Isithethe Esihlala Sihleli Sendawo Yomongameli

Kwihlabathi lonke, ukusuka kwiiriphabliki ezisandul' ukusekwa ukuya kwiinkulungwane-nkulungwane ezisemthethweni, isifungo somongameli simi njengenye yezona zithethe zibonakalayo nezibalulekileyo zolawulo. Singaphezulu kakhulu kunesithethe okanye ukuphindwa kwamagama. Isifungo sibonakalisa ixesha elichanekileyo xa igunya elilawulayo lidlula ukusuka kwenye inkokeli ukuya kwenye, ifaka umgaqo-siseko woxolo, osemthethweni wenkqubo yolawulo lwesizwe. Kubantu abaye banyamezela imfazwe yamakhaya, ulawulo olunyanzelisa phantsi, okanye imfazwe yobuhlanga, isifungo singasebenza njengomqondiso onamandla wokuxolelana nokuvuselela umgaqo-siseko, inkokeli entsha yenza okungaphezulu kokwamkela uxanduva; iqinisekisa isivumelwano phakathi kwezwe nabemi balo, sikhuthaza ukulawula phakathi kwemiqathangomthetho kunye nentlalo elungileyo.

Intsingiselo yesifungo ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwaso lwesithethe esiphindiweyo. Kukwakho isithembiso sobuqu, esithethwa ngumntu oza kuthwala ubunzima besikhundla, kunye nophawu oludityanisiweyo olumkelwa luhlanga kunye noluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe. Amazwi esifungo, asoloko ebhalwe kumaxwebhu asunguliweyo, kukubonakaliswa okungagqibekanga kwemigangatho yedemokhrasi: ulawulo lomthetho, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, inkonzo ngaphezu kobuqu. Kumaxesha okuguquka kwemeko yezobupolitika okanye ukudodobala, umsifungo wokufica isenokumanyanisa ilizwe okanye, ukuba udityanisiwe, ukwandisa. Ukuqonda indlela esi sifungo esisebenza ngayo njengophawu lokutshintsha kwedemokhrasi kufuna ukuba kuvavanywe ngayo umgqaliselo waso-demo-demo-demo-m, ukusebenza kwawo ngexesha elingokwembali, kunye nocelomngeni olusongela intsingiselo yaso.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko soMongameli

Ngelixesha ilizwe ngalinye lisenza uhlobo lwalo lwesifungo, iziqalelo ezingundoqo zingqinelana ngokuphawulekayo: isithembiso sokukhusela umgaqo-siseko, ukwenza ngokuthembekileyo imisebenzi yeofisi, nokukhonza abantu. Ezi ziqalelo zisoloko zidityanisiwe kumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, zisenza isifungo kwilaphu elisemthethweni. Ukucaciswa kwamagama okuthetha ngemibandela.

IUnited States of America

Isifungo sobumongameli wase-U.S. mhlawumbi sesona sidumileyo, esimiselwe kwiGatya II, iCandelo 1, uClaus 8 loMgaqo-siseko: “Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndivume) ukuba ngokuthembeka ndiya kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kubonakalisa elona liphambili lobuchule bam, sikhusele, sikhusele size sikhusele uMgaqo-siseko weUnited States.” Ukulula kolwimi kusekungabuvumelani nobunzima balo. UGeorge Washington wongeza ibinzana elithi “Undincede uThixo” ngexesha lokunikezelwa kokuqala, isithethe esingakhange silandeli silandelwe ngokomthetho kodwa esingakhange sisetyenziswe ngokusemthethweni. Ingu-U.S. ingu Abraham.Ncolkn ekwixesha elinzulu lokuchaphazelelwa kwemfazwe yamakhaya, DFranklent, i-Rranklent, i-Rocedbed , iRoced kwisizwe esikhulu sesizwe, iRoffin, iR. kunye nesold yenye ingunxafuthelela ingunxa yoM.

