphantsi.

Isalathisi esifanelekileyo saMalungelo

Maxa wambi oorhulumente bacela amaqela alawulwayo ukuba adele amalungelo athile amiselwe ngokwesithethe ukuze afumane isohlwayo esithe tye okanye isigqibo esikhawulezileyo. Ngoxa ezo ndawo ziqhelekile, umniki-mthetho kufuneka azi, ayazi kwaye azenze ngokuzithandela. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ayivumeli umbutho ukuba unyanzele umenzi-ngozi ngokumsongela ngezohlwayo ezigqithisileyo okanye ngokungenangqondo ukulibazisa ukuviwa. IiNkundla ziya kuhlolisisa ngokusondelelenekileyo ukuba amaqela asekunene aqululwe ekuthethweni okanye kuphengululo lwezahlulelo. IKhomishini ye-Federal Trentery kunye ne-Securities and Exchange, ngokomzekelo, azivumelani ukuhlaziswe kwezibonelelo ezinyanzelwayo ezinyanzelwe ukuba zithintelwe ngokungekho bungqina bokuzinziswa kwemvume yokuva.

Umhlaba ojikelezayo: Ityala lolawulo kunye nomGaqo-siseko

Umthetho wolawulo wangoku uyaqhubeka uzama ukumelana noxinezeleko phakathi kwempumelelo nokusesikweni. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ezinye iinkundla ziye zalwa namaqumrhu abangela iziphumo eziphazamisayo ngaphandle kwemigaqo eqinileyo yokukhupha isigwebo. Umzekelo, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2019 .[FLT][1] Klisor[[FLT] v. Wilkie[FLT][2] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] ukuhlehlisa ukucaciswa kwemigaqo yabo ngokwayo iziphumo zesigwebo, kuba abameli abanakuxhomekeka kwimithetho ecacileyo yokugweba amaqela angenaso siphawu esicacileyo sehambo enqatyiweyo. Ngokufanayo, imfundiso ye-“FLT] ifuna isaziso se-offralvelvel ukuba iso ibekwe kuphela ukuba iqela elilungele ukubunjwa ngokuchaseneyo.

Enye indawo ekhulayo kukusetyenziswa kwe-Sradive Fine Claus (inxalenye yeSigqibo se-Eleveh) kwisigwebo solawulo. Ngoxa u-Clause esebenza ngqo kwiimali zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezinye iinkundla ziye zaqwalasela ukuba izigwebo zamakhaya ezithi “zingalinganiyo” zinokuchasana nenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye. Nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo [FLT]] [1] sudson v. United States (1997) isohlwayo zamakhaya zinokungachasana ngokuzenzekelayo nenkqutho yemingciso efunekayo ngenxa yeenjongo eziphindiweyo, zonke izigwebo ezipheleleyo zobungakanani beso zisenokubuye zilungiswe ngenxa yokugqithisa komthetho-mthetho-siseko wemithetho ephantsi komthetho.

Isiphelo

Amandla oorhulumente okubeka izigwebo abalulekile kulawulo lwangoku, kodwa awaphelelanga. Iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zoHlaliso lweNkcubeko yesihlanu neyeshumi elinesine zifuna ukuba abameli benze ngokufanelekileyo, banikele isaziso kunye nethuba lokuviwa, kwaye basekele izigqibo zabo ngezizathu eziqikelelweyo. UMathews ubeka uvavanyo lwezigwebo zinika iinkundla isixhobo esithambileyo sokufumana umgangatho ofanelekileyo wenkqubo ngaphandle kokubeka imilinganiselo engekho ngqiqweqweni. Ukusuka kwiimeko eziphawula izinto ezifana neGoldberg v. Kelly noMathews unike ingqeqesho kwinkqubo eqhubekayo yemfundiso entle, umGaqo-siseko uyaqhubeka ubumba indlela abawulawula ngayo umthetho. Kuba abasebenzi bezonyango, ukuqonda oku akuyo akuyo kuphela umgangatho womthetho kodwa kuxhomekeke kwimigaqo-oomantrala. Njengoko abameli besandisa imigaqo-mthetho abagcina imigaqo esebenzayo, iintelective isebenza nje, inguququlue.