Ukuqonda Ukufikelela: Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

Inkqubo yokungagunyaziswa kusimbombo senkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano yezomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. esi sibonelelo silungiselelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukunyanzela isebe elilawulayo. Sinika iNgqungquthela igunya lokuzisa izityholo nxamnye netyala kwaye okunokwenzeka ukususa uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, kunye namanye amagosa karhulumente “okwenza ityala, ukunyoba, okanye obunye ulwaphulo-mthetho obuphezulu kunye noogxabhabhabha.” Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mvukelo unyuliweyo, kuquka isigqeba esiyintloko, ungaphezulu komthetho. Ngokungafani netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukungagunyazi, yinkqubo yezopolitiko ehlolwayo ehloni, enenjongo yokuphatha kakubi igunya elisongela iRiphabliki.

Isiseko somgaqo-siseko sokunganikezeli sifumaneka kwiGatya II, Icandelo 4, elisivumela ngokucacileyo ukususwa kwetyala elithile. Umgangatho “olwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abangalunganga” utolikwa ngokwembali ukuba ungaquki nje kuphela amatyala agxekiweyo kodwa kwaye kwanokusetyenziswa kakubi kwesikhundla, ukuchasana koluntu, kunye nezenzo ezisingela phantsi ukulawulwa komgaqo-siseko. Olu lwimi luguqukayo luvumela iBhunga ukuba lilungeleleze lilungelelene nomgangatho kwiimeko eziguquguqukayo, kodwa lukwakhuthaza ukungavumelani kwezobupolitika ngokokuba kutheni na okungamele kulandelelwa. OoTata Abafunyenweyo, besebenzisa ikhothamente esiNgesi, benza ngabomso olungalungelanga ulawulo lokugqibela.

Amandla okungagunyaziswa ahlulwe phakathi kwamagumbi amabini eBhunga. Indlu yabameli ibamba ekuphela kwegunya lokususa (ingqinelana nokugweba), ngelixa iNdlu yeQela ibambe ekuphela kwamandla okuzama nokulingwa nokubanjwa. Eli candelo le-kameral lidala umqobo wangabom: uninzi oluqhelekileyo kwindlu lungazisa izityholo, kodwa isibini sesithathu sobugqhinga kwiBhunga siyafuneka ukuze kususwe. Le bar ephezulu iqinisekisa ukuba ukungaqhubiswa kwamandla akusetyenziswa lula kwaye kubonakalisa injongo yabalawuli bogcino-Frames ukukhusela ukuzimela ngaphandle kwemeko ezicacileyo nezingathi zinkulu.

Inkqubo yokulungisa ngenyathelo

Inkqubo esesikweni ityhilwa ngothotho lweenqanam ezichaziweyo, nganye ithwele intsingiselo yayo ecacileyo nebalulekileyo. Ukuqonda la manyathelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iBhunga eliqhuba ngayo le ngcebiso kwisebe eliphetheyo.

Ukwandiswa Kwindlu Yabameli

Naliphi na ilungu leNdlu linokwazisa isigqibo sokungagunyaziswa, ngokufuthi emva kwesiganeko esixhokonxa amanyala kawonke-wonke, ingxelo yesiluleko esikhethekileyo, okanye izityholo zehambo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Esi sigqibo sisenokufuna ukuba kuvotelwe ngqo okanye sibhekiselele lo mbandela kwiKomiti yeNdlu. Kwimbali, iKomiti yoKhuphiswano isebenza njengequmrhu eliyintloko eliphandayo, eliqhuba iindlebe, elikhupha ii-pacena, kunye nobungqina obuqokelelwayo.

Xa uphando luqukunjelwa, amavoti ekomiti kumanqaku okungagunyaziswanga, ayizityholo ezingqalileyo ezimiselwe njengezityholo ezisemthethweni. Inqaku ngalinye malivunywe yinkoliso yekomiti ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kwiNdlu epheleleyo ukuze kuxoxwe ngayo. Ingxelo yekomiti idla ngokuchaza ubungqina nokuqiqa okusemthethweni okuxhasa ityala ngalinye.

Ingxoxo Yasekhaya Nesivulo

Xa amanqaku okungagunyaziswa kufikelela kwiNdlu epheleleyo, ixesha lengxoxo lilandelayo. Le ngxoxo idla ngokulandelana, uninzi lwabalawuli abalawula ucwangciso lomgangatho kunye namalungu amancinane anikela iimpikiswano ezithe gqi. Emva kokuphikisana, iNdlu ivota kwinqaku ngalinye ngokwahlukeneyo. Uninzi olulula (ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha saloo voti kunye naloo ikhoyo, ukuthatha i-carorum) kwanele ukudlulisa inqaku. Ukuba inkoliso yevoti evuma ubuncinane inqaku elinye, uMongameli okanye umphathi-mikhosi akafuni mvume.

Kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi kokungaceli nokususwa. Ukuqulunqwa yiNdlu akulishenxisi igosa; liyityala. Igosa lihlala lilindele ukuchotshelwa kwetyala leNdlu yeeNdlu. Indlu ikwakhetha “abaphathi” (amalungu asebenza njengabatshutshisi) ukunikela elo tyala phambi kweBhunga.

Ityala LeBhenat

Emva kwendlu, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMasipala kufuneka iqhube ityala. Le nkqubo ilawulwa yimithetho yeNdlu yeNtlanga, enokulungiselwa ngesigqibo esilula esinguninzi. Ityala lilawulwa nguMgwebi oyintloko waseUnited States xa uMongameli engummangalelwa (kumanye amagosa, uMongameli onguMongameli woBulungiseleli okanye uMongameli weNdlu yeNtlanganiso i-prono isenokungamela). Indima yeJaji eyintloko iquka ukulawula kwimiba ecacileyo kunye nemibuzo ebhaliweyo, nangona iNdlukwano inokuthi ilawule loo mithetho ngevoti enkulu.

Ityala liquka ukuvulwa kwamatyala ngamacala omabini, ukunikelwa kobungqina, ukuvavanywa kwamangqina, kunye neempikiswano zokuqukumbela. Ngokwembali, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi iye yahluka-hlukene ngokuvuma kwayo ukubiza amangqina aphilayo. Umzekelo, ngowe-1999 ukuvavanywa kwamatyala iClinton, amangqina asuswa kodwa awavelanga kumgangatho weNdlu yeNtlanganiso; kuma-20202020 uvavanyo lokuqala lweTrump, akukho mangqina abizelwa, ngoxa kwityala lesibini leTrump ngowama-2021, amangqina awabizwangabizwanga kodwa anikwangabo ubungqina bevidiyo. Emva kokuba ubungqina bunikelwe, iiNtsimbi yeeNtsimbini kwintlanganiso ezivaliweyo zazandula ke iivoti.

Yincomele Inkolelo Okanye Ukugwetywa

Ukuthembeka kufuna isibini-sithathu sobuninzi bee-senator ezikhoyo. Ukuba ubuncinane ezimbini-ntathu zifumana ityala elisemthethweni, igosa lisuswa ngoko nangoko eofisini. ICantenel ingasuswa, ngovotelwa olulula, inokwenza igosa elivalelweyo lingakufanelekeli ukubamba i-ofisi karhulumente yexesha elizayo. Ukuba lingaphantsi kwesibini-3 zovotelo ukuze lifumane ukuvotelwa nakweliphi inqaku, umphathi ukhululwe ngetyala kwaye ahlale ekwiofisi. Akukho sibheno sinokwenzeka; isigqibo seNtsimbi yendlu yendlu sigqibelo.

Amatyala Embali: Ukuqhelisela

Amava okungakhuthaziyo aseMerika aquka amatyala ambalwa kuphela angomongameli, ngalinye likhanyisa iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo lwamandla aphezulu.

Andrew Johnson (1868)

Johnson, owangena ezihlangwini zika Abraham Lincoln emva kokubulawa kwakhe, wangqubana ngokuphindaphindiweyo neBhunga leRepublican ngokumanyumnyezi kwinkqubo yokulungisa inkqubo. Wacetyiswa ngokuyintloko ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho we-Tenure of Ofire, eyalela uMongameli ukuba asuse abalawuli abathile ngaphandle kwemvume yeBhunga. Ukususwa kukaJohnson kukaNobhala weWar Edwin Stanton kwaba yiyo ebangela imposiso. Indlu yavunywa amanqaku ali-11 okungagunyazi. Kwityala leNdluneli, ukutshutshiswa kwetyala kwasilela ukungqina ukwaphulwa okucacileyo komgaqo, kwaye uJohnson wakhululwa yivoti enye (35 ukuya kwi 19 engenanto enecala engenatyala, enye nje efunekayo ekufuneka isithathu). Ityala laseka umgwebo ekuchasene nokungagunyazi kwimigaqo yokuphelisa impikiswano.

Richard Nixon (1974)

Nixon wajongene novuso ngaphaya kwezaphuko zeWatergate kunye nesogqumo esilandelayo. IKomiti yendlu Yomdishi yavunywa amanqaku amathathu: isithintelo sokusesikweni, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, kunye nokudelelwa kweBhunga. Phambi kokuba iNdlu epheleleyo ivote, uNixon warhoxa ngoAugust 9, 1974, emva kokukhululwa “kompu wokutsha” itepe. Ukurhoxa kwakhe kwabonisa ukuba isisongelo sokungaquququzeleli, sidityani noxinzelelo lukawonke wonke nolwezobupolitika, kungavelisa ukuphendula ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso esisemthethweni. Isiganeko kwakhona sakhuthaza indima yokuphengulula ngokuzimeleyo (umtshutshisi okhethekileyo) kunye nommeli wejaji ocacileyo.

