Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla simi njengenye yezona zithethe zihlala zihleli nezine zilandelana kwimikhosi yaseMerika. Kwiminyaka emine, kumanyathelo eCapitol okanye kwezinye izicwangciso zembali, umongameli ozayo uphakamisa isandla afunge isithembiso esinzulu sokuxhasa umGaqo-siseko. Lo mzuzu, ongqinela izigidi zabemi kwaye ohlonelwayo kwimida yeqela, uphawula okungaphezulu kokufuduswa kolawulo oluqhelekileyo. Ingumnqophiso wesiseko phakathi komphathi-ofisi nohlanga. Isifungo sibopha umongameli umgangatho wokuthembeka ofikelela ngaphaya kwephulo elipheleleyo okanye inkxalabo yobuqu. Imisela isiseko sokuziphatha nesomthetho phezu kweso esakhiweyo. Kuba abaphengululi bolawulo lwezopolitiko, isifungo sinikela isifungo esikhethekileyo ngokuhlolisisa iindima zabo, ukunxibelelana kwemiqathangozo zabo, ukunxibelelana nobume babo. Ngexesha elisemva kwemiqatha nje lokuqhuba ingqungqungquthela.

Amandla esifungo somongameli akakho nje kuphela ngamazwi ayo kodwa kubunzulu bexesha esithethwa ngalo. Umongameli ozayo, ngokufuthi obekwe ngesandla phezu kweBhayibhile okanye omnye umbhalo onentsingiselo, ujongene noMgwebi oyintloko waseUnited States kwaye uphinda-phinda amagama angamashumi amathathu anesihlanu amiselwe nguMgaqo-siseko. Lo msebenzi ulula, oqhutywa ngokuzeleyo ngabantu baseMerika kunye nehlabathi, uguqula umlandeli abe yinkosi. Ubonakalisa ukuqhubekeka koxolo kovavanyo lwedemokhrasi oluye lwanyamezela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Ngoko ke, izifungo zombini ziyimfuneko esemthethweni nesithethe esinzulu. Ikhumbuza bonke oomongameli ukuba bakhonza ngokuyo abantu kunye naphantsi komthetho.

Olu hlolisiso lwandisiweyo lwesifungo somongameli luhlola imvelaphi yaso somGaqo-siseko, ubunzima baso besithethe, kunye nempembelelo yaso ehlala ihleli kukhokelo lomongameli. Ngokufunda indlela oomongameli abahlukeneyo abaye bafikelela ngayo kwixesha lokungena kwabo kwizifungo nendlela elo xesha eliye labumba ngayo ixesha labo eofisini, umboniso ocacileyo wesifungo njengesixhobo esiphilayo kubomi bezobupolitika baseMerika. Asiloxesha elidlulileyo kodwa lisixhobo esibalulekileyo nesokuphendula.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko seNkxaso enguMongameli

Isifungo somongameli asiyosithethe okanye isimilo sezobupolitika. Sigunyaziso somGaqo-siseko, esifakwe ngokuqinileyo kwiGatya II, iCandelo 1, Claus 8 loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Umbhalo webinzana ucacile kwaye ucacile: " Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembekileyo ndiza kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo yekhono lam, ndigcine, ndikhusele, ndikhusele yaye ndikhusele uMgaqo-siseko weUnited States. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko baqonda ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lalizakuba namandla abalulekileyo, kwaye baqonda ukuba kufuneka libophe amandla kumgangatho wobuGwamGaqo-siseko. Isifungo sasiyiliweyo sokwenza loo mbutho.

Ngexesha leNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787, umbuzo wendlela yokunyanzela igunya elilawulayo wadala impikiswano enkulu. Abanye abathunywa babesoyika ukusungulwa kolawulo lookumkani bonke kodwa igama, ngoxa abanye babephikisana ngesigqeba esinamandla, esinamandla esikwaziyo ukukhokela uhlanga ngokunempumelelo. Isifungo savela njengenxalenye yolwakhiwo olubanzi lwee-checks kunye nolungelelaniso olulungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba umongameli uhlala ethembekile kumthetho. Ngokufuna ukuba umongameli afunge isifungo kuMgaqo-siseko kunokuba afunge kwiiNkundla, iinkundla, okanye kumkhosi, abaxhasi bemimiselo benza kucace ukuba igunya elipheleleyo lolawulo lwamaPutherinean elisuka kumthetho ngokwawo.

Abalawuli beSizwe bagcina umbhalo wokuqala womGaqo-siseko kwaye banika uxwebhu oluninzi lwengxoxo ejikeleze igalelo lesifungo. Iingxelo zibonisa ukuba abafaki-famsam bakhetha ngabom ulwimi olugxininisa umsebenzi nembopheleleko. Ibinzana elithi "enyanisweni yenza" ithwale ubunzima obubalulekileyo obusemthethweni. Libonisa ukuba umongameli kufuneka enze izinto ngokholo olulungileyo, ngokunyaniseka nangengqibelelo, ekuphumeleni iimbopheleleko ze-ofisi. Ibinzana elithi "Servector, khusela nokukhusela" umGaqo-siseko umisela umsebenzi wokuvala umsebenzi wokukhusela umyalelo nxamnye nezisongelo zombini ezingokwasemzini nasekhaya.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba umGaqo-siseko unika umongameli ukhetho loku "singqinileyo" kunokuba abe ngu-"isifungo". Eli lungiselelo laliqukiwe ukulungiselela abangavumiyo ukuxhathisa iinkonzo, njengo-Quaker, owakha wavumayo ukwenza izifungo kwizizathu zonqulo. Ukufakwa kwesi sifungo kubonisa ukuzinikela kwabalawuli kwinkululeko yonqulo nokuqonda kwabo ukuba intsingiselo yesithembiso ibaluleke kakhulu kunendlela yokuzalwa kwayo. Ukhetho lokuqinisekisa luhlala lukho kumongameli ngamnye, nangona ekuqheliseleni bonke abantu bekhethe ukufunga ngesandla seBhayibhile okanye komnye umbhalo wonqulo.

