IBhunga laseUnited States limi njengenye yezona zinhlangano zinamandla zowiso-mthetho ehlabathini, zisebenza njengesiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Njengoko isebe lowiso-mthetho lorhulumente worhulumente, iKhomishini idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni imithetho elawula uhlanga lwethu, imela amazwi ahlukeneyo abemi baseMerika, kwaye igcina inkqubo echuliweyo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa okuchaza iriphabliki yethu yezomgaqo-siseko. Kubemi abafuna ukwenza amazwi abo aviwe kwaye bathathe inxaxheba ngendlela enentsingiselo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, ukuqonda indlela iBhungane elisebenza ngayo.

Isiseko Samandla Engqungquthela

IBhunga lifumana igunya lalo kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, elilimisa njengesebe lokuqala lorhulumente. Abaseki ngabom balibeka isebe lowiso-mthetho kuqala kumGaqo-siseko, bebonakalisa ukubaluleka kwalo kumgaqo-siseko wolawulo lwaseMelika. Oku kubonakalisa umgaqo wokuba kwidemokhrasi yabameli, abameli abanyuliweyo kufuneka babe negunya eliphambili lokwenza umthetho.

Amandla anikwe iKhonkxamente athe kratya kwaye angqale. Ngaphandle kokudala imithetho karhulumente, iNgqungquthela iphethe amandla esingxowa semali, ilawula yonke imali nerhafu karhulumente. Eli gunya lemali linika iNkomfa igunya elibalulekileyo kwisebe elilawulayo kwaye liyivumela ukuba ibumbe izinto eziza kuqala kwisizwe ngokunikwa uqingqo-mali. Ingqungquthela ikwanamandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, ukulawula imimandla kunye norhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, ukuseka iinkundla zesizwe ngaphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nemali yengqekembe.

Ngokubhekele phaya, iBhunga lisebenza njengengqwalasela elijongene namandla aphezulu ngeembopheleleko zalo zobuveleli. Iikomiti zeBhunga zisoloko zihlola izenzo zamasebe karhulumente, ziphanda ngezono, zize zigcine amatyala ukuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo liphumeza imithetho njengoko icetyiwe. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli unceda ekulondolozeni ukuphendula nokubonakala kwemisebenzi karhulumente.

Isakhiwo seBimeral: Amacandelo Ambini, Ingqungquthela Enye

Ingqungquthela ineegumbi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: iNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeQela. Esi sakhiwo se-baobal-meral savela kuNkululo oluNkulu, olwalungelelanisa izilangazelelo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane ngexesha leMbutho woMgaqo-siseko. Igumbi ngalinye lineempawu, amandla, kunye neembopheleleko ezifak' isandla ekusebenzeni kwesebe lonke lowiso-mthetho.

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yabameli yenzelwe ukuba ibe ligumbi elikufutshane nabantu, namalungu asebenza iminyaka emibini ukuqinisekisa ukuba anokuphendula rhoqo kubavoti. Indlu inamalungu angama-435, amele abantu belizwe njengoko kuqinisekiswe ngokubalwa kwabantu okukwiminyaka edlulileyo. Amazwe anabemi abaninzi abanabameli abangakumbi, lo gama ubuncinane wonke ummeli eqinisekiswe ukuba mnye.

Abameli kufuneka babe neminyaka engama-25 ubuncinane, babengummi wase-U.S. ubuncinane iminyaka esixhenxe, kwaye bahlale kumazwe abawameleyo. Le ndlu ikhokelwa nguSomlomo weNdlu, onyulwa liqela elikhulu kwaye usebenza njengegosa eliphetheyo kunye ninkokeli yeqela elininzi kwigumbi. USithethi unamandla amakhulu ekumiseleni imimiselo yemithetho, ukubhekisa iimfanelo kwiikomiti, kunye nokulawula ingxoxo yomgangatho.

Indlu iphethe amagunya amaninzi angahlaliswanga neBhunga leNdlu. Zonke iindleko zengeniso kufuneka zivele kwiNdlu, zibonakalisa inkolelo yabaseki yokuba irhafu kufuneka iqale egumbini ngokungqalileyo imele ihlawulwe ngabantu. Indlu ikwanamandla okuqala imigaqo-nkqubo enxamnye namagosa karhulumente, kuquka noMongameli.

INdlu Yezigwebo YaseUnited States

IBhunga leNtsimbi lenziwe ukuba libe lilungu elizinzileyo, namalungu asebenza iminyaka emithandathu ukuze anike izinzo nokuvumela ukuqwalaselwa kwenkqubo yexesha elide. IBhunga linamalungu ali-100, nelizwe ngalinye elimelwe ngabaququzeleli ababini kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi. Olu melo lulinganayo luqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo amancinane anelizwi elinye kumazwe amakhulu noko kwigumbi elinye leBhunga.

Abaququzeleli kufuneka babe neminyaka engama-30 ubuncinane, babengummi wase-U.S. ubuncinane iminyaka esithoba, kwaye bahlale kwilizwe abalimelayo. UMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli we-United States ukhonza njengoMongameli weBhunga kodwa uvotelwa kuphela ukwaphula amaqhina. Indlu yeNtlanganiso inyulela uMongameli iPro Tempore, ngokwesithethe ilungu elide elixhasa iqela, ukuba lilawule ekungabini koMongameli onguMongameli.

IBhunga leNdlu yamagunya aliqela akhethekileyo alohlulayo kwiNdlu. IBhunga kufuneka linikezele "imvume kunye nemvume" kukumiselwa komongameli, kuquka amalungu eKhabhinethi, abagwebi borhulumente, kunye nee-ant. IBhunga kufuneka liphinde livumelane noMongameli, lifune izivumelwano ezizii-3 ezimbini zomnitha ukuze livunywe. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga liqhuba iimvavanyo ezingaqhutyelwa ngamagosa aqhutyelwa yiNdlu, kunye neevovo ezimbini ezifunekayo ukuze livunyelwe lize lisuse kwiofisi.

