Indima Esisiseko Yokuva Kweendlebe Zeengxuwa Kwinkqubo Zemozulu

Ukuvakala kwemithetho-siseko yi-injini eyintloko yokufumana inyaniso yemithetho kunye nengxoxo kwinguqu yemozulu. Isebenza njengenkqubo esesikweni apho isebe lowiso-mthetho liqokelela ubungqina, iimvavanyo, kwaye lakha ingxelo kawonke-wonke exhasa zonke iingxelo zemozulu ezinkulu. Ngelixesha inqaku lokuqala lichaza ngokuchanekileyo iinjongo ezisisiseko `ukuqokelela intelekelelo yemiqathango, ukuphanda kwemiba, ukuphanda umthetho, nokunyusa ukuphanda koluntu, umsebenzi osebenzayo wezi nkcazelo untsonkothile kwaye unempembelelo.

Ukuvakala kuguqula ugcino-lwazi lwenzululwazi olungaqhelekanga kunye nohlolo lwezoqoqosho lube lulwimi lwemithetho olusebenzayo. Zinyanzela ukuba kukhutshwe izilangazelelo ngezantsi kwezolawulo zelifa lenziwe nge-aflys ukuvuselela amandla anokusetyenziswa, ukusuka kwisebe lezentlalo-ntle ukuya kwiingcali zezoqoqosho ezingakholelwayo . Le nkqubo yokuzikhusela ibalulekile ekuqiniseni ukwenziwa kwezobugcisa, inkqubo yemozulu esebenzayo enokumelana nohlolo lwezomthetho kunye nokuphunyezwa kolawulo.

Imeko Engokwembali: Ukususela Kwizinto Ezikhwankqisayo Kude Kube Yindawo Efihlakeleyo Yanamhlanje

Ukuva kobungqungquthela bokuqala kutshintsho lwemozulu emva koo1970, xa iKomiti yeNdlu yeNdlu yeSayensi ne-Astronautic yaqulunqwa kwiintlanganiso ezikhoyo zokufudumala komhlaba. Ezo ndlebe zangaphambili zazinemfundo enkulu, ziveza izazinzulu ezifana noRoger Revelle noCharles David Keeling. Ekupheleni koweminyaka yee1980, isazinzulu se-NASASAP uJames Hansen, ubungqina obudumileyo beNdluvo yeMerreyivice ne-Monatural Resors (IPC) saza kunyaka we-1988, ukuva kwemozulu kwangena kwixesha elitsha longxamiseko kawonke-wonke. Umba we-Hannenenslo uthi “wams eqinisekile ukuba ubushushu behlabathi lonke bebukhokelwe ngqo ekudalweni kwe-InterGenestrial Agement (IPCC) yaye erhoxiwemashumi amathathu eminyaka e-ection kwi-Antment.

Namhlanje, ukuva imozulu kuphakathi kwezona ziganeko zijongwe kakhulu nezinengxabano kwiNtaba yeCapitol. Ziye zaguquka ukusuka kwimithambo yokuqokelela ulwazi ukuya kwimidlalo yezopolitiko ephezulu, ingakumbi xa ulawulo olunemiqathango yemozulu engqukuva lungena eofisini. Ukuqonda indlela enyanisweni yokulungisa imozulu efuna ngayo ukuxilongwa kwesakhiwo sekomiti, inkqubo yokukhetha ubungqina, kunye noomatshini bomthetho abalandelayo.

