Ukuqonda Isigwebo Nemisebenzi Engokwasemthethweni

Isivumelwano somda womda wabemi siqala ngokuzimisela okuthe ngqo apho inkundla okanye inkundla inegunya lokuva khona impikiswano. Oku akuthethi nje ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuthatha indawo yesivumelwano, kuchaphazela ngqo umthetho osebenzayo, ukunyanzeleka komgwebo, nexabiso kunye nexesha leNkqutyana yokuHlawula. ISigwebo soMgaqo-siseko singasekelwa kwindawo yamaqela, indawo apho isivumelwano sesivumelwano sasenziwe khona, indawo yempahla, okanye umba wempikiswano. Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe njenge [[FLT:] i-Haguekus kuKhetho lweNkuhlela lweNkuhlela[FL:] [FLT1]] [iiiimposiso] ibonelela ulawulo xa amaqela evumeleneyo ukulawula. [[FLT:] Imodeli ye-UNT] Imodeli ye-ARGenetic syst [3]

Abalawuli kufuneka bahlolisise iinkqubo zomthetho zelizwe ngalinye elibandakanyekileyo. Umthetho wamakhaya, umthetho oqhelekileyo, nezithethe zonqulo okanye zomthetho wesithethe zisuka ngokwendlela ezisisiseko ($umthwalo wobungqina, imithetho yokufumana, kunye nendima yemizekelo yahlukene kakhulu. Umzekelo, kumagunya omthetho wasekuhlaleni abagwebi bathatha indima esebenzayo ekuhlanganiseni ubungqina, ngoxa iinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo zixhomekeke kakhulu ekunikezelweni komthetho wezonqulo okanye wesithethe ngesiluleko. Ukuqonda oku kwakuqala kuthintela ukuphambuka kwemikhwa enokuthi inqandeze ityala.

Ukuhlolisisa Umthetho Ocacileyo

Kwanasemva kokuba igunya ligqitywe, inkundla ingasebenzisa umthetho wasemzini kwimibandela encinci. Iimpi - mbilini zemithetho (umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe) imisela ukuba nguwuphi umthetho wobuqu wohlanga olawulayo. Imithombo engundoqo iquka Imigaqo engundoqo yokukhetha uMthetho kwi-International Contracments kunye nemithetho yengingqi efana ne-Rome Igatemplified kwi-Europe Union. I-Practivers kufuneka zihlaluthe le mithetho ekuqaleni kwaye ziquke iingcali kumthetho wasemzini xa kuyimfuneko.

Iintlanganiso Neendibano Ezijongene Nemida Yomda Ophakathi

Izixhobo ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe ezinomsinga womda onqamlezayo wesingqi:

  • Indibano yeNkonzo yeHague – ilawula inkonzo yenkqubo yenkqubela phesheya
  • Indibano yobungqina obuyi-Hague [- – inceda ukufumana ubungqina ngaphaya kwemida
  • Indibano yaseNew York yokwamkelwa nowokunyanzeliswa kwama-Arbitral Awards – yenza ukuba ukwenziwa komsebenzi wokwalatha kumazwe ali-172
  • INdibano yoMgwebo ye-Hague (209) – ijolise ekudaleni isiseko somhlaba wonke sokwazi nokugcinwa komgwebo

Ukwazi ezi zixhobo akuyonto ibalulekileyo, kusekelwe kwisiseko. Ziyalela amaxesha, iimfuno zenkqubo, kwaye ziziphi iinkundla ezinokuva izibhengezo ezithile. Ukungazihoyi kungakhokelela ekugxothweni, ekuphathweni koovimba, okanye ekugwetyweni okunganyanzelekiyo.

Ubuchule bokuqhuba inqanawa ngokunempumelelo

Impumelelo kwisivumelwano somda wasekuhlaleni esinqamlezileyo kufuneka ucebe ngabom ukususela ngexesha impikiswano iphakama ngalo. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zinceda amaqela asemthethweni aphephe imigibe eqhelekileyo kwaye aphucule iziphumo.