UBill Clinton (1998)

Clinton wacetyiswa ukuba aphumele kwityala elikhulu lejaji elikwiqumrhu eliphakamileyo lesizwe kunye nesithintelo sobulungisa, ephuma kulwalamano lwakhe neWhite House intern Monica Lewinsky. Indlu yavota kakhulu kwimigca yeqela. Ityala leNdlu yeeveki ezintlanu, ezihlala iiveki ezintlanu, laphumela ekuvalweni: 45-55 kwinqaku le-perjury kunye nama-50 kwinqaku elithintelayo (kufutshane kwemfuno 67). Imeko ibalase ukubonakala kokungalingani “kolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nezingalungelelaniyo ezingalunganga” njengokusetyenziswa kwizenzo zobuqu eziziphethe ngokungafanelekanga kwasemthethweni. Kwabonisa ukuba ukurhoxilonga kwe-peyinti ingathintela xa inkoliso ye-ama-centator ifumene ihambo ebekekrulonga ngokokuziphatha.

Donald Trump (209-2020 kunye no-2021)

UTrump wacekiswa kabini, okuphela komongameli owanyanzeleka ngaphezu kwesihlandlo esinye. Ityala lokuqala (December 2019) latyhola ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kunye nesithintelo seBhunga ngokunyanzela i-Ukraine ukuba iphande utshaba lwakhe lukaJoe Biden lwezopolitiko ngoxa lwalungalufuni uncedo lwezomkhosi. Indlu ayizange ivume, kodwa iNdlu yeNdlu yamatyala yakhulula yena ngoFebruwari 2020 kwityala elalingabizanga mangqina.

Ityala lesibini leBhunga lenziwe emva kokuhlasela kweCapitol kaJanuwari 2021) emva kokuhlasela uCapitol, lijolise uTrump ngokuphembelela ukuvukelwa. Indlu yamcenga ngenkxaso yebipartisan (kuquka 10 yamavoti). IBhunga leNtlanga yabanjwa emva kokuba uTrump eshiyile isikhundla; ukunyanzeleka komgaqo-siseko wokuzama umongameli wangaphambili kwadityaniswa. Ekugqibeleni, iijaji ezingama-57 zovote ukuchola ukuba bagwe, kunye nezisixhenxe iiRepublicrandezi zidia zidibanise zonke ii Democrats kunye nezizimeleyo `agains' ezimfutshane kumda wesithathu. Ezi meko zigxininisa indlela ukungangenelwa kwesixhobo esiphezulu sokusebenza kweqela lomongameli kunye nokuphakamisa imibuzo engokusebenza kweqela elikhoyo xa iqela lobupolishi lihlala lihlangene.

Intsingiselo Yokuhlolisisa Amandla Alawulayo

Inkqubo yokungagqibeleli isebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko.

  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ukugcina uLinganiso loMgaqo-siseko: Inika uvavanyo oluthe ngqo lomthetho ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwegunya lolawulo olungenakuphunyelelwa ngonyulo okanye iinkundla. Ludibanisa amandla oMongameli kunye namandla ejaji yokuhlola ikomiti.
  • Ukusebenzisa uphazamiso olubi: Ubukho nje bamandla angenagunya kudimaza oomongameli ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ekuxhatshazweni okugqithisileyo, besazi ukuba iBhunga lingenza. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwempumelelo yokususwa kucebisa ukuba lo mphumo wokuthintela ulinganiselwe ekusebenzeni.
  • Ityala elipheleleyo: Inkqubo yokungagqibeki ivelisa ingxoxo kawonke-wonke, ingxoxwa-ndaba, nentetho yezobupolitika. Inyanzela uhlanga ukuba lujamelane nezityholo zobubi obuphezulu kwaye ikwazi ukubumba iimbono zabavoti kunyulo olulandelayo. Umzekelo, phakathi konyaka wama- 1974 kwabonwa iDemocratic maza ngokwenxenye ngenxa yeWatergate.
  • Ukulwa ngokuphakanyiswa koMthetho: uphando lusoloko lubandakanya amaxwebhu nengxelo yesebe eliphetheyo, ngaloo ndlela kucelwwa iingxelo zelungelo eliphezulu. Ukulwa ngamaxwebhu kwixesha leNixon neTrump kwaqhubela phambili imida yamandla e-ovecrynia.