Isiseko somgaqo-siseko sesifungo sikwanxulumene nombuzo obanzi wokungaqiniseki nokususwa eofisini. Umongameli osophula isifungo ngokubandakanyeka ku "Isizathu, Isinyobo, okanye ezinye ii-Crimes eziphezulu kunye neMisdeators" angaphenjelelwa yiNdlu yabameli kwaye asuswe yiBhunga. Isifungo sisebenza njengomgangatho ekungameleni ihambo yomongameli. Sinika isiseko somgaqo-siseko sokuba umongameli aphendule ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Olu nxulumano phakathi kwesifungo kunye nenkqubo yokungathethisigqibi sibonakalisa ubunzulu obunokuthathwa ngabo. Bahlongomb ’ ummiselo, hayi ikhondo elingekho mthethweni.

Isifungo sikwanentsingiselo kulwalamano lomongameli nomkhosi. Njengomphathi-mikhosi eyintloko, umongameli ufunga ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko, kwaye amalungu emikhosi afunga isifungo esifanayo kumGaqo-siseko kunokuba afunge kumongameli ngokobuqu. Esi sifungo sifanayo siqinisa umgaqo wokuba umkhosi ukhonze uhlanga nomthetho-siseko, hayi iingcinga zomntu ngamnye.

Kumakhulu eenkulungwane ukususela ekuhlaziyweni komGaqo-siseko, isifungo somongameli asizange sitshintshe. Akukho lutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko luye lwaguqula amagama alo okanye indlela olubekwe ngayo kuxwebhu. Olu lungiso lubonakalisa ubulumko obuhlala buhleli boyilo lwabasebenzi. Isifungo singqineke sithambile ngokwaneleyo ukuhlangabezana neemeko ezitshintshayo zobomi baseMelika ngexa sihlala sisekelwe kwimigaqo esisiseko eyabangela ukusekwa. Simi njengesivumelwano sobungqinela urhulumente womgaqo-siseko kunye namandla esithembiso esilula

Kodwa ukubukelwa kwangaphambili kwabenzi bezixhobo zokuyila ukuqukumbela ibinzana lesifungo akwandiswanga ukuchaza indlela echanileyo esifungo esimele siqhutywe ngayo. UmGaqo-siseko awufuni ukuba kubekho uJaji oMkhulu, kwaye awugunyazisi ukusetyenziswa kweBhayibhile. Ezi zithethe zaphuhliswa ngexesha elithile ngesiko kunye nemizekelo. Umongameli wokuqala, uGeorge Washington, wamisela uninzi kwezi mizekelo, kwaye umzekelo wakhe wabumba umsitho ukususela ngoko. Ujikelezo lombhalo wesiseko uvumele ukuba isifungo sokuqalisa isifungo sizenzele phantsi komthetho ukuba sizenzeke ngoxa ugcina injongo yaso engundoqo.

Ubunzima Beoli

Isifungo sombutho womongameli asingomthetho nje ophambili. Ngumsitho omiselwe ngenyameko onentsingiselo enzulu yokomfuziselo. Ucwangciso, abathathi-nxaxheba, izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo, nendlela yokunika zonke ezi minikelo kumandla omzuzu. Umsitho wokunikezelwa, apho isifungo singumsebenzi ophambili, umela ukudluliselwa koxolo kwamandla kolawulo olunye ukuya kolu lulandelayo. Olu tshintsho, oludla ngokuthathwa ngokusemthethweni kulawulo oluzinzileyo, luyimpumelelo ephawulekayo kwihlabathi apho ugonyamelo lwezobupolitika kunye nolawulo olungqongqo lusaziwayo khona.

Ukukhethwa kwendawo yokufunga i-Capitol yahluka kwimbali yaseMerika. Kwinkoliso yamashumi eminyaka angaphambili esizwe, oomongameli bafungwe ngaphakathi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo eWashington, D.C., kuquka iBrick Capitol kunye neSivumelwano seTreant. UThomas Jefferson wayengumongameli wokuqala ukuthatha isifungo kwiCapitol ngo-1801, ukumisela iqhinga eliye lahlala. Ukususela ekunikezelweni kukaRonald Reagan ngo-1 1981, iNtshona yeCapitol ibiyindawo yesithethe, inikela imbono ephawulekayo yeSizwe samaMolla neSivumelwane seWashington. Oku kunxibelelana isifungo sokuza komongameli kwimbali nenjongo yalo. UCapitol ngokwakhe, kwaso, kunye nokwakhiwa kwayo, kunye nomanyano lwaso, lufuzisela umbutho lwesizwe, kwaye lukhusela umongameli.

IBhayibhile iye yadlala indima ephambili kumsitho wokufunga ukususela oko uGeorge Washington wathabatha isifungo kwigumbi lokulala elibolekwe kweBhayibhile kwisiXeko saseNew York. Umzekelo weWashington waseka isithethe sokuba phantse bonke oomongameli baye balandela. Oomongameli abaninzi baye bakhetha iiBhayibhile ezibaluleke ngokobuqu okanye ngokwembali. UJohn Quincy Adams wasebenzisa umqulu womthetho oqulethe umGaqo-siseko, ugxininisa ukuzimisela kwakhe kwimigaqo esemthethweni. UFranklin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa iBhayibhile efanayo nentsapho yakhe eyayiyiyo izizukulwana. UBarack Oma wasebenzisa iBhayibhile efanayo neLincoln, umqulu osetyenziswa nguAbraham Lincoln ekunikezelweni kwakhe okokuqala ngowe-1861. Ezi zizinto akhethayo zisoloko zithwele ngobugosabhaka bomGaqo-siseko. Badibanisa umongameli oza kumongameli kunye noomatika waseMelikan.