Ukucikida Kwangaphambili

Qokelela uhlolo olubanzi lwezibakala, olusebenzayo, kunye nemiqobo enokwenzeka phambi kokuzibophelela ekuhlaziyweni. Yazini ungquzulwano lomthetho, izithuba zolawulo, kunye nezinto zokuzikhusela ezinokwenzeka. Qwalasela ukunyanzeleka komgwebo naluphi na ulawulo olunokwenzeka apho ummangalelwa enezinto ezithile. Olu hlolisiso kufuneka luvavanye ezinye iinketho zesigqibo, ukuhlahlela izicwangciso zomxhasi, neenjongo zoshishino. Uhlolo olulungiselelwe kakuhle lungasindisa iinyanga zokwenziwa kwemali kunye neendleko ezibalulekileyo.

Thetha Necebiso Lasekuhlaleni

Ukuthembela kuphela kwigqwetha elisuka kulawulo lwakho kuyingozi. Isiluleko sasekuhlaleni sizisa ulwazi lwenkcazelo engokwengcaciso, utyekelo lwezahlulelo, ulwimi, nezithethe zenkcubeko. Bangacebisa ngendlela yokunikela ubungqina, nokuba babiza amangqina obuchule, nendlela yokuqhuba imicimbi. Kwimimandla emininzi, kuphela amagqwetha agunyazisiweyo asekuhlaleni anokuvela enkundleni okanye afake imiqondiso yokubongoza. Yakha ulwalamano olunesiluleko esithenjiweyo esithenjiweyo phambi kokuba kuvele ingxaki, kwaye kuqinisekiswe imigca ecacileyo yonxibelelwano kunye namalungiselelo enkcitho.

Ukunceda Iingxelo Zezizwe Ngezizwe

IiNgqungquthela ze-Hague zizixhobo ezinamandla zokwenza lula iinkqubo zomda wemida. Umzekelo, iNdibano yeNkonzo ye-Hague inika indlela esezantsi yokulungiselela amaxwebhu kwelinye ilizwe, ibuyisela izitishi zentsebenziswano ezinzima. I-Hague Evidence Convention ivumela intsebenziswano egwebayo ekufumaneni ubungqina okanye amaxwebhu. I-New York Convention yenza imivuzo enyanzeliswa phantse ehlabathini lonke. Abaququzeleli kufuneka bazi indlela yokuvuselela ezi zivumelwano ngokuchanekileyo //impazamo phantsi kweConvention ingenza ugwebo. Ngamaxesha onke ukujonga isimo semiqathango kunye nezibhengezo ezenziwa lilizwe ngalinye.

Ukunikela ingqalelo Kubungqina

Ubungqina obuthi bungamkeleki kwelinye ilizwe bungasuswa kwelinye. Kwinkqubo zomthetho eqhelekileyo, ubungqina bomlomo kunye nokuxilongwa komnqamlezo busembindini; kwiinkqubo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni, ubungqina obubhaliweyo kunye namaxwebhu abhalweyo bunobunzima obungakumbi. Cwangcisa icebo lakho lobungqina ngezo zombini iimithetho engqondweni. Sebenzisa izixhobo zezizwe ngezizwe ukufumana ubungqina kwelinye ilizwe phantsi kweNgqungquthela yeHague Expoification, okanye iileta ezihlahlelayo ukuze ufumane uncedo lomthetho. Kwakhona, londoloza ubungqina be-elektroniki, ingakumbi xa ihleli kumazwe amaninzi. Ikhain yelungelo nokuqinisekisa kufuneka ihlangabezane nemigangatho yasekuhlaleni.