Noko ke, ukungacebisi sisixhobo esibukhali. Imfuneko ephezulu yemasti yolweyiseko ithetha ukuba isebenza ngokunempumelelo kuphela xa kukho ukuvumelana okubanzi ngombizane wolwaphulo-mthetho. Kumaxesha ecandelo elinamandla labaququzeleli, ukungaceli kungasilela ukususa umongameli kodwa ngokuchaseneyo kubekele iindleko ezinkulu zezobupolitika, kungathathwa njengesixhobo esilawulayo esiphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu.

Ukugxekwa Neengxoxo Eziqhubekayo

Abaphengululi nabahlalutyi baye bachaza inkxalabo eninzi ngokuphathelele imeko yanamhlanje yokungakhuthazi njengendlela yokuhlola isebe eliphetheyo:

  • Parisan Weamonement: Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi omabini amaqela aye asebenzisa ukunyanzelisa inzuzo yezobupolitika kunokulungisa ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko wokwenene. Ubuninzi bemigudu yokungakhuthazi (kuquka imigudu yokunyanzelisa ukuvota) angayinciphisa le nkqubo.
  • Ubuchule be “Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho Eziphezulu kunye nezisemngciphekweni”: ngaphandle kwengcaciso ecacileyo yemithetho, umgangatho wenziwe ngeli thuba kunye nenkcazelo yezobupolitika. Oku kungaqondakali kuvumela iqela ngalinye ukuba linwebe elo gama ukufanelana noomongameli benkcaso, okunako ukwandisa umlinganiselo ongaphaya koko babekucebe ngako abaQiqi.
  • Ukugqibelela njengomatshini wokukhupha isantya: Le nkqubo ayinakumsusa umongameli osebenza ngokukhawuleza okanye ogcina amahlakani athembekileyo. Igunya eliyintloko lobuProfesistia, ukulawula ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wequmrhu, kunye namandla esenzo esingesiso sokwamka kuthetha ukuba ukunyanzeleka kuzakucotha kakhulu okanye kwezobupolitika ukuba athethe ngezisongelo ezingxamisekileyo (njengomongameli owalayo ukukhusela uhlanga).
  • Avenues ezi-Alternalitive: Abanye bacebisa ukuHlaliswa kwama-25 (okuvumela uMongameli kunye neKhabhinethi ukuba zivakalise umongameli ukuba angakwazi ukukhulula amagunya) okanye ukumangalelwa kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho emva kokuphuma kwisikhundla njengee-chemiss. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo zinemida yazo: ukuzimisela koMlawuli wama-25 kuxhomekeke kuMphathi-Mongameli oMongameli ukuthatha inyathelo, kunye nokurhoxiwa emva kokuba egqibileyo kuxhomekeke kwinkululeko yeSebe leJaji.

Iingxelo ezininzi zakutshanje zophando lwakutshanje kunye namaxwebhu ophando oludityanisiweyo anika uhlalutyo olunzulu. Umzekelo, iKhomishini yoHlahlo lweKhompyutha isoloko ihlaziya iingxelo ezingeyomfuneko nedepatisi (] (CRS Iziphumo zeNkqutyana)[. Umgaqo-siseko unika inkcazelo engokwembali ka-Fakelayo ka-Celasie [[FLT] [[FLT]] [FLT] [12] [uMgaqo-siseko we-siseko we-siseko] [FLT], noMgaqo-siseko wesizwe unika izibonelelo zembali zembali]. [[5]

Isiphelo: Indima Ehlala Ikho

Inkqubo yokunganikezeli ibalulekile, ukuba ayifezekanga, ijonge umGaqo-siseko kwisebe elilawulayo. Iquka ulwazi lwabaseki lokuba kwanomongameli onyulwe ngedemokhrasi kufuneka aphendule kwiinkqubo zokuphendula ngaphandle kwebhokisi yokuchonga. Ngoxa iimeko zembali zityhila impembelelo yokulawula, imilinganiselo eguquguqukayo, kunye nemiqobo ebhaliweyo, ubukho bolawulo olungagunyaziswanga bunyanzelisa oomongameli ukuba basebenze ngengqalelo enkulu kwimida esemthethweni nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Njengoko inkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMerika iqhubeka ijongena neengxaki ezintsha .

Ukuqonda ingcaciso, imbali, kunye nokusikelwa umda kwayo kubalulekile kuye nawuphi na ummi ofuna ukuvavanya impilo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Inkqubo yokungaququzeli asiyonkqubo yomthetho kuphela; lugwebo lwezopolitiko oluvavanya amandla eBhunga noluntu ukukhusela umthetho. Ngale ndlela, ukungathobeli kusebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuba ingcebiso elipheleleyo kwisebe eliphetheyo alikho kwisebe elinye kodwa likwimvume engokolwazi nokuziphatha kwabantu.