Inkqubo YeKomiti: Apho Umsebenzi Wokwenene Wenzeka Khona

IiKomiti zibalulekile ekusebenzeni okunempumelelo kweBhunga leNtlanganiso, ukuqokelela inkcazelo ngeengxaki zesizwe nezezizwe ngezizwe ekugunyazisweni kwazo ukuze zikhuphe uxwebhu, ziqwalasele, zincomele umthetho kumalungu apheleleyo. Inkqubo yeekomiti ivumela iBhunga ukuba lahlule umsebenzi walo lize liphuhlise ubuchule obukhethekileyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yenkqubo.

Iintlobo zeeKomiti zeBhunga

Iikomiti ezimileyo, eziziikomiti ezineembopheleleko ezisisigxina ezibekwe kwimithetho yegumbi ngalinye, ezikhetha okanye ezikhethekileyo, kunye neekomiti ezihlangeneyo.

Ngoku, iNdlu ineekomiti ezimileyo ezingama-20 kwaye iNdlu yeekomiti ezili-16. Ezi komiti zimileyo zigubungela iindawo ezingundoqo zezolimo, iinkqubo, iinkonzo zezixhobo, ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, iijaji, iindlela kunye nezinto. Ikomiti nganye inegunya kwimibandela ethile, kwaye amatyala anxulumene nemibandela ekhoyo abhekiswa kwikomiti efanelekileyo ukuze iqwalaselwe.

Iikomiti ezikhethekileyo nezikhethiweyo zenzelwe iinjongo ezithile, ezinjengophendlo, ngoxa iikomiti ezimanyeneyo zisekwa namalungu eNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu. Ezi komiti ziqhele ukusingatha iimbopheleleko zobuveleli okanye zilungelelanisa imisebenzi yolawulo phakathi kwala magumbi mabini.

Iikomiti ezininzi ezimileyo zikwaseka iikomiti ezincinci, ezivumela amalungu ukuba ajolise ingqalelo kumalungu athile akwimithetho ebanzi yekomiti. Umlinganiselo awenza ngawo amakomiti angaphantsi indima esesikweni ekwenzeni iinkqubo ezahlukahlukeneyo ngokwendawo yegumbi nangesithethe nesithethe sekomiti.

Indlela Asebenza Ngayo Amakomiti

IBhunga libhekisela malunga namatyala namatyala angama-3 000 nezigqibo kwiikomiti zalo ngexesha leNgqungquthela nganye yeminyaka emibini, kodwa iikomiti zisebenza kwinxalenye nje encinane yezi zinyathelo. Isitulo sekomiti sinegunya eliyintloko lokumisela ikomiti, ukuchaza amatyala okanye imiba apho ikomiti iza kuzama ukwenza ngokusesikweni ngokuva kunye/okanye ngokunyusa.

Xa ikomiti igqiba kwelokuba iqwalasele ityala, ilandela inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo. Xa ikomiti okanye ikomiti engaphantsi ikhetha umlinganiselo othile, idla ngokucela amaqumrhu afanelekileyo abhaliweyo amagqabaza angomlinganiselo kwaye afumane ukuchongwa kwenkcazelo neembono kwiingcali ezingengokomiti. Ezi zimvo zinika amathuba amalungu eBhunga, amagosa esebe aphetheyo, amaqela omthetho, nabemi abaqhelekileyo ukungqina ngomthetho ocetyiweyo.

Ikomiti enyusayo inyathelo elingundoqo elibalulekileyo elithathwa yikomiti ekugqibeleni ukwenzela ukuba ityala liqhutyelwe phantsi, apho isitulo sekomiti sikhetha izicelo eziza kubekwa phambi kwekomiti kunye namalungu aqwalasela utshintsho olunokwenzeka kwisicelo ngokunikela nokuvota ekulungisweni. Ilungu elinyusayo liqukumbela xa ikomiti ivuma, ngovoti-mali abaninzi, ukuchaza ireji yegumbi.

Iimbopheleleko Zolawulo Lwembutho

Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yayo yowiso-mthetho, iikomiti zinendima ebalulekileyo ekunyamekeleni isebe elilawulayo. Iikomiti zeNtlanganiso zinamandla amakhulu okuxhasa umsebenzi wazo wowiso-mthetho kwaye zinikwe umsebenzi wokongamela amasebe alawulayo, zinika amagosa aphezulu ajongene nokuhlola nokuhlola imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo.

Xa umthetho uthe wamiselwa, iBhunga linelungelo nembopheleleko yokulungiselela ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo, yaye iikomiti zalo zikhokela kulo mgudu ngamandla abalulekileyo kunye nesikhundla sokulawula nokuphanda. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni aphumeze imithetho njengenjongo yeBhunga kwaye ii-dola zerhafu zisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Kwingcamango Ukuya Kumthetho

Inkqubo yokuba ityala libe ngumthetho intsonkothile yaye ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi, ngalinye elenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba liqwalaselwe ngokucokisekileyo kwaye liphikiswa. Inkqubo yokuba ityala libe ngumthetho inqabile ukuthelekelelwa kwaye isenokuhluka kakhulu ngokwemali-mali, kwaye iindleko ezininzi, inkqubo ayisayi kulandela ukulandela ukulandelana kwamanqanaba adla ngokuqondwa njengenkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Ukwazisa kunye nokubuyisela

Malungu egumbi ngalinye kuphela angamisela umthetho, nangona ngamanye amaxesha ilungu lingazisa umthetho ngesicelo sikaMongameli. Amalungu kunye nabasebenzi bawo badla ngokuqhagamshelana namagqwetha angengomacandelwana kwiofisi yeSiluleko segumbi ngalinye ukuze kuncedwe ukufaka izicelo zemigaqo-nkqubo kulwimi lwemithetho.