Hlala Unxibelelana Ngokucacileyo

Amatyala omda onqamlezileyo abandakanya abaxhasi abaninzi: abaxhasi, icebo, abaguquli, amangqina, amasebe asenkundla, yaye ngamanye amaxesha amasebe karhulumente. Ulwimi kunye nomahluko wexesha lommandla udala ukhuhlano. Ukuseka iprotocol yonxibelelwano ekuqaleni: iminxeba yobume obuthe rhoqo, uxwebhu olunogcino-lwazi olwahlulweyo (umz., igumbi logcino-lwazi lendalo), kunye nomendo ocacileyo wemiba engxamisekileyo. Ukuqinisekisa zonke iifayile kunye nocaphulo kuyaguqulelwa kwaye kucaciswe kumxhasi. Ukungagqibeleli ngemida yemiqathango yemi kungo eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo zezizathu zokungagqibekanga kwimidanga-o-mda.

Ulawulo lwexesha

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluphakathi komda lubiza kakhulu kwaye lucotha. Iindleko ziquka ukuhamba, ukuguqulela, iindleko zezeluleko zasekuhlaleni, iinkcitho zoogxada, amangqina, kunye nemali yokuhlawula ityala kwimali eninzi. Yenza uqingqo-mali olusengqiqweni olufuna ezi nkcukacha. Ngokufanayo, iilayini zexesha zinganwenwa kwiminyaka ngenxa yokulibaziseka kwenkonzo, ukubhenela, ukubhena, kunye nokuqinisekisa. Beka izindululo zomxhasi zisekuqaleni ukucwangcisa ukulibazisa okubhaliweyo. Qwalasela ukuditya okucwangcisiweyo komzekelo, ulawulo lokuqala nokhetho lomthetho, ngoko ke uqhubekela kwiimfaneleko.

Ucelomngeni Nendlela Yokoyisa

Every cross-border civil case presents unique obstacles. Below are the most common challenges and practical strategies for overcoming them.

Imithetho Engqubanayo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yomthetho eyahlukeneyo ingaphatha inkupho enye ngokungaguquguqukiyo. Umzekelo, isivumelwano esisebenzayo phantsi komthetho welizwe elinye singalwaphula inkqubo kawonke-wonke kwelinye. Imithetho yomlinganiselo iyahluka ngokubanzi /enye irejistamenti yeminyaka elishumi, ezinye zinomda omnye, ezinye ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka elishumi. Ukulwa-mthetho-kuhlalutyo lunzima kwaye lufuna igalelo lobuchule. Ukuphelisa oku: ubandakanya isazi somthetho esithelekisayo kwangoko; ifayile yesenzo sokukhusela kwisebe lesibini ukuba ixesha lommiselo lifutshane; qwalasela inyathelo elingangeni-lumbini elithe ngqo; kwaye iquka ukhetho lwemithetho yemithetho kwizivumelwano zexesha elizayo.

Imiqobo Yeelwimi

Ukucela inkundla, ubungqina, kunye neempikiswano zomlomo zisoloko zifuna iinguqulelo ezingqinisiweyo. Uguqulelo olungelulo lungagqwetha iingcamango ezingokwasemthethweni okanye izibakala ezichanekileyo, ezikhokelela ekugxothweni okanye kwimifanekiso engalunganga. Ukuphelisa oku: kusebenzisa abaguquleli abasemthethweni abagunyazisiweyo abanobuchule obunolwazi oluphezulu; banamaxwebhu angundoqo ahloliweyo ahloliweyo egqwethelwe ligqwetha lezigaba-lwimi; balungisa ukucaciswa kwamagama angundoqo asemthethweni; kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba abatoliki bakhona ukwenzela ukuva nokufakelwa kweminye. Ngaphezulu, ezinye inkundla zamazwe zivumela ukusetyenziswa kwesiNgesi okanye isiFrentshi njengolwimi olusebenzayo. Oku kuluncedo ukuba kukunceda imeko yakho.