UMzantsi Afrika: Umnqophiso Wokuxolelana

Ukuguquka komGaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika ukusuka kucalucalulo ukuya kulawulo-moya ngowe-1994 kungomnye wemizekelo edumileyo yembali yamandla esifungo. Icandelo 87 loMgaqo-siseko wokugqibela (UMthetho 108 ka-199) limisela isifungo sobuposi: “I-A.B., ndifunga/ndiya kuqinisekisa ukuba ndiya kuthembeka kwiRiphabliki yoMzantsi Afrika yaye ndiya kuthobela, ndigcine, ndilondoloze uMgaqo-siseko nawo wonke omnye umthetho weRiphabliki; yaye ndiya kuzinikela kwiNtlanganiso yeRiphabliki kunye nabo bonke abantu bayo. Xa uNelson Mandela wathabatha esi sifungo ngoMeyi 10, 1994, sasingeso siso somthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni, yaye siya kuphawuleka isiphelo solawulo olumhlophe nokuqala, esibanzi kwilizwe lonke. UMandela unyu ke uya kunyu ke ulunyulunyulu ekwakhesakhe i-Rome, ingundala ingunda elungele ulawulo oludedede nolawulo olude lude luye lolawulo lomhlaba wonke, uGene, uGando lwawonga

ENigeria: Ukungagungqi Kwidemokhrasi Engalawulekiyo

INigeria, ilizwe elinabemi abaninzi kakhulu eAfrika, liye lafumana imbali yezobupolitika eguquguqukayo, kuquka ukubhukuqwa kwemikhosi kunye nemfazwe yamakhaya. Ukususela ekubuyeleni kwalo kulawulo lwabemi ngo-1999, isifungo somongameli besiyi-ankile enzima yokuqhubekeka kwedemokhrasi. UMGaqo-siseko waseNigeria (1999, njengoko ulungisiwe) ufuna uMongameli ukuba afunge ukuba “ayifeze imisebenzi yam ngokunyanisekileyo, kwaye asebenzise kangangoko kusemandleni am, kwaye avumelane noMgaqo-siseko we-Federal Republic yaseNigeria kunye nomthetho. Isifungo siyinxalenye yomsindululo omkhulu wokunikezelwa kwezixhobo zamandla. Utshintsho olungenakuzenziwa phantsi kwe-Olgunchule luqukelele, yaye luye lwaquke isandla soo-Olgunjo kwicala lomkhosi wonke uluntu olungekho mthethweni, ngaphandle kogunya-Romgosagosa, ingulonke i-umphanga, ingulo yegunya elingu-umphaka, ingulo elona lingumphakade i-thuka i-thu, i-uthobaumphanga

IOath Njengesithethe SobuGqirha Nomanyano Lwesizwe

Ngapha koko kusebenza ngokusemthethweni, isifungo somongameli sisebenza njengesithethe sikawonke-wonke esinika ilungelo. Isenzo sokufunga phambi kwamawaka, ngokufuthi sisetyenziswa kusasazo oluneengxelo zesizwe. /_ukuvelisa amava ahlukeneyo."ukusebenza oku kubalulekile kuba idemokhrasi ayixhomekekanga kwimithetho kuphela kodwa kwinkolelo ethandwayo ekusebenzeni kwayo. Xa inkokeli isenza isifungo, abemi bayabona ixesha lokuvuma, ukuzithoba ngokuzithandela kwimiqathango yomgaqo-siseko.

Amajelo Aphakathi Nehlabathi Lonke

Kule mihla, ukunikezelwa kuye kwaba sisiganeko sonxibelelwano lwehlabathi lonke. Isifungo sobomi, inkcazo yezentlalo, kunye neendwendwe zezizwe ngezizwe zonke zonke zandisa intsingiselo yesifungo. Umzekelo, ukunikezelwa kukaBarack Obama wase-U.S. kwatsalela abantu abaqikelelwa kwiSizwe sama-Mall yaye sajongwa ngamawaka ezigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke. Esi sifungo saphindwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, yaye iSifungo esinguMlawuli oyintloko sawathi ngokwenene sawachasa amagama, esifuna ukuba i-Obama aphinde ngokufanelekileyo isithethe soluntu kwaye sabonisa ukuba kwanesikhundla esiphezulu siphantsi kweemfuno zomgaqo-siseko. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba esi sithembiso asisenziwangasenziwanga kuhlanga kuphela kodwa kumazwe onke, isalathi inkokeli entsha, isalathi sendlela yokuziphethe imigaqo-demokhrasi.

