Imiswe kwiQhinga I loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., iBhunga lisebenza njengesebe lowiso-mthetho likarhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, lisebenzisa amandla obunye okubhala, ukuphikisana, nokudlulisela imithetho. Le njongo yenzelwe ngabom "Isebe Lokuqala" ngabaseki, abalifaka ngokusondeleneyo kubantu kunye nenkqubo edweliswe kakhulu yamagunya. Ukuqonda indlela iCongress esebenza ngayo asiyonto yolonwabo yemfundo; ngumthwalo ongundoqo wokuba ngummi. Lo khokelo unika inkcacitho ebanzi yesakhiwo, iinkqubo, imisebenzi yeBhunga, kunye nesicwangciso esinezenzo zokuhlala usazileyo kunye nesongezelelwe kwinkqubo yezobupolitika ebumba ubomi bakho imihla ngemihla.

Injini Yebhankal: Ukwakhiwa Nokubekwa Kwezakhiwo

Kwalo kwakhiwa kweBhunga ngumphumo wokona kulalanisa kubalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMelika: Ukulalanisa okukhulu ngo1787. Esi sivumelwano samisela ubumeral indlu yowiso-mthetho] , amagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo, iNdlu yabameli kunye neCanternel `ityikityelwe ukulinganisa amandla karhulumente anabemi abaninzi nxamnye nezilangazelelo zamazwe amancinane.

Indlu Yabameli: Ilizwi Labantu

Indlu yabameli yenzelwe ukuba ibe ligumbi elikufuphi nabantu. Amalungu ayo angama-435 avota ahlulwa phakathi kwelizwe elisekelwe kubemi, ilungu ngalinye limele isithili esithile sombutho. UMthetho wokuVunyelwa kwengingqi ka-1929 ugqibele ukuvala inani labameli abamalunga nama-435, ithetha ukuba njengoko abemi besanda, ilungu ngalinye limele ukhuphiswano olukhulu. Amalungu endlu asebenza amabinzana amabini aneminyaka, umjikelezo omfutshane owenzela ukuba enze bathabathele phambili kwiimbono ezitshintshileyo neemfuno zabo.

Indlu iphethe amagunya amaninzi akhethekileyo. Zonke iindleko zokunyusa ingeniso (amatyala erhafu) kufuneka zivele kwiNdlu. Kwisiganeko sokhupho lweElectoral College kunyulo lomongameli, i House igqiba iziphumo. Indlu ikwaphethe ekuphela kwamandla okungagunyazi, isebenza njengetyala elikhulu lokuzisa izityholo kumagosa karhulumente, kuquka uMongameli. Umgangatho wendlu ulubume obulungelelene kakhulu, kunye neKomiti enamandla [[[FLT:]] Rules ilawula izindululo zengxoxo kunye neentambo phantse zonke izityholo ezinkulu.

ICandelo: ISaucer Epholileyo

IBhunga leNtlanganiso lamiselwa njengesiqu esineenjongo ezizinzileyo nesizinzileyo, esichazwa nguGeorge Washington njenge "sooser" yomthetho. Ilizwe ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba linabemi, limelwa ngokulinganayo ngabaququzeleli ababini, isimbuku samalungu alikhulu. Esi sakhiwo sikhusela impembelelo yamazwe amancinane kwinkqubo yorhulumente. Abaquququzeleli basebenza amabinzana eminyaka emithandathu, nesinye kuphela sesithathu somzimba ukunyuka ukuze kunyuso nyaka ngamnye. Eli gama lide limela umjikelezo wonyulo kwingquthela ekhawulezileyo ye-ovolo, ivumela ukuqwala okude kakhulu kwemibalo yesizwe.

Amagunya eCathenal akhethekileyo ayinto enzima. Inika "imvume kunye nemvume" kwizivumelwano zomongameli, ezifuna ii-intshi ezimbini-ntathu zokwandiswa. Ikwaqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli omkhulu, kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi, oorhulumente, nabameli bephondo, ngovoti oluqhelekileyo. Indlu yecata isebenza njengejaji ekuvavanyeni. Ngokubhekiselele kwisivumelwano, iBhunga lincinci kunendlu, lisebenza kakhulu ngemvume yeKhabhinethi, [[FLT:] u-ucm]. I-senator enye iyakwazi ukubeka "bawo okanye umbangoso-mthetho, kunye nesithethe se-Piagnoster sivumele ukuquluswa kwengxoxo [FFOLT] [FFFFF] [12]

ILabyrinth Esemthethweni: Indlela Ibhiliyo Eba Ngumthetho Ngayo

Uhambo lwemali ukusuka kwicebo ukuya kumthetho lude kwaye lunzima, luyilwe ngenjongo enemiqobo emininzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqwalaselwa ngokucokisekileyo kwaye ivumile. Le nkqubo iyafana kumagumbi omabini, nangona imithetho nenkqubo ezicacisiweyo zahlukile.