Indima yeJaji Enkulu ekuphumezeni isifungo ikwanentsingiselo. IJaji eyintloko, njengentloko yesebe eligwebayo, imela isebe lesithathu likarhulumente kwaye ifuzisela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Ubukho boMgwebi oMkhulu bukhumbuza umongameli ukuba ijaji imele njengesebe elilinganayo elinegunya lokuhlola izenzo zolawulo. IJaji eyintloko iyasiqhuba isifungo kungekhona njengomxhasi wezopolitiko okanye umxhasi wesizwe kodwa njengegosa lenkundla. Eli lungiselelo liqinisa umgaqo womgaqo-siseko wokuba umongameli usebenze kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Ixesha elililo lokufunga lidla ngokuphawulwa zizenzo ezichukumisayo okanye amazwi azenzekelayo. UJohn F. Kennedy, emva kokucengceleza isifungo, wongezelela ibinzana elithi "ndincede uThixo," ulwandiso lokuzithandela oluye lwaba ngumsebenzi osondeleyo ukususela ngoko lokwenza umgaqo-siseko. Ulwandiso lwala mazwi lubonisa indlela yonqulo lwaseMelika ubomi bukawonke-wonke kunye nokholo lobuqu lwabefundisi abaninzi. Ixesha lokufunga likwahambisana nemifanekiso engokweemvakalelo. Oomongameli baye baziwa ngokuzisula iinyembezi, ukuvala izandla zamalungu entsapho, okanye ukunqumama ngaphambi kokuba bathethe. La maxesha abantu bakhumbuza ababukeli ukuba umongameli usebenza kwisikhundla esineembopheleleko enkulu.

Ubunzima besithethe sesifungo sidlulela ngaphaya komzuzu olandelayo wokunikezelwa kwaso. Isifungo siboniswa ngokushukuma kwemifanekiso, sisasazwa kumabonwakude nakwi-intanethi, kwaye sihlalutyelwe ngokugquma iindaba kwiintsuku ezininzi emva koko. Umfanekiso womongameli ophakanyiswe ngesandla, ophindaphindisa amazwi omGaqo-siseko, uba ngumfanekiso womfanekiso womfanekiso wolawulo olandelayo. Sisigqibo sokuqala esisemthethweni somGaqo-siseko omtsha, kwaye sibumba ukulindela koluntu ngophawu lomphathi nokubaluleka komphathi.

Ukudluliselwa koxolo kwegunya, okufuziselwa sisifungo, yenye yeempawu ezichazayo zedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Yahlula iUnited States kumazwe apho amandla atshintsha khona ngogonyamelo okanye ngokuqhatha. Umsitho wesifungo uqinisa ingcamango yokuba igunya lezobupolitika lifumaneka ngokuvunywa yigunya elilawulwayo kwaye akukho nkhokeli okanye iqela elinye elinegunya elisisigxina. Umongameli ohambayo udla ngokuya kuqalisa ukunikezelwa nokuthatha inxaxheba ekutyekelezeni, ubonakalisa intlonelo ngenkqubo yedemokhrasi. Le sithethe, nangona ngamanye amaxesha sichatshazelwa yingxushuthelo yezobupolitika, iye yabambelela ngokuqinile kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika.

Umsitho wokuququzelela umanyano lwesizwe. Emva konyulo olwahlulayo, ukunikezelwa kunika ixesha lokuba uhlanga ludibane luze lubhiyozele ukuqhubekeka korhulumente. Lo msitho uquka imithandazo, imisitho, neentetho ezidla ngokugxininisa imixholo yethemba, uxolelwano, nenjongo efanayo. Intetho yomongameli yokuqalisa, enikelwa kamsinyane emva kwesifungo, imisela isifungo solawulo nokucacisa izinto eziza kuqala.

Umongameli we-Oaths kunye nonyaka-wesiGqeba

Isifungo ngasinye somongameli sisiganeko esingaqhelekanga sembali, esibunjwe ziimeko zexesha kunye nophawu lomntu osenza isifungo. Amanye amaxesha okufunga awaziwa, awakhunjulwa ngenxa yentsingiselo yawo engokwasemthethweni kuphela kodwa ngenxa yamandla awo angokweemvakalelo kunye nempembelelo yawo kwimiqathango yohlanga. Ngokuhlolisisa imizekelo ecacileyo, kuyacaca indlela esifungo esiye sasebenza ngayo njengesiseko sokhokelo lomongameli kunye nelebhu ababhali bembali abachaza ngayo iintambo zomongameli.

UGeorge Washington: Ukuseka iLifa leMveli

Unikezelo lokuqala lukaGeorge Washington ngoAprili 30, 1789, kwisiXeko saseNew York, wamisela umgangatho kuwo onke amatheko alandelayo okufunga. Washington waqonda ukuba onke amanyathelo awawathabathayo njengomongameli wokuqala ayeza kumisela umzekelo wabalandeli bakhe. Wafikelela kwisifungo esingumbindi ofanayo nolwenzeko olwaluphawula ukhokelo lwakhe ngexesha lemfazwe yendaleko. Ngokwengxelo zangoku, Washington wabonakala echukumiseka ngokubonakalayo njengoko wayecaphula amazwi esifungo. Wadibanisa ibinzana elithi "ukuze ancede uThixo" kwaye wamanga iBhayibhile emva kokugqiba isiqinisekiso. Ezi zimpatho, nangona zazingafunwangafunwanga nguMgaqo-siseko, zaqalisa kwisithethe sesifungo.

Ihambo yeWashington ngexesha lokufunga yabonisa ukubotshwa kwakhe kwimigaqo yerepublic kunye nokungamkelwa kwakhe kwemithetho yezoburhulumente. Wanxiba isambatho selaphu elilula esenziwe ngamaMelika kunokuba anxibe iiyunifomu ezincumisayo okanye iingubo abalawuli baseYurophu ababenokunxiba. Waqubuda kwisihlwele esibutheneyo kunokuba alindele ukuba ziqubude kuye. Olu khetho lwaqinisa umyalezo wokuba umongameli usisicakashe sabantu, akangomphathi-ngaphezulu kwabo. Umzekelo weWashington wamisela umgangatho wokuthobeka nokuzibamba oye wabumba i-Priestimean ukususela ngoko.