IiKomiti Eziphambili Neminyaka Yazo Yokuva Imozulu

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuchaphazela phantse zonke iikomiti, kodwa iqela lamaqela libangela ukuba kuthethwe ezona ndlebe zibalulekileyo:

  • IKomiti yeSibonelelo kwiMisebenzi yeNkathi neYoluntu (EPW) — Ijonga i-Cec Air Act, izibonelelo zamanzi, kunye nemigaqo yemeko- bume. Le komiti ibamba ityala lomthetho we-EPA, i-carbon crippection, kunye nomngcipheko wemozulu.
  • IKomiti yendlu yoMmandla noMsebenzi wezorhwebo — Ikomiti eyintloko egunyazisa umgaqo-nkqubo wombane, kuquka imigangatho yezibuko, ukuhlaziywa kwemiqathango ye-grid, kunye nokuncitshiswa komphunga. Ikomiti yayo engaphantsi kokusingqongileyo nokutshintsha kwemozulu ibamba iindlebe ezikufutshane ngeveki ngexesha lemijikelo yowiso-mthetho.
  • I-Ikomiti ejongene ne-Energy and Natural Resources — Ijolise kumazwe orhulumente, ukuncitshiswa kwamafutha efosili, amandla enyukliya, kunye nekharbon. Izaphula-ndlebe zisoloko zifaka ukhuthuzo kumaqela okulondoloza indalo.
  • IKomiti yendlu yenzululwazi, yePuni, ye-Technology — Ikhaya eliyimbali lezenzululwazi yemozulu. Iyaqhubeka ihlola ubunjani kunye nobubanzi bophando lwemozulu lwequmrhu lorhulumente olwenziwa nguNOAA, NASA, kunye neDOE.
  • [[NTL:0] IKomiti yezoqoqosho eMandundu — igcina iindlebe kwiziphumo zemakethe yemozulu, kuquka umonakalo kwi-GDP, ukuphazamiseka korhwebo, kunye noxanduva lobungozi kuqingqo-mali lwesizwe.

Ikomiti nganye igcina ucwangciso lokuphulaphula olubonisa ikhalenda yezobupolitika. Kwiminyaka xa kuthe kwafakwa umthetho wemo yezulu omkhulu `njenge-Inflatediation Reduction Act (IRA) yo-2022()._ukuva kwanda ngokutsha. Ngexesha lolawulo lomjikelo, iindlebe ziyatshintsha ukuvavanya indlela imithetho ekhoyo ephunyezwa ngayo, isoloko ingqubana nesebe eliphetheyo ngesantya esiphezulu kunye nemithetho elungelelanisiweyo.

Ibhayisikile Yobomi Bendlebe: Ukusuka Kwisaziso Ukuya Kubhalwa

Ukuqonda impembelelo yendlebe kufuna ujongo olunenkcukacha kwiqonga ngalinye, elithi inqaku lokuqala lichaphazele ngokufutshane. Inkqubo ithandeka kakhulu kwaye iquka amandla afihliweyo anamandla anamandla:

Isicatshulwa 1: Ukuva Isaziso Nesicwangciso se-Agenda

Isitulo sekomiti okanye ikomiti engaphantsi ngokungekho mthethweni icwangcisa isihloko sokuva, umhla, kunye noluhlu lwamangqina.

Isicatshulwa 2: Ukhetho nolungiselelo lokunikela ubungqina

Ukukhetha kwamaNgqina yeyona nto iphambili ikhuphiswano. Iqela elininzi limema amangqina amathathu ukuya kwamahlanu, ngelixa iqela elincinane lingafumana indawo enye okanye ezimbini. Iingqikelelo zokungasemva, uhlolo olufutshane, kunye “ibhodi ezimfutshane” ziqhelekile. Ezona ngqina zibalaseleyo asizozona ngcungela yolwazi kodwa yeyona inamandla yokunxibelelana enokuthi idlulisele isiqabu esinemisonto emibini esingena ncam kwisiqalo sesibini. Imizekelo engenakubonwa iquka:

  • : Ubungqina bengingqi enguMongameli uAl Gore obungobushushu behlabathi phambi kweKomiti yaManzi eMzi neyorhwebo, eyaphembelela ngokungqalileyo ukuqulunqwa kweMelika Ecocekileyo kunye noKhuseleko lwesenzo.
  • 2015: I-eppacylical Francis "Laudato Si’" yakhankanywa kwiimviko ezininzi, nto leyo enika ubunzima bokuziphatha kwintshukumo yemozulu.
  • [[UMTL:0]2021: Unobhala weGray Jennifer Granholm nomphathi we-EPA uMichael Regan wangqina ngokudibeneyo ngobekelo mthetho olubalulekileyo olukhokelela kwi-IRA.