Phambi kokuba azise ityala, amalungu asoloko efuna abaxhasi abancedisanayo ukubonisa inkxaso yomthetho. Amalungu angajikelezisa ireyithi acele abanye kwigumbi ukuba basayine njenge khowudi yemali yokuqala ukubonisa isiseko esiqinileyo senkxaso yengcamango. Ukuba neenkokeli ezininzi zemali kungandisa amathuba okufumana ulwamkelo olunzulu.

Umthetho ungathatha olunye lweefomu eziliqela, kuxhomekeke kwiinjongo ezicetyiweyo, kunye namatyala kunye nezigqibo ezidityanisiweyo ezinokuba semthethweni ukuba zimiselwe ngexesha leMbutho yeminyaka emibini apho zaziswa khona. Xa zithe zaziswa, amatyala anikwa inani (H.R. kwimali yendlu, iS. kwityala leNdlu yeeNtetho) kwaye abhekiselwe kwikomiti efanelekileyo esekelwe kumbandela wetyala.

Ulwazelelelo lweKomiti

Emva kokuba ikomiti ibhekiselwe kwikomiti, ityala lingena kwelona nyathelo libalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Emva kokuba kuqaliswe amatyala, athunyelwa kwikomiti efanelekileyo apho kwenziwa khona umsebenzi onzima wokubhala, nangona amatyala amaninzi engadluli kwiikomiti zawo kwaye kufuneka aphinde afakwe kwiBhunga elilandelayo ukuze kuqwalaselwe.

Ukuba isitulo sekomiti sigqiba kwelokuba sihambele phambili ngetyala, ikomiti ingabamba amatyala ukuze iqokelele ulwazi kunye neembono. Ngoxa ukuva kunika ucwangciso olusesikweni lukawonke-wonke apho kucelwa impendulo ekwisicelo somgaqo-nkqubo, amalungu ekomiti kunye nabasebenzi babandakanyeka kwingcebiso eyongezelelekileyo ngokushwankathela, kwaye ukuchonga akufuneki ngokwembono yemali ebhaliweyo ukuze kufumaneke enye inyathelo.

Emva kokuchongwa, ikomiti ingabamba intlanganiso yokunyusa iphawulo ukuze ilungise nokulungisa ityala. Ikomiti ingavota ukuba inike ingxelo yetyala elibhekiswe kulo elinotshintsho olucetyiswayo olubonisa naziphi na iinguqulelo ezamkelwe ngexesha lophawu, okanye endaweni yoko ingaxela ukuba kukho uxwebhu lwakuqala okanye olucocekileyo olubhalwe ngokusisiseko kwinkqubo yokunyusa.

Ukujongana Nomgangatho Nengxoxo

Xa ikomiti inikela ingxelo entle ngetyala, ingena kumgangatho wegumbi ukuze iqwalaselwe ngamalungu apheleleyo. Iinkqubo zokuqwalasela umgangatho zahluka kakhulu phakathi kwendlu neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeeNtlalo-ntle, zibonisa ubukhulu bazo nezithethe zazo ezahlukeneyo.

Kwindlu, iKomiti yeMimiselo imisela imibandela yengxoxo, kuquka ukuba ixanduva iya kuhlala ixesha elide kangakanani kwaye kunokuthi kulungiswe ntoni. Inkokeli zeqela lendlu zinamandla abalulekileyo kunye negunya lokumisela ngokunempumelelo inkqubo kwaye zigqibele ukuba ziziphi izicelo eziza kuqwalaselwa phantsi. Olu lawulo lusemgangathweni luvumela iNdlu ukuba iqhube ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kodwa lungasikelwe umda amandla eqela elincinane lokulungisa okanye ukuthambisa izinto.

IBhunga leNtlanganiso lisebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo enika abaququzeleli abangaphezulu amandla okuphembelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Inkokeli yeqela elininzi isoloko ilindele ukucebisa izinto zokujongana, kodwa izixhobo ezisesikweni ezivumela inani eliphakathi ukuba lithathe amanyathelo zimbalwa, ngoko ke ukhokelo lweqela elikhulu kufuneka luthethe neenkokeli ezincinane zeqela ukuqhuba ngokunempumelelo isenzo somgangatho weNdlu yeQembu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuqwalaselwa kweBharha kudla ngokufuna intlukwano yexesha elininzi kwaye kusenokufuneka lithathe ixesha elininzi lokusebenza kunasendlwini.

Ngexesha lengxoxo yomgangatho, amalungu axubusha ngenzuzo yomthetho, athembise ukulungisa, achaze izikhundla zawo kubantu asebenza nabo kunye nabo bakhoyo. Le ngxoxo kawonke-wonke isebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi, ivumela ukuba kubonakale kwaye inika onke amalungu ithuba lokuba nenxaxheba ekulungiseni umthetho.

Ukukhanyisa nokudlula

Emva kokuqukumbela, amavoti egumbi elisemgceni. Kuwo omabini amagumbi, uninzi olulula lwabo bakhoyo novoto lufuneka ukuze kudlule. Amalungu angavota ngeendlela ezininzi, kuquka iivoti zelizwi, amavoti ecandelo, kunye neevoti ezirekhodiweyo. Iivoti ezibhaliweyo zenza ingxelo esisigxina yendlela ilungu ngalinye elivota ngayo, livumela abameli ukuba baphendule abameli babo.