Ilifa lesifungo sesifungo sikaWashington landisa ngaphaya komfuziselo womsitho. Ngokuthabatha isifungo nzulu nangokuziphethe ngengqibelelo kuwo onke amabinzana akhe amabini, iWashington yabonisa ukuba umongameli ngokuthembeka angayiphumeza iofisi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa kakubi amandla ayo. Waseka umgaqo wokuba isifungo sasiyingxinaniso yokwenene kwisenzo sokulawula, hayi nje icebo eliphumayo. Isigqibo sakhe sokuhamba emva kwamagama amabini, kunokuba afune ukubamba amandla ngokungenasiphelo, sasiyisenzo sokunyaniseka kumgaqo womgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo weWashington wanika intsingiselo yokwenene kwaye wabeka umlinganiselo othe wathelekiswa nawo onke amongameli abalandelayo.

UAbraham Lincoln: Isithukuthuku Ngexesha Lobungendawo

Unikezelo lokuqala lukaAbraham Lincoln ngoMatshi 4, 1861, lwenzeka phantsi kweemeko zobungozi obukhulu besizwe. Amazwe asemazantsi asixhenxe ayesele eshiyiwe kwi-Union, kwaye uhlanga lwalusekungceni kwemfazwe yamakhaya. ULincoln wahamba esiya eWashington ekusithekeni, phakathi kwezisongelo ezithembekileyo zokubulawa. Imo yezulu yayimi kakuhle yaye isoyika. Isifungo sikaLincoln, ngoko, sasithwele ubunzima obungaqhelekanga. Wayengathathi nje ukubamba isikhundla. Wayebotshelelwe ukukhusela i-Union ngexesha lokusinda kwayo.

Idilesi yokuvula kaLincoln, enikelwa ngokukhawuleza emva kwesifungo, ikhunjulwa njengenye yezindululo ezinkulu kwimbali yamaMelika. Wathetha ngqo kumaphondo aseMazantsi, eqinisekisa ngeli xesha eqinisekisa ukuba i-Union iya kuhlala ihleli. Wakhumbuza abaphulaphuli bakhe ukuba ufungile ukuba "ukhusele, ukhusele, ukhusele, ukhusele," kwaye waphikisa ukuba esi sifungo simnyanzelela ukuba abone ukuba imithetho ye-Union iphume ngokuthembekileyo. ULincoln walungela ukuzinikela kwakhe kumanyano kungekhona njengomcimbi wokhetho lobuqu okanye wengcamango yobuqu kodwa njengomsebenzi womgaqo-siseko ovela kwiSifungo ngokwaso.

Kuyo yonke imfazwe yamakhaya, uLincoln wacela isifungo ngokuphindaphindiweyo njengesiseko sokuziphatha nesomthetho sezenzo zakhe. Waphikisa ngelithi umsebenzi wakhe wokulondoloza i-Union ufuna ukuba athathe amanyathelo angaqhelekanga, kuquka ukunqumamisa i-habeas corpus kunye nokukhupha iEmancation Proclation. Ukucaciswa kukaLincoln kwesifungo kwakukukhulu. Wayekholelwa ukuba isifungo samnika amandla okwenza nantoni na efunekayo ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko, nokuba ezo zenzo azigunyaziswanga ngumthetho. Le mbono yegunya eliphetheyo iye yanempembelelo kodwa ikwayimpikiswano. Abaphengululi bayaqhubeka bephikisana ngomgangatho wegunya likamongameli phantsi kwesifungo.

Ukunikezelwa kwesibini kukaLincoln ngo1865, iiveki ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe, kwabonisa isifungo esingenakulibaleka somzuzu. Idilesi yakhe yesibini yokusungula, nesicelo sayo esidumileyo sokuya kumntu wonke, kunye nokucela kwakhe ukuba angabi naluncedo, kwaye ngoku wayelungiselela ukukhokela uhlanga kumsebenzi onzima we-consoleon. Isifungo sikaLincoln seso sihlandlo sasifuzisela ukunyamezela komyalelo wesiseko ukutyhubela intlekele enkulu kwimbali yaseMerika. Wayegcine isifungo sakhe sokukhusela i-Manyano, kwaye ngoku wayelungiselela ukukhokela uhlanga ngeengxaki zoxolo. Isifungo sasisebenza njengekhampasi yakhe kuxasathuthuthu.

I-Franklin D. Roosevelt: Amagama Okuzimisela

Unikezelo lokuqala luka-Roosevelt ngoMatshi 4, 1933, lwenzeka kubunzulu boxinzelelo olukhulu lomoya. Ukungasebenzi kwafikelela kwiqondo eliyintlekele. Iibhanki zazisilela kulo lonke elo lizwe. Izigidi zamaMelika zazilahlekelwe yimali yazo kunye namakhaya azo. Isimo sohlanga sasingolunye lonxunguphalo noxanduva. I-Roselt's sifunga, ngoko ke, yayingekokutshintsha nje komkhosi wamandla kodwa yayingumzuzu wethemba elidibekileyo. Idilesi yakhe, enikelwe ngentembelo engagungqi, iquka umgca oye waba ngomnye wezona ngxelo zopolitiki zaziwayo kwintetho yezobupolitika yaseMelika: kuphela into esinayo esoyika ngokwayo.[FLD:1]

Ukunikezelwa kwesifungo kwabonisa indlela akuqonda ngayo ukuba ngumongameli njengomthombo wokhokelo lwesizwe kunye nempembelelo. Wathetha ngokucacileyo nangokunamandla, ebonakalisa umfanekiso wegunya elizolileyo. Amazwi akhe kunye nesimilo sakhe kwaqinisekisa uhlanga ukuba urhulumente wayekwazi ukuhlangabezana nemeko enzima. Ukusebenzisa kwesifungo njengeqonga lokuqinisekisa kunye nesigqibo kwaba luphawu oluchazayo lobunkokeli bakhe. Ngokuphuma kumagunya akhe amane angenakuthelekiswa nanto, waqhubeka enxibelelana ngqo nabantu baseMelika ngeencoko zakhe zomlilo nangeedilesi zakhe zikawonke wonke.