Isicatshulwa 3: Isiqinisekiso ne-Q&A

Iingxelo zokuvula ezivela kumangqina (ngokomfuziselo imizuzu emihlanu) namalungu (imizuzu emi-5) alandelwa yimijikelo yemibuzo. Umthetho weminenu encinane, onyanzeliswa ngumbandisi wexesha, inyanzelisa utshintshiselwano lomlilo olukhawulezileyo. Oku kulapho ingxoxo encinci ivela khona. Amalungu adla ngokusebenzisa ixesha lawo ukuseka ingxelo yexesha elizayo, ukunyanzelisa amaqumrhu kwisenzo sokuzinzisa, okanye ukunyanzela ubungqina ukuba avume ukuba kwicala elichaseneyo libangele umonakalo.

ISHUMI ELISEBENZIWE yintsuku okanye iiveki kamva, iba yinxalenye yembali yowiso-mthetho. Maxa wambi iiNkundla zicaphula iintetho zokuphulaphula xa zitolika ulwimi oludidayo, zinika amatyala asemthethweni angaphaya kwempembelelo yazo yezopolitiko.

Indlela Iindlebe Eziguqulela Ngayo Kwimeko Yezulu

Inqaku lokuqala lidwelisa iimpembelelo eziqhelekileyo ````iindlela zolwimi, inkxaso yokwakha, ukuqaqambisa imiba engxamisekileyo, ukuxelela inkqubo yempatho-mbimbiso.' Kodwa ukuguqulelwa ukusuka ekuvikisweni ukuya kwimali yemali kusetyenziswa kakhulu ngomatshini:

Ukuphawulwa koMthetho noMphetho-nkqubo

Emva kothotho lweendlebe, isitulo sekomiti sikhupha incoko ebhaliweyo yemali. Intlanganiso yemali yokwahlula. "isiganeko" kodwa ixelwa ngamalungu aviweyo ukunikezela ngezokubuyiselwa."imvume yokuva ibangela ukurhoxiswa. Umzekelo, ebudeni bokuva okungu 2021 kwezibonelelo zamandla, ubungqina obusuka kumaqumrhu abasebenzi bukhokelela ekufakeni iimfuno zemali ekhoyo kunye neenkqubo zokuqesha iityala zamandla acocekileyo.

Ingxolo Ebangela Uxolo

Amalungiselelo emozulu amaninzi akwiNtloko yokuLawula iReduction Act ehamba ngokuyanyaniswa ngenxa yokuba ukuva kwatyhilwa ukuba ityala lemo yezulu lalingenazo iivoti ezingamashumi amathandathu ezifunekayo ukoyisa iNdlu ye-IRA/ngaphezulu kwekhulu kwiKhomplathi ye-117. I-Congregational Umbal Umbango (CBO) isebenzisa ubungqina bokuva iindleko zerhafu eziceliweyo, imali efunekayo, imali efunekayo, imali ebhaliswe ngqo, kunye nogcino-mali olusemthethweni.

Iindlebe Eziphaphileyo Njengeekati Ezinemiqathango

Asingomthetho wemozulu wonke oqala kwikomiti egunyazisayo. Ezinye izitya zokuhlawula zivela ekuchotshelweni okubhencayo okubhenca ukusilela kumthetho okhoyo. Umzekelo, iindlebe ezingama-2019 ezikungcoliseko lwe-PFAS (ngoxa kungeyo mozulu/izinto eziqukwayo kuphela ezingqinayo ngendlela ukuphuphuma kwemozulu okugqithisileyo okusasaza ngayo ungcoliso lwemizi - mveliso. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni kumthetho owenziweyo wokufumana ikhemikhali, owathi kamva wadityaniswa kwimo yemo-ombhusfetyre nempahla yesiseko.