Ukuba umlomo wephepha udlula kwelinye igumbi, uthunyelwa kwelinye igumbi, apho udlula kwinkqubo efanayo yokuqwalasela kweekomiti, kunokwenzeka ukuba kulungiswe, kuqhutywe ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye nokuvota. Ukuze umthetho ube ngumthetho, omabini amagumbi kufuneka adlulise iinguqulelo ezifanayo zomthetho.

Ukucombulula Iimvo Phakathi Kwamacandelo

Xa iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlela kunye neNdlu yeeNdlela zidlulisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zesivumelwano somthetho omnye, kufuneka kuconjululwe umahluko phambi kokuba umthetho uqhubeke kuMongameli. Intlanganiso phakathi kweNdlu yeNdlu kunye namalungu eNdlu yeNtlanganiso ixolelanisa umahluko phakathi kwamatyala adluliselwe kumagumbi abo, kwaye kwathi ukulalanisa kuxoxwe, ingxelo yenkomfa ikhutshwe ize ivotelwe yiNdlukwano epheleleyo kunye neBhunga.

Okanye, elinye igumbi lingamkela nje kuphela uhlobo lwegumbi lomthetho, okanye amagumbi angatshintshana de afikelele isivumelwano. Indlela ekhethwe ixhomekeke ekuntsonkothekeni komahluko kunye nezixhobo zezobupolitika ezijikeleze umthetho.

Isenzo soMongameli

Lakuba lamana amaziko omabini edlulisele intlobo ezifanayo zemali, ithunyelwa kuMongameli ukuze iqwalaselwe. UMongameli unempembelelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ngokufuthi ucebisa umthetho, ucebisa uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le lwamaziko karhulumente, yaye mhlawumbi okubaluleke ngakumbi, amandla okunika umthetho weveto anokuchaphazela intlawulo edluliselwa yiBhunga.

UMongameli uneenketho ezininzi xa enikwe ityala. UMongameli angatyikitya isiko kumthetho, aphinde alibuyisele kwiKhomishini ngokuchasa, okanye angathathi nyathelo. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo iintsuku ezilishumi ngelixa iBhunga likwintlanganiso, uxwebhu luzenzeka lube ngumthetho. Noko ke, ukuba iKhomishini i-Congress iyadibana ngexesha leentsuku ezilishumi kwaye uMongameli akasayinanga umthetho, ayibi ngumthetho --a mboniso owaziwa ngokuba ngu "pocket"veto"."

Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, iBhunga lingazama ukudlula iveto ngevoti ezimbini-isithathu kuzo zombini iigumbi. IVito inqabile ngokwentelekiso, njengokuba ifuna inkxaso enkulu ye-bipartisan, kodwa imela uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla obungamongameli.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokuzibandakanya Ngayo Neengxubakaxaka

Idemokhrasi isebenza kakuhle xa abemi bebandakanyeka ngokusisigxina kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Ngethamsanqa, kukho iindlela ezininzi abantu abanokuthetha ngazo baze baphembelele ingqungquthela ekwenzeni izigqibo. Ukubotshwa kommi ngokunempumelelo kufuna ukuqonda imijelo eyahlukeneyo yonxibelelwano nobuchule obukhoyo.

Ukunxibelelana Nabameli Bakho

Enye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo zokuphembelela iBhunga kukuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho abanyuliweyo. Ngoxa ukhululekile ukuqhagamshelana nawo nawuphi na umbutho weBhunga, uya kuba nempumelelo ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli abakumela ngqo. Abameli bakho badla ngokunikela ingqalelo kwimibutho yesithili okanye kumazwe abo.

Ukuba awukwazi ukunxibelelana nommeli wakho usebenzisa indlela yabo yokunxibelelana, uClerk weNdlu ugcina iidilesi kunye namanani omnxeba awo onke amalungu endlu kunye neeKomiti, okanye ungabiza (202) 224-31 kumsebenzisi wendlu yase-U.S.

Xa uqhagamshelana nabameli bakho, ungakhetha kwiindlela eziliqela:

Iminxeba EngenayoStatus

Ungabiza ummeli wakho ngqo okanye ubize ibhodi yoTshicilo ye-U.S. ku-202224-3121, kunye nendlela enye yokugcina ixesha kwaye uncede ukwenza umkhwa wokubiza iKhomishini umkhwa kukugcina iinombolo zemfonomfono-mfono-mfono yakho. Xa ufowna, yiba ukulungele ukuthetha nelungu labasebenzi elisingatha umba okhathazekileyo. Buza ukuthetha nomntu oziphetheyo imbambano ofuna ukugqabaza kwaye wazichazele, uthanda ukushiya inqaku elifutshane.

Iminxeba iyasebenza kakhulu kuba ibonisa ukuba unenkathalo epheleleyo ngengxaki yokuba uthathe inyathelo elikhawulezileyo. Amalungu asebenza kwisebe asoloko esoloko efowunela abantu kwimibandela eyahlukeneyo, kwaye aba basebenzi banokuphembelela indlela abavoti ngayo.

Ibhalwe ngoonobumba

Personal messages from constituents can be a very effective way of communicating with your legislators, and you should always be sure to include your name and address to make it clear that you live in the relevant district or state. All letters should start with Dear Senator/Representative, and they can be just a few paragraphs about a single issue, written in your own words.

Ngeli xesha i-imeyile isamkelwa, i-imeyile ixhaphakile kunxibelelwano lweziko. Amalungu amaninzi eKhomishini aneefomu zokunxibelelana kwii-website zawo ezisemthethweni ezivumela aba basebenzi ukuba bathumele imiyalezo ngqo kwii-ofisi zabo. Ezi nothungelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki zidla ngokuphinda zihlolwe ngabasebenzi kwaye zinokuba luncedo njengooleta besithethe.