Iiiyantlukwano Ezidlulisayo

Isifungo sesinye sezihlandlo ezimbalwa kubomi bezobupolitika ezidlula imfazwe elwayo. E-United States, oomongameli abaphumayo ngokwesithethe baya kusungulwa kwezahlulo zabo, uqheliso olwaqala noJohn Adams noThomas Jefferson. Kwanaxa utshintsho luphakathi kweentshaba ezikrakra, ukudityaniswa komsitho kubonakalisa uxolo. EGhana, umongameli ngamnye ofikayo usenza isifungo kwindawo enye, i-Idependent Square, kunye namaqela amakhulu amabini akhoyo. Lo mboniso wasekuhlaleni womanyano, apho abakhe bachasa-adenti bathe inkokeli entsha ngexesha lomcimbiso---------ntsha ingqinela ingcamango yokuba isikhundla sikhulu kunomntu. Ngalo ndlela isifungo siba luhlobo lonqulo loluntu, ukuzinikela kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi ephuma kulawulo loluntu.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Lweentelekelelo Lwembali Oluchazwa Yioath

Ihlabathi lizaliswe ngamaxesha xa isifungo somongameli saveza impumelelo yedemokhrasi okanye ukupheliswa kweengxaki. Ukwanda ngaphaya kwemizekelo yantlandlolo kunikela ingqiqo eninzi ngendlela esisifungo esisebenza ngayo kwizithethe ezahlukeneyo.

EUnited States 2009: Ixesha Elitsha Lethemba

Unikezelo lwe-Obama lwabonwa ngokubanzi njengendawo yokuguqula imbali yaseMelika . "imposiso yokuqala yaseAfrika". Isiqumiso sakhe, phezu kwayo nje imposiso encinane, sasiluphawu olunamandla lwendlela olunamandla yohlanga lokuguquka. Izigidi ezazithandabuza ubulunga benkqubo yabanyuli zaqinisekiswa ngokubona ukudluliswa koxolo kwamandla ukusuka kwiRiphabliki ukuya kwiDemocrat. Isifungo sathathwa ngeBhayibhile efanayo esetyenziswa nguAbraham Lincoln ngo1861, ngokuphakamisa ukuzama ukulwa kwenkululeko yamakhaya kumgaqo womthetho-siseko. Lo mzekelo ubonisa indlela esinokusetyenziswa ngayo isifungo ekuzahluleleni ibhulo ngokwembali kwaye sidlulisele ulawulo olutsha ngomthetho.

I-Indonesia 1998-2004: Ukusuka Kulawulo - melo Ukusa Kulawulo - melo

Emva kokuwa kweSuharto ngowe-1998, i-Indonesia yajamelana notshintsho olunesiphithiphithi. Oorhulumente ababuthathaka baka-B. J. Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid, noMegati Sukarnoputri ngamnye wathabatha isifungo sobumongameli phantsi koMgaqo-siseko ka-4545. Isifungo ngokwaso saba sisizinzileyo. Xa uWahid wathe wangena enkathazweni lakhe uMegawtati wasenza isifungo kwisithuba seeyure ezingephi, eqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akazange afumane ncam yamandla. Unyulo lwangowewawa ngoomongameli wangowangowangowangowangowe-2004, wafunyanwa nguSulo Bambang Yudhono, waphawula ukudluliselwa koxolo komnye umongameli onyuliweyo komnye urhulumente ophezulu. Umbhisho-o-mtheli wakhe wabanjwa kwisakhiwo solawulo lwase-Indonesia, kodwa kamva, wasetyenziswa ekufumaneni ulawulo oluphezulu komthetho oluphezulu.

EKenya 2002: Ukuphelisa Inkonzo Yayo Yokuqala

Kunyulo lwaseKenya lowama-2002 lwaba nothothotho lwe-Kenya African National Union (KHAnu), eyayisele ilawula ukususela kwinkululeko. UMwai Kibamba wafunga ukuba ngumongameli ngoDisemba 30, 2002, eKasarani Sports Complete phambi kwesihlwele esikhulu. Utshintsho lwaba loxolo kwaye lwabhincwa ngokubanzi, ngokwahlukileyo kwiSihlomelo samva sonyulo ngo-2007. Isifungo sikaKibeka siquka isithembiso sokulwa nokonakala nokuzalisekisa umgaqo-siseko omtsha, kodwa kamva uza kuzama ukugcina, kodwa umzuzu ngokwawo ufuzisela ukwaphuka nolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ukufunga kwasesiSwahili, ngesiSwahili, sasisisitshixo somanyano lwesizwe, sizisa kunye amaqela esizwe awayengqubana nomnye ulawulo lwangaphambili. Imeko lweKenya lubonisa ukuba umgaqo ozinyongoomo-demokhrasi ulawulo oluphezulu xa kuthe kwathika.