Igalelo lokwazisa neloMbutho

Lilungu leBhunga kuphela elinokungenisa ngokusesikweni isikhokhelo. Xa sele singenisiwe, ityala linikwa inani kwaye libhekiswa kwikomiti efanelekileyo okanye kwiikomiti zepalamente. Inkqubo yekomiti yi "iprojekthi" yeBhunga, kwaye eliqonga lesalathisi liyicebo lokuqala elibalulekileyo. Umphathi wegumbi ngalinye eliphetheyo unempembelelo eqinileyo apho ikomiti ifumana ityala.

Ilungu leKomiti: Ukuva Nokuphawula

Uninzi olukhulu lwamatyala `ngaphezulu kwama-90%''ekomitini. Kulapho umsebenzi onzulu womthetho wenziwe khona. Iikomiti zigcina ukuqokelela ulwazi kumagosa karhulumente, iingcali zemibandela, abameli beshishini, namaqela oshishino. AmaNgqina ayangqina, kwaye amalungu ayawabuza ukuba ayayiqonda iziphumo zemali.

Emva kokuva, ikomiti iqhubekela kwintlanganiso ye-'FLT'' yokuphawula'. Ngexesha lophawu, ikomiti iqwalasela umgca wemiba ngomgca, impikiswano kunye nokuvota kwimposiso. Kulapho ibhari imile, ibhalwe kwakhona, okanye ikhutshwe ngokupheleleyo. Xa ubhaptizo lugqityiwe, ikomiti ivota ukuba kusini na "ingxelo" na imvume esemthethweni esemthethweni kwigumbi elipheleleyo.

Isenzo Somgangatho: Impikiswano NoMthetho

Xa isibham sixeliwe kwikomiti, sibekwa kwikhalenda ukuze kuqwalaselwe umgangatho. Inkqubo ekwiNdlu ilawulwa ngokuqinileyo yiKomiti yeMimiselo, ekhupha "umthetho" ochaza ukuba impikiswano iyakuhlala ixesha elingakanani na kwaye yiyiphi intengiselwano enokunikelwa. Oku kuthintela iqela elincinane ekunqandeni inkqubo.

KwiBhunga leNtsimbi, isenzo somgangatho sibhetyebhetye kakhulu kwaye singacacanga. Abaququzeleli bangaphikisana ixesha elide xa benqwenela ukuba ivoti enkulu yokufumana amahlwili. Oku kukwazi kwe-monicbuster kuthetha ukuba owona mthetho ungundoqo ubalulekileyo ufuna umqobo owee-60 ophumelelayo ukudlulisa iBhunga. Uninzi lwenkokeli lusebenzisa amandla alo ukucwangcisa iindleko, ngokufuthi lufuna ukunxibelelana nenkokeli encinane ukukhusela imvume efunekayo yokuqhuba kakuhle.

Ukulungisa Iingxabano: IiKomiti zeNgqungquthela

Phambi kokuba ityala lithunyelwe kuMongameli, kufuneka lidlule kwindlu kunye neBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi ngendlela efanayo. Ngenxa yokuba la magumbi amabini asoloko edlula iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, ikomiti yonxibelelwano [ isekwa. Le komiti yexeshana iyilwe ngamalungu aphezulu akwikomiti esebenzayo kuwo omabini amagumbi. Anxibelelana nomthetho wolalaniso, omele adlulise zombini iNdlukwano ngaphandle kokulungisa nayiphi nayiphi na enye. Ukuba isala kwigumbi, isibhengezo somthetho siyafa okanye inkqubo kufuneka siqale.

Isenzo soMongameli kunye neNkqubo yeVito

Xa ireyithi igqithisa amagumbi omabini efomu efanayo, ithunyelwa kuMongameli. UMongameli uneentsuku ezilishumi (ugqitha iiCawa) ukuba enze. UMongameli angawufaka umqondiso [[FLT: 0] wemali kumthetho. uMongameli uyakwazi ukubhalisa umthetho, awuwubuyisela kwiKomishini ngezizathu ezichaziweyo. Okanye, ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo kwaye iNgqungquthela iba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo kwaye uBhungaze ayenze nto, umlomo ufayo uphakal ’ [FLT:] uphakal.[FLD]

IBhunga linamandla okubhukuqa iveto engumongameli, kodwa lifuna 2- 3 zovoti kwindlu kunye neBhunga leNtsimbi. Le ngubambo ophezulu onqabileyo ukudityaniswa, ukwenza iveto isixhobo esinamandla sesebe eliphetheyo.