Ubandakanyeko lwamajelo eendaba

Eyona ndlela intsha nelula yokunxibelelana nabameli bakho ngamanxuwa onxibelelwano afana noFacebook noTutter, kwaye ngeli xesha iminxeba noonobumba benokuthwala ubunzima obungaphezulu, ukuthetha nabamisi-mthetho bakho ngezixhobo zonxibelelwano loluntu kuluncedo lokwenzeka kwiliso likawonke-wonke. Xa ugqabaza ngephepha le-Facebook lommisi-mthetho wakho okanye ukuthumela i-tweet, abanye aba-at, bangafunda umyalezo wakho, onokuthi uqalise incoko noncedo lokwandisa ukuphakamisa kwakho.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kwiintlanganiso ZeHolo Yedolo

Iintlanganiso zeholo yedolo zinika abameli amathuba okudibana nabameli babo ngokujongene nabo kwaye baxubushe imiba yenkxalabo. Ezi ntlanganiso zidla ngokuqhutywa kwisithili okanye kurhulumente wommeli, ingakumbi ngexesha lentlanganiso zephondo. Iiholo zedolophu zivumela incoko engqalileyo phakathi kwamagosa anyuliweyo namaqumrhu, zinika abemi ithuba lokubuza imibuzo, ukuchaza iimbono, nokuva abameli babo bechaza iindawo zabo kwiimbambano ezahlukeneyo.

Ukulungiselela iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, yiza nemibuzo ekhethekileyo okanye imibandela exhalabisayo.

Ukuya Nokungqina Kwiingxoxo zeKomiti

Iintlanganiso zeKomiti apho kuthatyathwa ubungqina kumangqina amela amasebe karhulumente, imibutho yamacandelo obuqu kunye noluntu ngokubanzi zinokufumaneka kuluntu ngokubanzi yaye zingaqhutyelwa eWashington, DC, okanye kwimimandla yasekuhlaleni. Ngoxa inkoliso yabantu abanikela ubungqina ekuchotshelweni kwemibutho imenywa ziingcali okanye abameli bentlangano, ezinye iindlebe ziyamkela ubungqina obuvela kubemi abaqhelekileyo.

Kwanokuba awungqini, ukuya kumava kunganemfundo kwaye kubonise umdla wommi kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Iikomiti ezininzi zikho nangamathuba okuchongwa ngemisinga ephilayo okanye ngevidiyo egciniweyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zifikelele kubantu abangakwaziyo ukuya ngokobuqu.

Ukunxulumana namaBhunga ObuGcisa

Ukuthelela okanye ukuxhasa imibutho elawula ukulawulwa kweziyobisi kungakhulisa ilizwi lakho kwimiba onomdla kuyo. Le mibutho idla ngokumisela ulwalamano nee-ofisi zombutho, ubuchule kwiindawo ezithile zomgaqo-nkqubo, kunye noovimba bokulungelelanisa amaphulo amakhulu eenkqubo zobugcisa. Banganikela inkcazelo malunga nokuzinzisa umthetho, ukulungiselela imigudu yokukhuthaza ingca, kwaye bancede abemi baqonde indlela yokunxibelelana ngokunempumelelo nabameli babo.

Imibutho emininzi elawulayo ilumkisa amalungu xa kuvela iivoti ezibalulekileyo okanye xa kufuneka igalelo elibalulekileyo. Ezi zilumkiso zisoloko ziquka iingongoma zokuthetha nokuqhagamshelana ukuze kube lula kubemi ukufikelela kubameli babo.

Ukuzinikela Kumaphulo Ezobupolitika

Ukubandakanyeka kumaphulo ezobupolitika yenye indlela yokuphembelela ukuba ngubani okwiNgqungquthela nemigaqo exhasayo. Amatsha - ntliziyo ancedisa kwimisebenzi enjengemibutho ejikelezayo, afowunela abavoti, acwangcise iziganeko, asasaze inkcazelo ngabantu abaza kucela ukudibana nabo neendawo zabo.

Inxaxheba kwiphulo linika amathuba okufunda okungakumbi ngenkqubo yezobupolitika, ukudibana nabemi abanengqondo efana neyabanye abantu, kwaye baxhasa ngqo abo baneembono ezivumelana nezakho. Kwanemigudu ethobayo yamatsha - ntliziyo ingenza umahluko, ingakumbi kwimijaho yokhuphiswano apho yonke imibalwa yokuvota ibalulekile.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi Ngomthetho Nobuchule Bokuvelisa Imveliso

I-website esebenzayo ifuna ukuba uhlale wazi oko kwenziwa yiBhunga. iKhomishini.gov yiwebhsayithi esemthethweni yolwazi lowiso-mthetho karhulumente wase-United States, enikwe yilayibrari yeBhunga leBhunga. Le webhsayithi ivumela abemi ukuba bafune amatyala, balandele inkqubela yabo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, bafunde iingxelo zekomiti, bafunde namanye amaxwebhu okufikelela kwisivumelwano.

Ungajonga iingxelo zokuvota zabameli bakho ukuze ubone indlela abavota ngayo kwimibandela ebalulekileyo kuwe. Imibutho emininzi iqokelela iikhadi zokuvota ezithi amalungu e-congress athathe izivoti zawo kwimibandela ethile. La makhadi abonisa ukuba ungakwazi ukuvavanya ukuba ngabameli bakho bavota na ngendlela ehambelana namaxabiso nezinto eziza kuqala kuwe.

Iindaba ezilandela ingqungquthela ngemithombo yamajelo eendaba edumileyo, ukubhalisela amaphetshana avela kwiiofisi zabameli bakho, nokucwangcisa izilumkiso ngemibandela ethile okanye amatyala kungakunceda ukuba uhlale ulusebenzisa ngokuhambelana nophuhliso lowiso-mthetho. Okukhona ufumana ulwazi olungakumbi, kokukhona unokubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Ukuqonda Ukhokelo Lwengqungquthela Neqela Elinamandla

Isenzo seKhonkxa-ntle sicetyiwe kwaye siququzelelwa ziinkokeli zeqela kwigumbi ngalinye, ezikhethwe ngamalungu ecaucus okanye ingqungquthela. Ukuqonda indlela ukhokelo lweqela olusebenza ngayo lunokubanceda abemi baqonde bhetele ukwenza izigqibo zombutho baze bachaze abadlali abaphambili abaphembelela umthetho.