Ilifa likaRoosevelt linxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuchaza kwakhe isifungo somongameli. Wayekholelwa ukuba isifungo sinyanzelisa umongameli ukuba athathe inyathelo lokulungisa iingxaki zohlanga. Le nkolelo yakhokelela ekudalweni kweNew Bure, iqela elipheleleyo leenkqubo nemigaqo ecelelwe ukunikezela ngenceba, ukuphiliswa, nokuguqulwa. Ingxoxo kaRoosevelt ngembono ebanzi yamandla olawulo lwegunya phantsi kwesifungo yabangela impikiswano ebalulekileyo. Abagxeki baphikisa baphikisa ngelithi wayewugqitha umda wemithetho-siseko kwaye enikel ’ ingqalelo kakhulu kwisebe eliphetheyo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi isifungo sasifuna ukuba umongameli asebenze ngenkalipho phambi kobuzwe. Ingxoxo ephambili kumgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya likamongameli phantsi kwesifungo iyaqhubeka ukuza kweli xesha.

Umzekelo kaRoosevelt ubonisa indlela indlela yokufikelela kumongameli kwiSifungo engabumba ngayo kungekuphela nje ilifa labo kodwa nomthetho wesizwe. Ukuvuma kwakhe ukusebenzisa isifungo njengobulungisa besenzo senkalipho kuphinde kubucacise ulwalamano phakathi komongameli noMgaqo-siseko. Kamva, kuquka uLyndon Johnson noMbutho Omkhulu kunye noBarack Obama noMthetho weNtolongo oBazekayo, ucaphule isifungo njengomthombo wegunya kwiinkqubo zekhaya ezinamandla. URooosevelt ngaloo ndlela wandisa ngokusisigxina kugqitha ulawulo lwakhe. Wawandisa ngokusisigxina amathuba oko umongameli anokukwenza phantsi kwesifungo.

UJohn F. Kennedy: Umbono Wenkonzo

UJohn F. Kennedy wanikezelwa ngoJanuwari 20, 1961, njengenye yezona zinto zingenakulibaleka nezingalibalekiyo kwimbali yamaMelika. Kennedy wayengumongameli omncinane owakhe wakhethwa, kwaye ukunikezelwa kwakhe kwamela ukutshintshwa kwesizukulwana kukhokelo lwaseMelika. Lo mbhiyozo wasasazwa ngombala wesizwe okwesihlandlo sokuqala, kunye nempembelelo yesiganeko esongezelelwe kumandla aso. Isifungo sikaKennedy, esilawulwa nguMphathi-mthetheli-Sikhulu u-Earl Warren, saqhutywa ngaphandle kwesiganeko, kodwa yaba yintetho yakhe yokuqala eyabamba ingqalelo yehlabathi.

Kennedy waquke idilesi edumileyo: " Ungabuzi oko ilizwe lakho linokukwenzela khona, faka oko unokukwenzela ilizwe lakho. Lo mgca, onikezelwe nge-fricial Boston cadence, owenziwe ngoKennedy, umbono kaKennedy woburhulumente njengobizo lwenkonzo yesizwe kunye nowedini. Wafaka isifungo njengozibopho esahluleleneyo phakathi komongameli nabantu, umnqophiso wembopheleleko yoluntu. Ulwimi lukaKennedy lwakhuthaza isizukulwana samaMerika ukuba angene kwinkonzo kawonkewonke, athelele iCompris, kwaye angene kubomi boluntu. Ilifa lakhe njengenkokeli yesizwe eyaphakamisa izilangazelelo zohlanga lwawo wathetha loo mini.

Ukunikezelwa kweKennedy kwabalaselisa ukubaluleka komsitho wokufunga kunye nowomfuziselo. Ubukho bembongi uRobert Frost, owafunda umbongo kumsitho, wagxininisa ukugxininisa kolawulo kwimpucuko kunye nobugcisa. Uzuko lwasemkhosini, umculo, kunye nomboniso olandelayo wonke obethelele umqondiso wesizwe esiqinisekileyo nesijonge phambili. UKennedy, amandla, kunye nobuchule bakhe banika isifungo sokuhlaziya kunye nokubakho. Ukubulala kwakhe kungaphantsi kweminyaka emithathu kamva kwanika amazwi akhe okuqalisa ukugcwaba okuzikisa okukhwankca, kodwa kwakhona kwaqinisa ilifa lakhe njengenkokeli eyaphembelela uhlanga ukuba lunyuse phambili.

Kennedy umzekelo ubonisa indlela umsitho wokufunga onokuba yiyo njengendawo yokuqalisa imixholo echazayo yomongameli. Ubizo lwakhe lokuya kwinkonzo luvakala ngalo lonke ulawulo lwakhe nangaphaya. Waguqula inkqubo ephambili kwaye waphembelela intsingiselo yenjongo yee1960. Isifungo, ezandleni zikaKennedy, saba yimbopheleleko esemthethweni kodwa yaba yimiyalelo esemthethweni. Ilifa lakhe lisikhumbuza ukuba amazwi athethwa ekunikezelweni anokuba nempembelelo ehlala ihleli kwingqiqo yohlanga lwawo ngokwalo.

Abalawuli Bale Mihla Negama Elifihlakeleyo

Kule thuba langoku, umsitho wokufunga umongameli uqhubeke uguquka ngokuguqula iimeko zezobupolitika kunye nezentlalo. Ukunikezelwa kukaRonald Reagan ngo 1981 kwashukumisa umbhiyozo kwiNtshona Front yeCapitol, ukunikezela ngengqikelelo exhobileyo kunye nokuhlalisa izihlwele ezinkulu. Idilesi yokuqalisa kukaReagan, eyavakalisa ukuba "urhulumente akasiso isicombululo kwingxaki yethu; urhulumente yingxaki," umisela isivumo sengqiqo senkcazelo solawulo lwakhe. Ukunikezelwa kwakhe okunamandla nobukho beHollywoodwood.