Ubunzima Obumandundu Bokulwa: Ukulawula Nophando

IBhunga aliloqumrhu lokwenza umthetho; ikwalinkqubo yokuqala yongamela urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Lo "wawuga" umsebenzi ubaluleke ngokulinganayo nokudlula komthetho. Ngamandla alo okuphanda, iBhunga liqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo aphumeza imithetho njengoko kucetyiwe kwaye kusetyenziswa imali yerhafu ngokunenkathalo.

Amandla Okuthenga

Inqaku I loMgaqo-siseko linika iNkqutyana yamandla esi sikhwama. Akukho mali inokukhutshwa kwiTreat ngaphandle kokumiselwa komthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo nganye kunye nombutho worhulumente uxhomekeke kwiNkqutyana ukuze ixhase. Inkqubo yokuququzelela yinkqubo yonyaka apho iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlalo igqiba ukuba yimali engakanani ekufuneka inikwe imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo karhulumente, ukusuka ekukhuseleni ukuya kwimfundo yesiseko somsebenzi. Le yeyona nkqubo iqwalaselwe ngqo yeBhunga eliphetheyo.

Uphando Neendlebe

Iikomiti zeKhonkcothareyine zinamandla aphangaleleyo okunyanzela ubungqina kunye namaxwebhu. Iindlebe zisebenza zombini ukusetyenziswa kolwazi kunye nenjongo yokuphendula uwonke-wonke. Zingabalaselisa ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ukuqhatha, nokuxhatshazwa phakathi kwamaqumrhu karhulumente. Uphando oluphezulu kwimicimbi efana nokuphangwa korhulumente, ukungaphumeleli kokhuseleko lwamazwe, okanye ukungahoywa kwezoqoqosho kungabumba uluvo lukawonke wonke lukhokelele kumthetho omtsha. Maxa wambi ikomiti ekhethekileyo isekwa ukuze iphande imibandela emikhulu, kwaye iNdlu yale iNdlu ingaseka ikomiti ekhethekileyo enegunya elikhethekileyo.

Amandla Okufuna

UMgaqo-siseko unika iNdlu amandla anqabileyo okufundisa (ukuzisa ityala) kunye neCathenal amandla okuzama zonke iinkcazo[ (ukuququzelela nokususa). Ngelixesha linqabile, eli gunya lisebenza njengovavanyo lomgaqo-siseko opheleleyo kumasebe olawulo oluphezulu nolwahluleli. Uninzi olulula kwindlu lufuneka ukungatyiki, ngoxa uninzi olubini lwesithathu kwiNxatyiselwano lufuneka ukuba luvalelwe kwaye lususe igosamrhu kwiofisi.

Inkxaso yeQumrhu eliLawulayo

IKhomishini ixhomekeke kumasebe amaninzi angengomacandelwana ukunikela uhlalutyo olunenjongo kunye nolwazi. I-ofisi ye-Akhawunti yoLawulo (GAO) inikela uqikelelo lweenkqubo zikarhulumente zemali kunye nokuphanda ngendlela ii-dolara zerhafu ezichithwe ngayo. [[FLT:]] I-ofisi yoHlahlo-mali yemali (CBM) [FLT] inika iindleko-mali zomthetho ocetyiweyo, ifaka iziphumo zohlahlolo-mali ngeshumi leminyaka elilandelayo. Inkonzo yophando lophando [FLTS:5] inikela inkqubo kunye nohlalulo olusemthethweni lwamalungu abo basebenza kunye nabasebenzi babo. Ezi zibonelelo zezo zinika iinkcipho zesigqibo somthetho

Ilungu Lomntu: Indima Neembopheleleko Zamalungu

Amalungu eBhunga amele alungelelane kwiindima eziliqela ezifuna intsebenziswano nezingqubanayo. Ukuqonda ezi ndima kunceda abemi baqonde izenzo zabo namavoti abo.

Umelo kunye noMthetho

Umsebenzi oyintloko welungu kukumela izilangazelelo zabo. Oku kubandakanya isenzo esizinzileyo sokulinganisa phakathi kokwenza njenge- dégate (isebenzisa ngokungqongqo ngokwemvakalelo yesithili) kunye nokuthemba [ (ukusekelwe kwisigqibo sokwamkelwa nolwazi lwabo). Inxenye ebalulekileyo yexesha lelungu ichithelwa ku "umsebenzi wesicangca"", ukuncedisa abantu ngabanye ekuqhubeni ulawulo lwe-gcustom, ukuququzelela imiba yentlalo, iinzuzo zengingqi, ukufuduka, kunye nezinye izibonelelo.