Ukhokelo Lwasekhaya

Umthethi wendlu yeyona ndawo inamandla kwiNdlu yabameli kwaye yesibini kumgca wokulandelelana komongameli emva koMongameli onguMongameli. USithethi unyulwa yiNdlu epheleleyo kodwa usoloko engumphathi weqela elininzi. Iimbopheleleko zoMthethi ziquka ukongamela iintlanganiso zeNdlu, ukubhekisa amatyala kwiikomiti, ukumisela amalungu kwiikomiti zengqungquthela, nokumela iNdlu kuMongameli nakuluntu.

Ezinye iindawo ezingundoqo zokhokelo lwendlu ziquka iMajority Host, ekhonza njengegcisa eliyintloko kunye nommeli womgangatho weqela elikhulu; iNkokeli yeMinority, ekhokela iqela lenkcaso; kunye neMajority neMinonity Wips, ezijongene nobalo lwevoti nokukhuthaza amalungu eqela ukuba avote ngokwezikhundla zeqela.

Ukhokelo lweNtlanganiso

Umongameli onguMongameli oyisekela we-United States ukhonza njengoMongameli weNdlu yeNdlu yeMali kodwa unqabile ukongamela ngaphandle kokuvota ngokuqhekeza iqhina. UMongameli uPro Tempore, ngokwesithethe olilungu elide leqela elininzi, ulawula kukungabikho koMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo kodwa unamandla alinganiselweyo xa ethelekiswa nomthetheli weNdlu.

Amandla okwenyaniso kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkolo zeMajority neNkokeli eMncinci. INkokeli yeMajority ilawula ucwangciso lweBhunga kwaye igqiba ukuba zeziphi iindleko ezifikela kumgangatho ukuze ziqwalaselwe. Noko ke, imithetho yeNdlu yeCathe inika abaququzeleli ababalulekileyo amandla okubambezeleka okanye bavimbe umthetho, ithetha ukuba iNkokeli yoMkhulu kufuneka isoloko ithethane neqela elincinane kunye nabaquququzeli-mthetho ngabanye ukuqhubela phambili.

Indima Yeqela Elingurhulumente

Ngasemva kwelungu ngalinye leKhomishini kukho iqela labasebenzi abadlala iindima ezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Imibandela yophando lwamagosa eKhomishini, umthetho wezocwangciso, ukunxibelelana nabaququzeleli, ukulawula iinkqubo, nokucebisa amalungu ekomiti ngendlela yokuvota. Amalungu ekomiti akhulisa ubuchule kulawulo lwekomiti yawo kwaye adlala iindima ezingundoqo ekulungiseni ukuva, ekuqhubeni uphando, nasekulungiseni iingxelo zekomiti.

Xa abemi beli lizwe beqhagamshelana nabameli babo, basebenzisana namalungu abo kunokuba basebenzisane negosa elinyuliweyo. La malungu asebenza apho abalulekile, kwaye kufuneka ahlonelwe. Ukwakha ulwalamano nabasebenzi abafuna ukusingatha imicimbi onomdla kuyo kusenokuba licebo elisebenzayo lokulawula imicimbi.

Inkqubo yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali nenkqubo

Enye yeembopheleleko ezibaluleke kakhulu zeBhunga kukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali kuqingqo-mali kunye nenkqubo yokuququzelela. Le nkqubo imisela ukuba yimalini urhulumente wengingqi oza kuyichitha nendlela eya kwabiwa ngayo loo mali phakathi kweenkqubo nee-arhente ezahlukeneyo.

Uxwebhu uMongameli uthumela kwiKhonkxamenti nyaka ngamnye echaza inkcitho yorhulumente kunye neengeniso zonyaka wemali ozayo udla ngokunikezelwa kwiKhomishini ekupheleni kukaJanuwari okanye ekuqaleni kukaFebruwari. Kodwa ke, iBhunga alibotshelelwanga sisicelo soqingqo-mali soMongameli kwaye lisoloko lenza iinguqu ezinkulu.

Umthetho odluliselwe yiBhunga nyaka ngamnye umisela imida epheleleyo yokusebenzisa imali nengeniso, kwaye iikomiti zombutho zisebenzisa isigqibo soqingqo-mali njengesikhokelo kwiinkqubo ezithile zesizwe, nangona isigqibo soqingqo-mali singafuni kuvunywa nguMongameli.

Emva kwesigqibo soqingqo-mali, iKhomishini kufuneka idlulise amatyala enkcitho enkcitho enyanisweni ukuze inike inkxaso-mali kumsebenzi worhulumente. Kukho iziphumo ezilishumi elinesibini ezidityanisiweyo ezisingise imimandla eyahlukeneyo karhulumente. Isindululo senkcitho yemali enika inkxaso-mali kumaqumrhu karhulumente ongxamisekileyo amaphepha angekadluliswa ngaphambi kokuba kuphele unyaka karhulumente orhulumente olawulayo sibizwa ngokuba sisigqibo esiqhubekayo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo eBambeneyo nokuXolelwa

Iikomiti zowiso-mthetho zimisele imithetho yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nendlela yokuphatha ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu aqhuba kakuhle kwaye aphepha iingxabano ezibangel ’ umdla. Zombini iikomiti zemigaqo yemigaqo ephanda ngezityholo zokungahambi kakuhle kwesimilo kwaye zinokuncomela ukuba amalungu avukela imithetho yemigaqo yokuziphatha athathe inyathelo lokuqeqesha.