Ukunikezelwa kukaBarack Obama ngo-2009 kwatsalela isihlwele esikhulu kwiSizwe samaMall, sibonakalisa imbali yonyulo lwakhe njengomongameli wokuqala waseAfrika. U-Obama wenza isifungo kwiBhayibhile yeLincoln, ukhetho lwamabom olwadibanisa ubungangameli bakhe nelifa likaLincoln. IJaji eKhosi, uJohn Roberts, no-Obama bakhubeka ngokufutshane ngenxa yokuthetha isifungo ebudeni bomsifungo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni kumsebenzi onqabileyo wokusiwisela isifungo ngemini elandelayo kwiNdlulo emhlophe. Esi siganeko, nangona sincinane, sabalaselisa ukufaneleka kokusivuma nokufumana kakuhle.

Ukunikezelwa kukaDonald Trump ngo-2017 kwaphawulwa ngamacandelo acacileyo ezobupolitika kunye nempikiswano emalunga nobungakanani besihlwele kunye nentshumayelo yamajelo eendaba. Intetho yokuqala kaTrump yagxininisa imixholo yobuzwe kunye nepopulist, ivakalisa ukuba uza kudlulisela amandla eWashington, D.C., abuyele kubantu baseMerika. Umbhiyozo wokuququzelela i-Melika ngokwawo waqhubeka ngaphandle kwesiganeko, kodwa umongo wezopolitiko wayenza yabekwa esithelekelelweni. Umongameli we-Trump, njengalowo wangaphambili, wayeza kuxonxwa ngezithembiso ezichazwe sisifungo nangengxoxo enokuba wayezigcine njani ngokuthembeka.

Ukunikezelwa kukaJoe Biden ngo-2021 kwenzeka phantsi komlinganiselo wokhuseleko ongaqhelekanga emva kokuvuthuza kweCapitol ngoJanuwari 6. Ukwenziwa kwesifungo sikaBiden kwafuzisela ukubuyiselwa kwezithethe zedemokhrasi kunye nokuthunyelwa koxolo kwamandla emva kwexesha lesiphithiphithi. Idilesi yakhe yokuqalisa yabiza umanyano nokuphilisa, ibonakalisa ucelomngeni lohlanga olwahlulelene kakhulu. Lo msitho, oqhutywa nezihlwele ezisikelwe umda ngenxa yesifo se-COVOVID-19, noko ke wathwala ubunzima obungokomfuziselo. UgxininisoBiden kulwazi lwenyaniso nesidima kwidilesi yakhe edityaniswe ngqo kwimfuneko yokubulawa ngokuthembeka kweofisi.

Umongameli ngamnye wale mihla uzise indlela ekhethekileyo yomsitho wokufunga, ebonisa ubuntu babo, imeko yabo yezobupolitika, kunye nombono wabo wobungangamsha. Lo msitho uthe waba sisixhobo esicwangcisiweyo sempucuko yezobupolitika yaseMelika, wahlolisiswa ngamajelo eendaba, waqwalaselwa ngabaphengululi, kwaye wajongwa zizigidi ehlabathini lonke. Indaleko yesifungo ibonisa ukuba esi sifungo asiyosithethe esizimelayo kodwa siqheliselo esiphilayo esiziqhelanisa namaxesha ngoxa similiselwe kwimigaqo yesiseko.

Isifungo njenge Ankile yoMgaqo-siseko

Ngapha koko kusingisele kwimilinganiso yesithethe nelifa layo, isifungo somongameli sisebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo womgaqo-siseko. Sisebenza njenge-ankile, simisa umongameli kulawulo lomthetho kwaye sikhumbuza umphathi wemida yamandla alawulayo. Isifungo asisiso imvume yegunya kodwa sinyanzelisa. Sibopha umongameli kwiseti yemisebenzi yesiseko engenakubekwa bucala ngenxa yezizathu zokukhulula, ukuthandwa, okanye ukukhethelwa komntu. Lo msebenzi wokumisa ubalulekile ekulondolozeni urhulumente we-grabhastile.

Isifungo sifuna umongameli "owenza ngokuthembeka" iofisi. Olu lwimi lumisela umgangatho wokwenza okugqitha nje ekuthobeleni umthetho. Kufuna ukukhuthala, ukuthembeka, kunye nokholo oluhle ekuphumezweni kwemisebenzi yobungameli. Umongameli owenza ngokungakhathali, ngokungakhathali, okanye ngokunenkohlakalo akanakutshiwo ukuba aphumeze ngokuthembeka iofisi. Isifungo sinika isiseko sokuqwalasela umsebenzi womongameli ongaphelelanga kubuchule obusemthethweni.

Imfuneko "yokukhusela, ukukhusela nokukhusela" umGaqo-siseko umisela umsebenzi wokuvuma kumongameli. Akwanele ukuba umongameli angayiphuli i-Gaqo-siseko. Umongameli kufuneka asebenze ngokukhutheleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uyahlonelwa kwaye uxhase. Lo msebenzi ungafuna ukuba umongameli athathe inyathelo lokuchasene nomgaqo-siseko, nokuba ezo zisongelo zivela kwiintshaba zasemzini, abaxhasi basekhaya, okanye kwanamalungu esebe eliphetheyo. Isifungo sinika umongameli igunya lokusebenza ekukhuseleni umGaqo-siseko ngelixa likwakwangulo limisela iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa ngazo.

Isifungo sikwanentsingiselo yendima yomongameli kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano. Ngokufunga ukuphakamisa umGaqo-siseko, umongameli uyalivuma igunya lamanye amasebe karhulumente. Isifungo asimvumeli umongameli ukuba angaluthobeli ulawulo lomthetho okanye angavumeli ukuzalisekisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Ukwenjenjalo kuya kuba kukusiphula umthetho ngokusilela ukugcina nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko njengoko kuchazwe ziinkundla kwaye kumiswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Isifungo asikuvumeli ukuba axhathisane amasebe amathathu okanye umgaqo wokuba akukho sebe liphakamileyo.

Indlu yeeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtsimbi yase-U.S. inikela imeko engokwembali ekunikezelweni komongameli kunye nezithethe ezidityanisiweyo ezijikeleze isifungo. Iingxelo zeNdlu yeNdlu ibonisa ukuba isifungo besiyintsebenziswano engqinelanayo yokunikezelwa konikezelo ukususela ekusungulweni, nangona iinkcukacha zomsitho zingafani. Indima yeBhunga ekunikezelweni, kuquka ukuba nenxaxheba kwamalungu eBhunga kumsithotho, igxininisa ukwahlulwa kwamandla nokubaluleka kolawulo lwegunya.