Imizekelo yezindlebe ezivakalayo eziphezulu (Inwebeze)

Inqaku lokuqala likhankanya iindlebe ezintathu kodwa aliniki bunzulu. Nazi iindlebe eziliqela ezibalulekileyo ezineziphumo zazo zowiso-mthetho:

  • 1988 umbhali weNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeQela likaJames Hansen [1988]. — Phambi kweNdlu yeGeazethi yeMaziko kunye ne-Natural Resources Committee, Hansen edume kakhulu wachaza “umphumela wegreenhouse ufunyanisiwe kwaye uguqula imozulu yethu ngoku.” Oku kuvinjwa kwakhokelela ngqo ekudluleni koMthetho we Global Change Research Act ka 1990, owadala i-U.Globalll Change Program.
  • [[FLT: 0] Unyaka wama-2009 weNdlu Enamandla kunye noManyano-Malanga Phezulu kumthetho weMelika ecocekileyo noKhuseleko — Uthotho lwezithonga zomgama wokuva ngaphezu kweeveki ezintathu ezibonisa amangqina amaninzi. Isiphumo somthetho (iWaxman-Markey) sadlula kwindlu kodwa safa kwiCamplate. Noko ke, iingcamango zayo ezininzi `cap-trade', imigangatho ehlaziywayo, ikharbon, iilinganiso zekharbon, ezifaksityhiniswe kwiinkqubo zemigangatho karhulumente kunye nesicwangciso samandla acocekileyo.
  • 2019 Indlu yokukhetha iKomiti yeSsease Climate Diseases — Ikomiti ye-bipartisan (nangona ininzi i-democratic-equality) yabamba ityala kwilizwe lonke, ibhekisa kwingingqi zoluntu oluphambili, ulutsha oluzinzileyo, kunye nezisombululo zemozulu. Ingxelo yabo yokugqibela, “Ukususa imozulu embi,” yazisa ngqo amalungiselelo emozulu kwi-IRA.
  • 201 Ilixa leNtsimbi ye-EPW Lokuva Ngenkqubo yombane Ococekileyo — Ezi ndlebe zadiza ulawulo lwamandla acocekileyo abonakala ekuqaleni kwiBrooki Back Better Act. Ubungqina obuthethsis kwi-grid translate, negunya lorhulumente, kunye neqela lezityalo zamalahle labumba ulalaniso lokugqibela olwathatha indawo ye-CEPP kunye neetyala zamandla acocekileyo erhafunxa.

Impembelelo Yempembelelo Enamandla Ekuphulaphuleni

Iindlebe zemozulu ziyava, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba imozulu ikwindawo ebanzi.

  • Izihlalo zedemokhrasi zimema amangqina angoochwepheshe agxininisa ungxamiseko nesizathu sokuba kunokwenzeka, ngokufuthi kuquka izazinzulu ngemozulu, abalawuli abacocekileyo nabameli babantu abasweleyo.
  • Amangqina ambalwa aseRiphabliki adla ngokuquka izazi zezoqoqosho ezithandabuza iindleko, abameli bemizi - mveliso yeoli, okanye abaphengululi abangokwasemthethweni abaphikisana negunya lesebe.

Noko ke, kukho umahluko ophawulekayo. Ingxolo yeBharpitan `njengezo zigcinwe yiNdlu yeManzi kunye neZibonelo zeNdlu yeNtlalo-ntle kwiKomiti yokufumana ikharbon yobugcisa'ukungaphikisani-ngokuba ibangele ubungqina obuncinci obungaphikisaniyo kwaye ingenza uvumelwano kwimigaqo-nkqubo yobugcisa. UMthetho we-Energy ka-202020, owagunyazisa amawaka ezigidi ukubamba ikharbon kunye namandla enyukliya, wabekwa kuthotho lweendlebe ze-bipartis.