Amalungu eBhunga kufuneka abhale iingxelo zemali zonyaka zengxelo yokuba ingeniso, iimpahla, kunye nentengiselwano ezithile zikhona ekuhleni kwaye zivumela abemi nemibutho egade i-odokisi ukuba bajonge iimbambano ezinokuba ngumdla. Amalungu akwafanele athobele imithetho malunga nezipho, uhambo, inkxaso-mali yezempempela, kunye nentsebenziswano nabaququzeleli.

Abemi benza indima ebalulekileyo ekuphenduleni imicimbi yequmrhu ngokuhlala benolwazi ngehambo yabameli babo, bexhasa amanyathelo okubonisa imbonakalo, kwaye begcina amalungu ephendula kwinkqubo yonyulo. Xa amalungu ephula imithetho yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha okanye esilela ukumela abameli bawo ngokwaneleyo, abavoti banamandla okunyula abameli abatsha.

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Nentsebenziswano Yesityalo

Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo iBhunga linyathelo lokuqala elikhokelela ekuthembiseni ibutho labantu. Idemokhrasi ifuna ukuba nenxaxheba kubemi abanolwazi abazimisele ukuchitha ixesha namandla ezobupolitika. Nangona maxa wambi kusenokubonakala ngathi abantu abanamsebenzi xa kukho intsebenziswano enkulu kunye nokungahlangani, imbali ibonisa ukuba ubumi bunokwenza umahluko.

Iinguqu ezinkulu zenkqubo ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika .ukusuka kumthetho wamalungelo abantu ukuya kukhuseleko lwemekobume ukuya kuhlaziyo olusemgangathweni wempilo-mpilo, kuye kwabangelwa kukungagunyaziswa nokuganana okuqhubekayo kwabemi. Xa abantu abaqhelekileyo belungelelanisa, benxibelelana nabameli babo, kwaye besenza amazwi abo aviwe, banokuphembelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho baze babumbe imithetho elawula ibutho lethu.

Kwakhona ukuganana kwe-Cvic komeleza idemokhrasi ngokukhuthaza ubumi obunolwazi nobemisebenzi engakumbi. Xa abantu beyiqonda indlela urhulumente wabo asebenza ngayo baze babe nenxaxheba ngayo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, bavelisa umthi omkhulu kumaziko edemokhrasi yaye baxhotyiselwa bhetele ukuba bagcine amagosa anyuliweyo ephendulwe.

Inkxaso-mali yeQumrhu

Kukho oovimba abaninzi abanceda abemi ukuba babandakanyeke kwiKhonkqele ephumelelayo. Isixhobo seUSA Gov's Administrated Our Seagements sinika amalungu eBhunga leNtlanganiso, umongameli, urhulumente namagosa asekuhlaleni. Esi sixhobo senza kube lula ukufanisa ukuba ngubani na okumelayo nendlela yokufikelela kuwo.

Iiwebhsi ezisemthethweni zeNdlu yabameli ( www.house.gov) kunye neNdlu yeNtlanganiso ( www.senate.gov) zinikela iinkcukacha ezibanzi malunga nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, imisebenzi yeekomiti, kunye nolwazi lwamalungu. Ezi ndawo zikwanikela izibonelelo zemfundo ngendlela iBhunga elisebenza ngayo nendlela abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo.

IKhomishini yeNkcubeko.gov isebenza njengomthombo obanzi wenkcazelo yowiso-mthetho karhulumente, ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bakhangele amatyala, balandele inkqubela yabo, bafunde iCongregational Record, bafunde iingxelo zekomiti yokungena namanye amaxwebhu. Esi sigqeba sikwabonelela iividiyo kunye nezinto zokufundisa ezichaza inkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Imibutho emininzi engeyoyaparatistiki inikela ubuncwane bokunceda abemi balapho baqonde baze babandakanyeke kwiBhunga. INkonzo yoPhicotho-zincwadi ivelisa iingxelo ngemibandela yezomgaqo-nkqubo neenkqubo zowiso-mthetho, ezininzi kuzo ezikhoyo ekuhleni. Iintlangano ezifana neSiko seBhunga loMbutho zinikela iinkqubo zokufundisa kunye nobuncwane malunga nezivumelwano zeBhunga kunye nezoluntu.

Ukutyelela iNgqungquthela yeSizwe kunika ithuba lokubona iNgqungquthela isebenza, kutyelele imimandla yembali, kufunde okungakumbi ngesebe lemithetho. Iiofisi ezininzi zentlanganiso zikwanika abafundi nabanye abantu amathuba okufumana amava ngendlela yokulawula.

Ukoyisa Izithintelo Zokubandakanyeka

Phezu kwawo nje amathuba amaninzi okuganana kwezentlalo, imiqobo eyahlukahlukeneyo inokuthintela abantu ukuba bangabi nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Ukungaqiniseki kwexesha, ukuswela ulwazi, iimvakalelo zokungabi nagunya, nokungagxeki ngezobupolitika konke kungakudimaza ukubandakanyeka kwabemi. Ukuqonda nokusingatha le miqobo kubalulekile ekukheni idemokhrasi engakumbi neyomelo.

Kwabo banexesha elilinganiselweyo, kwanezenzo ezincinci zingenza umahluko. Ukufowunela i-ofisi yommeli wakho, i-imeyili ekhawulezileyo emalunga nombandela owukhathaleleyo, okanye ukwabelana ngolwazi oluthe ngqo olukwimithetho yezentlalo-ntle yezonxibelelwano konke kunegalelo ekuthembiseni uluntu. Akuyomfuneko ukuba ube ngumxhasi wexesha elipheleleyo ukuze ube nempembelelo.