EPoland 1989: Ukugudla KobuKomanisi

Unyulo lokuqala olukhululekileyo kwinkomfa ePoland lwakhokelela ekuyisweni korhulumente ozinzileyo. NgoDisemba 1990, uLech Wałsa wafunga njengoMongameli wokuqala wasePoland owanyulwa ngedemokrasi ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Isifungo sakhe, esithatyathwe phambi kweNdibano yesiZwe, saphawula ulwaphuko olupheleleyo kulawulo lwamakomanisi. UWałōsa wakhetha ukufunga ukuthi “ndincede uThixo,” ukuphinda ulwimi olusetyenziswayo kwirepublic ye-polish. Isithethe sasasazwa ngaphaya kweMpuma Yurophu, sikhuthaza ezinye imikhosi. Isifungo sasingeso sisenzo esisemthethweni kuphela kodwa isibhengezo sokuba ilizwe ngoku liza kulawulwa yimigaqo yedemokhrasi. Utshintsho lwePoland lwabonisa ukuba iindlela eziphambili zolawulo oluphezulu zinokunikela umthetho womthetho-ogqesholo-mthetho-siseko, kwaye isifungo sasisisifungo somthetho wemithetho-mthetho.

Xa Isifungo Samkelwayo Okanye Sichasiwe

Amandla esifungo abonakala ngokucacileyo xa singekho okanye sisetyenziswa kakubi. Asiyonkokeli nganye ephinda amazwi afuna ukuyigcina, kwaye ezinye iinguqulelo zenzeka ngaphandle kokufunga. Noko ke, ukwala okanye ukugqwetha isifungo kudla ngokubonakalisa ukwaphuka ngokwezithethe zedemokhrasi.

Ukwala Ukufihla Icala Nendawo Engabhalwanga

Kwezinye iimeko, inkokeli ekhululekileyo iyala ukuba nenxaxheba ekunikezelweni kwelandela labo, ithoba umanyano lokomfuziselo. EUnited States, uDonald Trump wakhetha ukungalithobeli igunya elisisigxina likaJoe Biden lama-2021. ngokunjalo, kumazwe apho iinkokeli zokubhukuqa umongameli zinyanzelisa umongameli ukuba afunde isifungo sokurhoxa phantsi kwentlawulo, isinyanzelo samazwi entsingiselo. Umzekelo, umbutho we-1999 wabona uPerz Muharfra ethatha igunya elingemthetho ngaphandle kokufungisa umgaqo-siseko wabekiwe.

Ulungiso oluzenzekelayo lwe-oath

Ezinye iinkokeli zisebenzisa isifungo sokuthethelela izenzo ezithoba idemokhrasi. Umzekelo, xa uMongameli Aleksand Vučí waseSerbia okanye uViktor Orbán waseHungary efunga ukukhusela umgaqo-siseko, zenza oko ngokufuthi ngoxa zisusa inkululeko yokugweba nokucinezela inkululeko. Isifungo siba sisixhobo esiphendulisayo: umlawuli uthetha ukuba uxhasa ulungelelwano lomgaqo-siseko ngelinye ixesha. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezinjalo, inkcaso yehlabathi nenkcaso yasekhaya ithetha ingulo phakathi komsantsa ophakathi kwedinga elithethwayo kunye nento ekhoyo elawulayo. Olu ngquzulanelo lubonisa ukuba isifungo sodwa asinakuqinisekisa ukuziphatha kolawulo-demokhrasi; kufuneka sidityaniswe namaziko azimeleyo, unyulo, noohlalo olusebenzayo.

Isinyithi kummandla ongezizo idemocratic

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba izifungo zomongameli azipheleliswanga kwidemokrasi. Ulawulo oluninzi lolawulo olungqongqo olunemimiselo eculiweyo yokumisela isifungo sokuyila i-Shonars ingumfanekiso osemthethweni. ERashiya, uVladimir Putin uthathe isifungo somongameli izihlandlo ezininzi (2000, 2004, 2012, 2018) kunye nesandla somGaqo-siseko waseRashiya. Umsitho wowiso-mthetho usasazwa ukusuka kwiKremlin, ukhaphelo olukhatywayo lweNdlu, olukhaphelweyo lweNtsiyama nemigangatho yomongameli ephakanyiswayo. Ngoxa unyuswa nguno oluye lwabangela ukuba agxekwe ngamandla ngabantu bezizwe ngokuba ngababukeli njengenkululeko nabangenabulungisa, isifungo somGawulayo. Ngokunjalo, kumazwe afana ne-Belarus neKazakhstan, isifungo sobumongameli sisetyenziswa ukwenza ukukhuselwa komGeneshophu, xa ideksibo xa ikhongamele ingulo yomthetho.