Ukunyanzelwa Kwemigwebo

Ukuphumeza umgwebo kusisiqingatha semfazwe. Ukuwufaka kwilizwe lasemzini apho ummangalelwa ephethe izinto enokuba nzima ngakumbi. INdibano yaseNew York iqinisekisa ukunyanzelisa ukugcinwa kolawulo, kodwa izigwebo zenkundla zixhomekeke kwizivumelwano ze-biverdal okanye ezininzi (umz., iBrussels I Recast in EU, i-Hague Justice Convention apho kusebenza khona). Ngaphandle kwezivumelwano ezinjalo, ukunyanzelisa kungafuna ukumangalelwa okutsha kwimithetho elawulayo. Ukuphelisa oku: [FLT] [e.1]] ichaza iimpahla zabamangalelwayo phambi kovavanyo; imiyalelo eshinyeneyo apho ifumaneka khona; ukubhalisa izivumelwano ze-octiveractive; ukubhalisa xa kuthelwa ummiselo kwasekuqaleni.

Umahluko

Imithetho ekufunyanisweni, ubungqina obubonisa ukuba nokwenzeka, kunye neenkqubo zokuva zahluka kakhulu. Ezinye imigaqo-siseko ivumela ukufunyanwa okubanzi, ezinye ziyakwalela ngokupheleleyo. Izicelo zemveliso yexwebhu ezisetyenziswa rhoqo eUnited States zingathathwa njengokwaphulwa kobucala okanye ilungelo kwi-European Union. Ukuyoyisa oku: ukuvumela izicelo zakho zokufunyanwa kwimithetho yasekuhlaleni; sebenzisa i-Hague Ecedifict Conven ukufumana ubungqina phesheya ngaphandle kokuphula umthetho wasekuhlaleni; ukubuza ngesiluleko sobulali malunga neenkqubo ezigunyaziko zolawulo olusemthethweni xa zifuneka.

Indleko Nokulibazisa

Udityaniso lomda womda luthwala amaxabiso aphezulu ngenxa yeefemu ezininzi zomthetho, uhambo, uguqulelo, kunye nemali yobuchule. Ukulibazisa kudityaniswa ngenkonzo yenkqubela yokunqamleza imida, izifungo zoguqulelo, kunye nezibongozo ezinokuthatha iminyaka. Ukuphelisa oku: kucwangcisa uqingqo-mali oluneenkcukacha ngento eyenzekayo, sebenzisa iindlela zolawulo lweprojekthi kwinkqubela-mo-mkhondo; qwalasela uvavanyo okanye ukuhlalisa iingqungquthela; kwaye kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo, kukhethwa ulwaniso olusoloko luhamba ngokukhawuleza luze luvumele amalungu asebenzisa ixesha.

IMithendeleko yeNkqutyana enguMongami neMikhosi kaRhulumente

Ukuba elinye iqela lingurhulumente wasemzini okanye lizimeleyo, ukhuseleko oluphezulu lungathintela ulawulo okanye ukugcinwa komthetho. UMthetho we-Immonies (US), uMlawuli wangaphandle we-Istalumente (UK), kunye nemithetho efanayo inika umgaqo ongaphandle kodwa ifuna uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo. Umsebenzi wezorhwebo usoloko usebenza, kodwa upheliswa ngokuchasene nolawulo luchaphazelekayo kwezobupolitika. [[FLT:] Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqumrhu likufanele ukukhuselwa kwezo ngxaki; qokelela ubungqina borhwebo; qwalasela izindululo zokwahlukana eziquka ukuthintelwa kokhuseleko; kwaye ubandakanye isiluleko esikhethekileyo kwi-omatilo-mthetho. [[FLT]] Ukuqinisekisa oku:[[[[FLTY: 1]]