Ukuba uvakalelwa kukuba awunalwazi ngendlela yokuzibandakanya ngokunempumelelo, sebenzisa izinto ezininzi zemfundo ezikhoyo. Qala ngokufunda ngabameli bakho nangemibandela abasebenza ngayo. Landela umba omnye okanye emibini obaluleke kakhulu kuwe kunokuzama ukuhlala wazi yonke into. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ulwazi lwakho nentembelo yakho iyakhula.

Iimvakalelo zokungabi nagunya ziqhelekile kodwa zisoloko ziphoswe phantsi. Nangona abemi ngabanye bengenabo ubuncwane obufanayo nemibutho emikhulu okanye izityebi, ukusetyenziswa kwabantu abaqhelekileyo kunamandla angaqhelekanga. Xa abantu abaninzi beqhagamshelana nabameli babo ngombandela omnye, kuyaphawulwa. Xa abemi belungiselela kunye, banokufumana iinguqulelo ezithile zenkqubo.

Ukungagxeki ngezobupolitika kuyaqondakala ukuba kunikwe izahlulo ezicalucalucalulo kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle okuphawula iBhunga ngamanye amaxesha. Noko ke, ukunganeliseki kwenza ezi ngxaki zibe mbi kakhulu. Isisombululo sedemokhrasi engafezekanga asikubandakanyeki kancinci kodwa ngokungakumbi ngokusuka kubantu abavakalelwa kukuba inkqubo ayibancedi. Imicimbi yelizwi lakho, kwaye inxaxheba yakho ingenza iNkomfa ikwazi ukusabela ngakumbi kwaye iphumelele.

Ikamva Lokubandakanyeka Kumaqela

Ubuxhakaxhaka buvelisa amathuba amatsha kubemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwiNgqungquthela nokuze babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Iindawo zonxibelelwano lwezentlalo zivumela unxibelelwano olungqalileyo phakathi kwabameli nabameli, ngelixa izixhobo ze-intanethi zikwenza kube lula ukulandelela umthetho, ukulungiselela amaphulo okukhuthaza ukulawulwa kwesizwe, nokukhuthaza. Ividiyo equlunqweyo iye yenza ukuba abantu abangakumbi bakwazi ukuba nenxaxheba kwiindlebe neentlanganiso ngaphandle kokuya eWashington.

Kwangaxeshanye, ubugcisa bubangela iingxaki, kuquka ukusasazeka kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, ukudalwa kwamagumbi okukhupha iindlebe apho abantu basoloko bebona iimbono ezivumelanayo, nenkxalabo ngokuphathelele ukuzimela nokukhusela ugcino - lwazi.

Ukukhangela phambili, amandla edemokhrasi yaseMerika aya kuxhomekeka ekuzimiseleni kwabemi ukuhlala benolwazi, bebandakanyeka kwinkqubo yezopolitiko, baze baphendule abameli babo. IBhunga lisebenza kakuhle xa libonakalisa amazwi neembono ezahlukeneyo zabantu baseMerika. Ngokuqonda indlela iBhunga elisebenza ngayo kwaye lisebenza ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, abemi banokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wabo uyabamela ngokwenene kwaye ucombulule iingxaki ezijongene nohlanga lwethu.

Ukuthabatha Inyathelo: Amanyathelo Alandelayo

Ngoku ekubeni uyiqonda indlela esebenza ngayo iNgqungquthela nendlela onokubandakanyeka ngayo, cinga ngokuthabatha la manyathelo acacileyo ukuze uqale okanye uphucule izivumelwano zakho zoburhulumente:

  • Bachaze abameli bakho kwiNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso uze ugcine inkcazelo yabo
  • Zityikitye ukujonga amaphetshana apapashwayo okanye izilumkiso ezivela kwii-ofisi zabameli bakho ukuze uhlale wazi imisebenzi yabo
  • Khetha umba omnye okanye emibini onomdla onzulu ngayo uze ulandele umthetho onxulumene nayo kwiBhunga.
  • Zibophelele ukuba uthethe nabalindi bakho ubuncinane kanye ngenyanga ngemibandela ebaluleke kuwe
  • Yiya kwintlanganiso yeholo yedolophu okanye kwenye indibano apho unokudibana khona namagosa akho
  • Ukusebenza kwimiba oyikhathaleleyo
  • Yabelana nabahlobo nentsapho ngendlela yowiso-mthetho
  • Makhe sicinge ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela kwiphulo lezobupolitika okanye kumntu oza kubhalisa ocinga ngendlela evumelana neyakho
  • Ukukhuthaza abanye ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi baze bavakalise amazwi abo
  • Ukwaziswa ngokulandela iindaba zengqungquthela ezivela kwimithombo emininzi ethembekileyo

Khumbula ukuba ukuganana kwabantu akungomsebenzi wexesha elinye kodwa yinto eqhubekayo. Idemokhrasi ifuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo nokuthabatha inxaxheba kubemi abanolwazi.

IKhomishini yeUnited States sisiko elintsonkothileyo elinenkqubo entsonkothileyo nezithethe ezimileyo ixesha elide. Noko ke, enyanzelweni yalo, iKhomishini ikho ukumela abantu baseMelika nokuguqulela inkxalabo yabo nezinto eziza kuqala kumthetho wesizwe. Ngokuqonda indlela iCongress esebenza ngayo kwaye ithathe inxaxheba equkunjelweni yowiso-mthetho, unokukunceda uqinisekise ukuba ilizwi lakho liyaviwa nokuba iBhunga lizalisekisa iimbopheleleko zalo zomgaqo-siseko. Imicimbi yakho, igalelo lakho, libalulekile, kwaye inxaxheba yakho iqinisa idemokhrasi yaseMerika kumntu wonke.