Umsebenzi wokumisa isifungo ubaluleke kakhulu ngamaxesha ongxamiseko. Xa uhlanga lujamelene nemfazwe, ukuwa kwezoqoqosho, okanye intlekele yemvelo, umongameli angahendelwa ukwenza izenzo ezingaqhelekanga ezinyanzela imida yegunya lomgaqo-siseko. Isifungo sisebenza njengovavanyo kolo silingo. Sikhumbuza umongameli ukuba nangamaxesha ongxamiseko, uMgaqo-siseko uhlala ungowona mthetho uphakamileyo welizwe. Umongameli akangomlawuli olawulayo kodwa ugosagosayo kodwa usebenza kwimithetho efanayo kumntu ngamnye. Isifungo sinceda ekuthinteleni ukugetyeleza kwemithetho yolawulo olulawulayo oluye lwafikelela kwamanye amazwe amaninzi.

Xa Ingxabano Ivela

Isifungo somongameli asikuthintelwanga kwimpikiswano. Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, kuye kwakho iimpikiswano zokuba oomongameli baye basona isifungo sabo nokuba yiyiphi imiphumo emele ilandelwe. Ezi mpikiswano zisoloko zisekelwe kwimibuzo yegunya eliphakamileyo, ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko, nokuphendulelwa kwezopolitiko. Babonisa ukuba isifungo, nangona sinyanzelekile, asikokuzibophelela. Kuxhomekeke ekuvumeni kweBhunga, iinkundla, kunye noluntu ukuba baphendule oomongameli ngezenzo zabo.

Ukungagunyaziswa kukaMongameli uAndrew Johnson ngo1868 kwabethelelwa inxenye kwizityholo zokuba uJohnson wasophula isifungo sakhe ngokuphazamisa ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokulungisa. Ukhuselo lukaJohnson lwaphikisa ukuba wayesenza ngokwegunya lakhe elingokomGaqo-siseko kwaye wayengasiphulanga isifungo. IBhunga lathi ekugqibeleni lakhulula uJohnson ngevoti enye, kodwa isifungo samiswa ukuba esi sifungo sinokuba sisisiseko sokususa ityala. Umzekelo wokuba umongameli umele agwetyelwe ukwaphula isifungo wamiselwa ekuqaleni kwembali yohlanga.

Ukungagunyaziswa kukaMongameli uBill Clinton ngonyaka ka-1998 kwabandakanya imibuzo yokugcina isifungo. UClinton wamangalelwa ngokutyholwa ngokungekho mthethweni nangokuthintela okusesikweni ngokunxulumene nolwalamano lwakhe neNdlu emhlophe. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukunganyani kwakhe phantsi kwesifungo somzi woluntu kwabangela ukwaphulwa kwesifungo sakhe somGaqo-siseko sokuphumeza iofisi ngokuthembeka. Abaxhasi bakaClinton baphikisa ukuba izityholo ezibandakanya ukuziphatha okubi kobuqu kunokuba ziphathelele izenzo ezisemthethweni kwaye azinyukanga kumgangatho wolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nabaqhubi. Indlu kwakhona yakhulula umongameli, ishiya umbuzo wokwaphula isifungo.

Izenzo ezimbini zommangaleli kaMongameli uDonald Trump ngo-2019 kunye no-2021 ngokufanayo zaphakamisa imibuzo engokuvunywa kwesifungo. Isaziso sokuqala sabhekiswa kwizityholo zokuba uTrump wayenyanzelele i-Ukraine ukuba iphande umbangi wezobupolitika, isenzo abagxeki abasiphikisayo sasenza ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kunye nokwaphulwa kwesifungo sakhe sokuphumeza iofisi ngokuthembeka. Imposiso yesibini yalandela ukuvuthusa kukaCapitol kwaye yatyhola uTrump ngokuphembelela ingqriso ye-bhunga, iphikisa ukuba waphule isifungo sakhe sokukhusela, ukukhusela, nokukhusela uMgaqo-siseko. UTrump wagwetywa ityala lagwetywa ngamaxesha omabini embalini, nangona intethelelwa kwivoti enkulu yeBhange yembali.

Ezi mpikiswano zokungavumelani zibalaselisa ubunzima obungokwemvelo bokunyanzelisa isifungo sobumongameli. UmGaqo-siseko unika iNdlu yezoNdlu yezomthetho amandla okungathobeli, unika iNdlu yezopolitiko amandla okuma ekuphela kwawo, yenza le nkqubo inzulu yezobupolitika. Akukho qumrhu lizimeleyo libekwa ityala lokuphinda ukuvumelana komongameli nesifungo. Ukhuseleko olupheleleyo ekuthinteleni ukwaphulwa kwesifungo lumgwebo wabantu baseMelika, owenziwa ngonyulo nangenkqubo yezobupolitika. Oku kubeka umthwalo onzima kubavotisi ukuba baphendulele oomongameli ukuba baphendule ngenxa yokunyaniseka kwabo kumGaqo-siseko.

Ithala leencwadi leeNgqungquthela linika oovimba kwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko kunye neengxoxo ezabumba ibinzana lesifungo. Ukuqonda injongo yokuqala yabafaki-ziqulu-ziqu zinganceda ekucaciseni imilinganiselo yehambo kamongameli ekufuneka agwetywe ngayo. Abafaki-sakhiwo bacebe isifungo sokuba sisinyanzelo esinzulu, kwaye babelindele ukuba oomongameli basihlonele. Kodwa kwakhona baqonda ukuba akukho mithetho-siseko enokuthi iqinisekise ukuthobela. Isifungo sixhomekeke ekusebenzeni kwayo kubuntu bukamongameli kunye nokuphaphaphakanyiswa kwabantu.