Ukhokelo Lwamaqela Nomsebenzi Wekomiti

KwiBhunga langoku, ukudibana kweqela kulawula inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Uninzi lweqela kwigumbi ngalinye lilawula iindawo zokhokelo (umz., Umthethi weNdlu, iMajority Host) kwaye limisela imimiselo yemithetho. Umbutho unegunya lokubala iivoti kunye nokunyanzela amalungu ukuba angene emgceni. Amalungu ngamanye afumana amandla nempembelelo yawo kwizabelo zawo zekomiti. Isihlalo kwikomiti enamandla efana ne-Approprias, Iindlela kunye neMathe, okanye i-Judiary ivumela ilungu ukuba liyibumbe ngqo inkqubo yemiqatha.

Indima yequmrhu

Ngaphandle kokumela isithili sabo kunye neqela labo, amalungu anembopheleleko kwiseko leBhunga. Oku kubandakanya ukuphakamisa imithetho, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiivoti zomgangatho neengxoxo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba isebe lemithetho lihlala liliqabane elilinganayo kurhulumente wesizwe. Le ndima yequmrhu idla ngokuvavanywa ziingcinezelo zabaxhasi kunye nomjikelo ozinzileyo wentsebenzo nokunyulwa.

Ukuthobela Inyaniso Yale Mihla: Imidlalo, Ukwenziwa Kwelanga, Nenkqubo

IKhomishini yale mihla isebenza kwimeko-bume yokuthath'a amandla kwezobupolitika kwaye isoloko ifuna ukumiselwa kwemithetho. Ukuqonda le meko kungundoqo ekutolikeni iziganeko zangoku.

Ukwanda Komanyano Lweqela

Kumashumi eminyaka aliqela adluleyo, ukuvota kwimida yeqela kuye kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo. Iziko lengqiqo liye lancipha, kwaye izivumelwano ezinqamlezileyo aziqhelekanga. Ulawulo lweqela lomkhosi luye lwaqinisa amandla, lusebenzisa ulawulo kwiimali zephulo, izabelo zeekomiti, kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho ukunyanzelisa ingqeqesho. Oku kuye kwenza ulalanisa kwaba nzima ngakumbi kwaye kwanika amandla awona maqela agabadelayo kwiqela ngalinye.

Imfazwe yenzululwazi kunye neqhina le-Grid

Ngenxa yokuqina kwemida kwindlu nendlu yeCandelo, iqela elincinane linezixhobo ezinamandla zokuthintela ucwangciso lwesininzi. KwiNdlu yeNtsimbi, i-finbuster iye yaba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo sabambalwa, ifuna ama-60-ekhorathi amakhulu okugqitha umthetho obalulekileyo. Kwindlu, "Umthetho owenziwe ngokusemthethweni" (umgaqo ongacwangciswanga winkokeli ezininzi aziyi kuzisa umthetho phantsi ngaphandle kokuba uninzi lweqela elininzi luwuxhasayo) isoloko ithintela ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo ngaphaya kwe-pasethi. Le mfazwe ikhokelela ngqo kwi-gript, apho umthetho oqhelekileyo unokufa ngenxa yokuqhuba.

Impembelelo Kulawulo

Le meko ikhokelele kumgaqo wokulawula ngoqingqo-mali, izigqibo eziqhubekayo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamatyala eendleko. Kwakhona iye yatshintsha amandla avela kwisebe lewiso-mthetho ukuya kwisebe elilawulayo, njengoko oomongameli beyama ngokwandayo bexhomekeke kwimiyalelo yolawulo ukufikelela kwiinjongo zenkqubo xa iBhunga lingakwazi ukwenza. Kubahlali, oku kuthetha ukuba ukuqonda i-minute esetyenziswayo yeBhunga kunye nemisebenzi yangaphakathi yoninzi lweNdlukwano kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuba bafunde nje umbhalo wemali.