Ikhonkco langaphandle kwimithombo ephinde yabekwa

Kubafundi abafuna inkcazelo engakumbi ngendlela ukuva okukhoyo kwemozulu okusingisele ngayo, ezi zinto zinegunya zibangela ukutshona okunzulu:

  • .Gov Amaphepha eKomiti - Indawo yokugcina esemthethweni yezicwangciso zokuva, uluhlu lwamangqina, kunye nerekhodi.
  • [[NT.0] I-ofisi yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali: Utshintsho lwemozulu – i-CBO inikela ingxelo ngeziphumo zoqingqo-mali zomthetho wemozulu, isoloko icaphula ubungqina bokuva.
  • [[NT.0] ICenter yemo yezulu iTshintshisa umthetho: U-U.S. Legastislation Timeline – itsalela iminxeba emikhulu yemeko-bume kunye neendlebe ezandulelayo ukususela ngo1990 ukuya phambili.
  • I-ofisi yobuManga beGosa: Utshintsho lwemozulu – uluhlu oluphezulu lwe-GAO-risk luquka imixholo enxulumene nemozulu esoloko ingumbandela wokuva.

Imiphumo Yelitye: Ngaphaya Kwegumbi Lokuva

Ukuvakala akupheli xa iparel iwile. Impembelelo yayo ifikelela kwisixhobo sonxibelelwano, kwisebe eliphetheyo, nakwinkundla. Ukuva okusemgangathweni kungaguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke, nto leyo etshintsha ubalo lwemali yezopolitiko lwamalungu. Indlu ka 2016 eva kwisivumelwano seParis, umzekelo, inkcaso eyomeleleyo yeRiphabliki, eyakhokelela ekurhoxeni okusemthethweni ngo-2017. Ngokuchasene noko, ama-2019 okuva ngomngcipheko wemozulu okhutshwa yi-SEC kwiKomiti yeeNkonzo zeMali

Kwibala lenkundla yowiso-mthetho, i-EPA neDOE zixhomekeke kubungqina bokuva ukuthethelela ukunyanzeleka kwemithetho yabo. Xa umthetho ucelw'exwe enkundleni, abagwebi bahlolisisa ingxelo yokwenza imithetho, qha iquka ucatshulo kubungqina bokuva-nganayo."ukufumanisa ukuba lo mbutho wenza ngobuchule kusini na.

Utyekelo Lwexesha Elizayo: Iindlebe Zenyani Nokufumaneka Kwazo Okunyusiweyo

Isifo se-COVID-19 esiqhelekileyo sobungqina obucacileyo, obuye benza kube lula kwiingcaphephe ngaphandle kweWashington/iiintloko zesizwe, iinjineli zengingqi, kunye neenjineli zasekuhlaleni .ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngaphandle kweendleko zokuhamba. IBhunga le 118th yabona ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwimiba yemozulu efana ne-methane yokuhlola imozulu kunye nokuzinziswa kwequbuliso komlilo. Oku kwamazwi kwenza ukuba ukuva kube lula ngakumbi, nangona kuxhalabisa ukulingana kwe-fritiltrative kunye ne-projectal syncssss kusekho.

Isiphelo: Isixhobo Esiphilileyo Somthetho

Iindlebe zeKhongreskone ekwinguqulelo yemozulu zingaphezulu kakhulu kunezithethe zokungcelele. Zindawo apho iziphumo zenzululwazi zivavanywa khona nxamnye neenyaniso zezoqoqosho, apho uthelekelelo lwezopolitiko lubhencwa luze luqiniswe khona, nalapho kubekwa khona isiseko esisemthethweni sesenzo semozulu ye-othothol. Inkqubo ayifezeki ngezantsi, maxa wambi isenza, isoloko isenza, i-racxx-ault , kodwa akukho sikonye esinika inhlanganisela efanayo yokubonakala, ukuvavanywa kwendalo, kunye nokulawulwa kwedemokhrasi. Nabani na ozama ukuqonda isizathu sokuba i-U.S. inkqubo yemozulu isenza imoyenzeka ngqalelo enzima yerhafuthe yomgaqo we-Inflast Reduction Act okanye isantya somthetho wekharbon. . Imele ifunde nje into ethethwa yiyo, kodwa ayikuthethi oko kuthethwa phantsi kwemimiselo yezopolitiko.