Umahluko wenkcubeko neMidlalo

Amasiko eshishini, izimbo, kunye nemithetho yendlela yokuziphatha ayahluka. Kwezinye iindawo, ungquzulwano olungqalileyo luyaphetshwa; kwezinye, ukuqhatha kujongwa njengokubuthathaka. Ukunyoba kunye norhwaphilizo kusenokufakwa kwiinkqubo ezithile zomthetho. Ukuyeka oku: [ uqeqesho lwamaqela asemthethweni ngokusebenza kwenkcubeko; gcina amacebiso asekuhlaleni aqonda izithethe; gcina ngokungqongqo ukuvumelana nemithetho echasene nokonakala (Umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wokwaMazwe, UK Chigcign ’ Act); kwaye uxwebhu lwazo zonke iingxoxo ezicacileyo.

Enye impikiswano: Isigqibo esifanelekileyo

Ukunikwa iindleko kunye nobunzima bomda onqamlezayo, enye impikiswano yesombululo (ADR) isoloko iyindlela engcono. I-Arbittion inika ubhetyebhetye, ubundilele, kunye nesakhono esinyanzelekileyo emhlabeni wonke phantsi kweNdibano yaseNew York. I-Media ingalondoloza ulwalamano lwezoshishino kunye nokucombulula iimpikiswano ngokufihlakeleyo. Iinkundla zezorhwebo zamazwe ngamazwe (umz., iCurtment International Comfort, iDubai International Financial Center Courts) nazo zinikezela ngeenkonzo zobugcisa obukhethekileyo kwi-onele yempikiswano.

Xa kuqukwa izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, quka izindululo zesigqibo ezichaza:

  • Ukukhetha umthetho
  • Ukukhethwa kwe-asterem (umbutho okanye isiko lokwalatha)
  • Ulwimi lwemicimbi
  • Ulwandle lofuduso okanye indawo
  • Inani labaLawuli neeMfaneleko
  • Imithetho elawula ukurhoxiswa (ICC, LCIA, SIAC, I-UNCITRAL)

Kwanakwiingxwabangxwaba ezikhoyo, amaqela anokuvumelana neADR ngokwenza isivumelwano sokuthobela. I-ADR inciphisa imfazwe elawula amacala, inike ubungqina obubonisa iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo nezithe ngqo.

Amanyathelo asebenzisekayo okujija ityala lomda wengingqi

Xa ucalucalulo lungenakuphepheka, landela la manyathelo ukuqinisekisa inkqubo egudileyo:

  1. [[FLT: 0] Inkonzo yomsebenzi wenkqubela-phambili yemfuno – Sebenzisa iNdibano yeNkonzo ye-Hague ukuba womabini amazwe ayiyo tyikityo. misela ukuba inkonzo yobuqu okanye iposi ebhalisiweyo ivumelekile kusini na.
  2. Ifayile ityala kwinkundla elungileyo – Qinisekisa inkundla inegunya lommangalelwa kunye nomba wesihloko. Khangela ukuba lulawulo olupheleleyo lwemithetho.
  3. isalathisi kwaye yahlula onke amaxwebhu – iinguqulelo eziqinisekisiweyo kunye neziqinisekiso zobupostile zingafuneka. Cwangcisa amanyathelo obungqina awongezelelekileyo ukuba ilizwe elisisiphelo asilolungu leNdibano ye-Hague Apostille.
  4. ulwimi olulawulayo enkundleni – Misa ukuba inkundla iza kwamkela amaxwebhu ngesiNgesi okanye ifuna iireyibhuli zolwimi lwasekuhlaleni. Beka iplani yabatoli.
  5. [[UMTL: 0] Lungiselela ukulungiselela ukumiswa nokufunyanwa - Sebenzisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni ekutyhilweni. Sebenzisa izixhobo zamazwe ngamazwe ukufumana ubungqina obuvela kwelinye ilizwe.
  6. I- Izakhelo zokunyanzelisa [ – Ugcino lwempahla. Hlola urhulumente wonyanzeliso-mthetho kwigunya apho ulindele ukuphumeza umgwebo.