Indawo Efihlakeleyo Neyasekuhlaleni

Isifungo somongameli sikwanendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni ingqiqo kawonke-wonke kamongameli kunye nomongameli. Ixesha lokufunga yenye yeziganeko ezijongwe ngokusondeleyo kubomi bezobupolitika baseMelika. Sidityaniswe ziintatheli, siqwalaselwe ngababhali-mbali, kwaye sikhunjulwe ngabantu ngokubanzi. Indlela umongameli aphumeza ngayo isifungo ingaphembelela indlela abaqondwa ngayo kwimihla yokuqala enzima yolawulo lwabo. Ukuzithemba nokuzinika okunyanisekileyo kungabangela ukuba kubekho intabalala kwaye kwakhe ikomkhulu lezobupolitika. Ukumisa okanye ukunikezelwa okungaqinisekiyo kunokubangela amathandabucala ngesikhundla sikamongameli.

Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba yokufunga isoloko ibhekisa kwinkcukacha zomfuziselo: ukukhethwa kweBhayibhile, indawo yomsitho, iimbonakaliso zobuso bomongameli kunye nentsapho yabo, unxibelelwano phakathi komongameli ozayo nophumayo. Ezinkcukacha zithathwa njengemiqondiso yeempawu kunye nezinto eziphambili zolawulo olutsha. Uwonke wonke, ngokunjalo, uyila iimbono ezisekelwe kule mifanekiso kunye neengxelo. Isifungo sisebenza njengohlobo lonxibelelwano lwezobupolitika, sidlulisela imiyalezo engaphaya kwamazwi athethwayo ngokoqobo.

Isifungo sikwaphembelela ingqiqo kawonke-wonke ngokunxulumene kwayo nokumanyana kobumongameli. Umongameli obonwa njengowathabatha isifungo ngokunyaniseka nangentlonelo ujongeka njengomnini we-ofisi osemthethweni. Umongameli ofungayo uphazanyiswa yimpikiswano okanye uhanahaniso olucingelwayo lungajongana nocelomngeni kugunyaziso lwawo. Oku kwabonakala ngamandla kwiziphumo zonyulo lwama-2020, xa amanye amalungu kawonke-wonke ethandabuza ukuba ngumongameli u-Joe Biden's nyulo, kwaye, ngokugqithisa, isifungo sakhe. Isifungo asinako ukumelana nemibuzo yokuthembeka, kodwa sinegalelo ekumkelweni kwabantu ngokubanzi kolwa yimpumelelo.

Isifungo sikwasebenza njengendawo yokuhlola uwonke wonke ukwenza komongameli. Xa umongameli etyholwa ngokuziphatha okubi, abagxeki badla ngokuphikisa ukuba umongameli waphule isifungo. Xa umongameli ethabatha inyathelo elipheleleyo kwimfuno yesizwe, abaxhasi badla ngokusikhankanya esi sifungo njengomthombo wegunya lomongameli. Ngaloo ndlela isifungo sinika isifungo sokuphendula impikiswano yezenzo zomongameli. Sinika abagxeki nabaxhasi ulwimi oluqhelekileyo lomgaqo-siseko ukuze benze iimpikiswano zabo.

IWhite House Historical Association inika ubuncwane kwimbali yomongameli kunye nendaleko yomsitho wokufunga. Ukuqonda umongo wembali wesifungo kunceda uluntu luqonde ukubaluleka kwayo kunye nendima yayo ekuxoleleni iinkcubeko zomongameli. Isifungo asiyosithethe esikhoyo kodwa siyinxalenye enamandla yobomi bomGaqo-siseko waseMelika. Siguqula amaxesha ngexa sihleli kwimigaqo yokusekwa kweRiphabliki.

Isiphelo: Isifungo Njengesithethe Esiphilayo

Isifungo somongameli somsebenzi singaphezulu kakhulu kunesithethe sesithethe okanye sobuchule bomGaqo-siseko. Sisithethe esiphilayo esibumba umongameli, uhlanga, kunye nembali. Ukusuka kuGeorge Washington ukumisela kuqala isifungo kwimithendeleko emiselwe ngenyameko yexesha langoku, isifungo sisebenze njengesiseko apho abalawuli besakhiwe kwaye bagwetywa khona. Sidibanisa umongameli ngamnye nomgaqo-siseko kunye nezizukulwana zeenkokeli eziye zafika ngaphambi. Sikhumbuza bonke abasebenzi ukuba bakhonza phantsi komthetho kwaye amandla abo akaphelelanga.

Isifungo sikwasebenza njengesixhobo sokuziphendulela kukawonke-wonke. Sinika umgangatho apho oomongameli banokulinganiswa khona kunye nolwimi abanokuphikisana ngalo ngezenzo zabo. Sinika iKhomishini yokugweba kunye noluntu lonke. Imisa umongameli kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano oluchaza urhulumente we-Melika. Ngaphandle kwesifungo, umongameli uswele umGaqo-siseko ocacileyo. Ngayo, i-Constantian ibotshelelwe kwimigaqo yokusekwa kweRiphabliki.

Koomongameli ngokwabo, isifungo singaba ngumthombo wamandla nokhokelo. Sinokubaqinisa ngamaxesha obunzima kwaye sibakhumbuza ngemisebenzi yabo ngexesha lokulingwa. Oomongameli abaye basithatha nzulu eso sifungo, ukusuka kuLincoln noRoosevelt ukuya kuKennedy noReagan, baye basisebenzisa njengekhampasi yokhokelo lwabo. Baqonda ukuba isifungo asingomthwalo kodwa sisiseko.

Ilifa lesifungo somongameli lidlulela ngaphaya kolawulo olunye. Liyinxalenye yelaphu ledemokhrasi yaseMerika, umsonto odibanisa ixesha lokusekwa kwale mini. Njengoko uhlanga luqhubeka luneenguquko luze lujongene neengxaki ezintsha, isifungo siya kuhlala sihleli. Siza kuthethwa ngumongameli ngamnye wexesha elizayo, ngamazwi afanayo nasetyenziswa ngabalawuli, kwaye siya kuthwala ubunzima obufanayo boxanduva kunye nethemba. Isifungo somongameli asiso isithembiso nje.