Ilizwi Lakho Kumatshini: Isicwangciso Sesenzo Sommi

Ukuhlala unolwazi nokuthetha ngendlela entsonkothileyo njengoko iCongress ifuna icebo eliqulunqwe ngabom. Nanga amanyathelo asebenzisekayo ummi ngamnye anokuwathabatha ukuze abe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Imithetho elandelelanayo kunye neMithetho ngexesha lokwenene

Imvelaphi ethembekileyo yolwazi malunga namatyala, iivoti, kunye nemisebenzi yeBhunga yi .[FLT].Gov. . Eli nxulumani elisemthethweni likuvumela ukuba ufune nayiphi na irejista ngenani okanye igama eliyintloko, landela inkqubela yayo kwikomiti kunye nesenzo somgangatho, kwaye ubone indlela ilungu ngalinye elivote ngayo. Kunolwazi lomsebenzisi ngobuchule logcino-lwazi nohlaluliso, [FLT:] Govrack.[FLT6:][FLT] icandelo lesithathu logcino. Ungacwangcisa izilumkiso kwimixholo ethile.

Jonga Iingqungquthela Zisebenza

Ukukhanya kwelanga kusisibulali-ntsholongwane esingcono. [FLT][FLT]] kukunika imbono engalungisiyo yendlu nendlu yendlu, intlanganiso yomgangatho, kunye nokuva kwekomiti. Iikomiti ezininzi ziqukuqela iindlebe zazo zihlala kwii-website zazo okanye kwimijelo kaYouTube. Ukubukela kukunika imbono engalungiswanga ngendlela amalungu abuza ngayo amangqina, inkqubo yengxoxo, kunye nokudibana.

Thetha Nabameli Bakho Ngokuphumelelayo

Ilizwi lakho libaluleke kakhulu xa lijoliswe kubantu abakumelayo. Ukufumana ummeli wakho, sebenzisa isixhobo e [FLT] House.gov. Ukufumana izihlanganisi zakho, tyelela .[FLT][FLT] .[FLT]

[[UMTL:0] Iingcebiso zonxibelelwano olunempumelelo:

  • [[UMTL:0] chaza: irekhode inani elichaziweyo lemali (umz. H.R. 1234 okanye S. 567).
  • Yima kafutshane: Imeko yakho icace kwaye ngokufutshane. Abancedisi bafunda amakhulu emiyalezo ngemini.
  • [[UMTL:0] Yiba yeyakho buqu : chaza indlela umthetho ozakuchaphazela ngayo wena, intsapho yakho, okanye uluntu lwakho. Ibali lobuqu linempembelelo enkulu kuneleta.
  • Zingisa: [ Ukubiza, i-imeyile, kunye nokuya kwiiholo zedolophu. Ukubopha rhoqo kwakha igama nokhuthazo.

Imvelaphi Ethenjiweyo nengeyonxalenye

Iindlela zokukhupha iindaba ezifana ne [[FLT: 0] Politiko, iGcwale iThreyibhile, kunye [ inika uNxibelelwano oluzodwa lweNgqungquthela. Noko ke, ukuqonda eyona mpembelelo yomthetho ngaphandle kojikeleza, kubalulekile ukufunda iingxelo ngqo ezivela kumaziko angeyo asebenza kwiBhunga. [FLT:] [[FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT]] inikezela ngentengiso yomthetho.[FLT][FL:9] uhlobo lwentengomali kunye neenkqubo zezoqoqosho eziqwalaselweyo ngokubanziswa yi-RGOPPPGP]

Ukubandakanyeka Ngaphaya Komsebenzi

Ngoxa ukuvota kukho lonke unyulo lwamaqumrhu (kuquka amaphakathi) kuyinto enzima, unyulo oluphambili lusoloko lwenziwe apho izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zenziwa khona, ingakumbi kwisithili "sokhuseleko". Yiya kwiiholo zedolophu ezikufutshane kunye neofisi yesithili evuliweyo. Landela abameli bakho kwi-media yezentlalo-ntle ukwenzela uhlaziyo lokwenene. Amalungu amaninzi eKhomishini afumana iikomiti zonyuselo okanye amabhunga atsha. Abo bafuna ukuthabatha inyathelo elibheke phambili, ukusebenza kwiphulo, ukunikela, okanye kwana nokubalekela kwiofisi yengingqi yasekuhlaleni ziindlela ezinamandla zokubumba iRiphabliki.

Umatshini weBhunga unzima, ucotha, kwaye usoloko udimaza. Wayilwa ngaloo ndlela. Kodwa uhlala ulelona sebe linamandla nelisabelayo likarhulumente. Ulwazi nothenjiswa ngommi asiyongenelo nje kwinkqubo; yinto ebalulekileyo eyenza inkqubo isebenze. Ngokuzinika ixesha lokuqonda imithetho nokusebenzisa izixhobo ezikhoyo, ungaqinisekisa ukuba ilizwi lakho liyinxalenye yencoko eqhubekayo echaza idemokhrasi yaseMelika.