Umthetho Wetyala Nemizekelo Eluncedo

Imizekeliso yehlabathi lokwenene igxininisa ukubaluleka kokulungiselela. kwiSociété National Industriel Aérospatiale v. Inkundla yeSithili yeUnited States (1987), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US igxininisa ukuba iNgqungquthela ye-Hague Engqinayo ayiniki iinkqubo ezizodwa. [`iicatapics] zisenokusebenzisa imithetho yokufumana i-US, kodwa iinkundla kufuneka ziqwalasele i-come. Le sigqibo sibunjwa ngendlela okufunyanwa kwezizwe ngezizwe namhlanje. Ngokufanayo, HIlton. v. Guylot[ [1855]]]) umgaqo we-comstiki uhlala uqwalalse kwimibango yokufumana kwemivwabo yamazwe angaphandle kwizivumelwano.

Kwityala lakutshanje elibandakanya umnikezi we-Jamani kunye nomthengi wase-Brazil, iqela laseJamani lafaka ityala eJamani. Noko ke, isivumelwano sasiqulathe i-forum exhasa i-Brazil. Inkundla yaseBrazil yala ukunyanzelisa umgwebo we-Jamani phantsi kwemithetho ye-Brazilian of Civil Procedure. Isifundo: ngamaxesha onke khangela ukuba i-forum iza kuqwalaselwa kusini na ngurhulumente womnye umbutho. Kwenye imeko, ukunyanzeliswa komgwebo wase-US eTshayina kwakhatywa ngenxa yokuba umgwebo wawungagqibekanga phantsi komthetho wamaTshayina. Ithuba lokubheno kufuneka lilinde umva phambi kokuba uqaphele ulawulo.

Ukwakha umda wesixhobo sokusasaza esikwimida enganqamleziyo

Uqhutyo olunempumelelo lwemida yabemi olunqamlezileyo lufuna okungaphezulu kunolwazi olusemthethweni olufuna ukulungiselela ukusebenza. Qwalasela ukuhlanganisa ezi zinto zilandelayo phambi kokuba imeko ivele:

  • Uthungelwano lwesiluleko sasekuhlaleni – kwimithetho engundoqo ehlabathini lonke.
  • Inika isiseko sogcino-lwazi lomthetho wamanye amazwe – njenge Kluwer Arbitration, Westlaw International, okanye iizibuko zomthetho zasekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] abaguquleli abanconywayo kunye nabatoliki - isebenzisa amagama asemthethweni.
  • I-software yolawulo lweproject – Ukulandelela ixesha elimisiweyo kwiingingqi zexesha.
  • Imbuyiselo engenisayo – Ukuxhasa ngemali okanye amaxabiso angalunganga.

Isiphelo

Ucalucalulo lomda wabemi olusuka ekuqaleni lungangokwamkelwa okuphezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwendlela ephezulu yokulungisa, yokuzibhokoxa, kunye nokucinga okulungeleleneyo. Ukuqonda izakhiwo zolawulo, izivumelwano ezixhobisayo zezizwe ngezizwe, ukudibanisa iingcali zasekuhlaleni, kunye nokucwangcisa ukugcinwa komthetho, akuyonto ekhethekileyo. Zingumahluko phakathi kwesiphumo esilungileyo kunye nokungagqibeki kwento. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezidweliswe ngasentla nokuhlala zihambela phambili kumthetho wabucala wezizwe ngezizwe, abenzi bomthetho osemthethweni bangaqhuba kakuhle ezi meko, bakhusele izilangazelelo zabo, kwaye baphumele iziphumo ezinyanzekileyo. Ikamva lempikiswano yokunqamleza umda ziya kuqhubekeka ngezivumelwano ezintsha kunye nobugcisa, kodwa ezisisiseko zishiyekile: uvavanyo, ubuchule, ukujikeleza, kunye nokulandelelana koomatshini bobunonophenguluko.