Ikamva Lendawo Yomongameli

Njengoko izithethe zedemokhrasi zijongene nokuwohloka kwesithethe solawulo-mpukane kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, ubani angabuza enoba isifungo somongameli siyaqhubeka silawula kusini na. Ukungathembeki kwezobupolitika, ukungathembi amaqumrhu, nokunyuka kweenkokeli zobupopu ezithi zicel ’ umngeni umGaqo-siseko zivavanya zonke izithintelo ezisemgangathweni. Kodwa ubungqina bubonisa ukuba isifungo sihlala siqinile. Ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo-melo olutsha luyaqhubeka sisamkela; kwanakumazwe aguqukileyo kulawulo lolawulo lolawulo-lawulo-melo, isifungo sesinye senkqubo yokuqala eyamiselwa. Umzekelo, umgaqo-2011 weTunisi, owenziwe emva kwe-Arabhuan Spring, uquka isifungo esineenkcukacha kumongameli. Umbhiyo owenziwa nguCaid Essebsi ngo-2014 athenwayidekiswe kunyaka we-Eli.

Isifungo sihambelana namaxesha atshintshileyo. Amanye amazwe ngoku avumela ukufunga into ethile okanye nayiphi na into yonqulo, ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezingaphiliyo. Amanye aquka izifungo ezongezelelekileyo zokukhusela amalungelo abantwana. EGhana, umongameli ufunga isifungo esongezelelekileyo sokukhusela imekobume, ukubonisa inkxalabo yale mihla. Le nto isenokutshintsha, kodwa umsebenzi uyaqhubeka: ukubopha inkokeli ebalaselweni kwaye inike uhlanga ithuba lokunikela ubungqina obubumbeneyo. Kwiminyaka yemiba zixhobo zamanani, isifungo sifikelela kubantu abaninzi kunangaphambili, sinwe kwiminxeba yasekuhlaleni, kwaye sidityaniswe ngabalawuli bezonkalo. Olu hlolisiso lungaqinisa isithethe, njengoko naliphi naliphi na elo hlelo elibhaliweyo liphawu olubhaliweyo liqwala ngokukhawuleza kwaye liphikisanayo. Umongameli uthelela, kwana emva kweenkulungwane ezininzi zezixhobo zomthetho womthetho wolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Isifungo somongameli singaphezulu kakhulu kunexesha elikhoyo langaphambili, eliqhelekileyo. Sisifuziselo esiphilayo esishwankathela iinjongo zedemokhrasi sibe sisenzo esinye, sikawonke-wonke. Ukuba eUnited States namazwi ayo akwimbali asuka kwiGatya II, kwi-parateid yasemva kwe-Afrika, kwisivumelwano solawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi esithe ngqo saseNigeria, okanye kwezinye izinto ezininzi ezithe zatshintsha emhlabeni wonke, isifungo siphawula ixesha xa amandla etshintsha izandla ngokusemthethweni nangoxolo. Iqinisekisa abemi, inika imiqondiso yokuba ukhuseleko kumhlaba omtsha uya kusebenza kwimidalelo lomthetho. Imizekelo yokungavumi kwedemokhrasi, ukuphembelela, ukuvukelwa okanye ukuxelwa kolawulo-demokhrasi kugxininisa kuphela okuthiweyo: abo banokusingela ukubugcingela intsikelelo yayo.

Ukuze utshintsho lwedemokhrasi luphumelele, isifungo kufuneka sixhaswe ngamaziko anamandla, amajaji azimeleyo, nabantu abaphaphileyo. Kodwa esi sithethe ngokwaso asifanele sijongelwe phantsi. Ngalo lonke ixesha umongameli omtsha ubeka isandla kumgaqo-siseko (okanye iBhayibhile, okanye iflegi) aze aphinde aphinda-phinde amazwi amandulo, uhlanga luvuselela ukuzimisela kwalo kurhulumente walo. Oko kukwenza, kuphindaphindwa, kudibanisa ixesha elidlulileyo kwaye kusikhumbuza ukuba idemokhrasi asiyonkqubo nje emiselwe kodwa isithembiso esenziwe ngokuvakalayo, ukuze siviwe, sonke.