Indlela Yokungena Kumalungelo Esizwe: Indlela Okukhusela Ngayo Ukukhetha Ukhuseleko Oluncinane

IBhili yamaLungelo .-ishumi lokuqala lokulungisa icandelo loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S.(wabhalwa ekuqaleni ukuvala kuphela urhulumente wezwe. Amazwe ayekhululekile ukungazikhathaleli ezo siqinisekiso ngaphandle kokuba umgaqo-siseko wawo unikezele ukhuseleko olufanayo. Lo msantsa wabangela isisongelo esinzulu kumaqela amancinane, aye asoloko ejongene nocalucalulo kurhulumente nakwiqondo lasekuhlaleni. Kule nkulungwane iPhakathi, iNkunkulu yeNkundla iSwe igquma ilo ivala loo mfundiso esemthethweni ebizwa ngokuba yi- ikhetha i-atting [[, isebenzisa uninzi lwamalungelo eencwadi kumazwe adlula kumgangatho we-14. Lo msebenzi usuke waba sesinye sezixhobo esinamandla kakhulu sokukhusela amalungelo abantu abambalwa eMelika, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko esisiseko ayingombandela wemithetho yasekuhlaleni okanye imicimbi yasekuhlaleni yasekuhlaleni.

Inkundla ibuza ukuba ityala eliququzelelweyo alisosiganeko esinye kodwa lisemcimbini owenziwayo. Inkundla ibuza ukuba “isizathu sokulunga sikwingcamango yenkululeko eyomelelweyo” okanye“ inkcazo yendlela yokulawula yaseMelika.” Ukuba yile, ilungelo liyaqukwa lize libotshwe libotshwe. Ngokungafaniyo netyala eliququzelelwayo ``````ukulungisa''''''''' ngokunjalo/ukukhetha ukuqulunqika okungako kwenkundla yetyala kuvumela iNkundla ukuba ilinganise nokubaluleka ngasekunene. Le ndlela yangabomganyana yandisa umgangatho wokhuseleko lomgangatho wokhuseleko kubantu abancinane ngaphaya kwelizwe, ukusuka ekuthetheni ngokukhululekile nasengqungqutheleni kulawulo lwamapolisa kunye nolwezolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukusuka KwiBarron Ukuya KwiGitlow: IGenesis Yokhetho

Eli bali liqala nge Barron v. Baltimore [1868], apho uMgwebi omkhulu uJohn Marshall wayekholelwa ukuba iBhili yamaLungelo isebenza kurhulumente wezwe. Kwiminyaka engamashumi eminyaka emva koko, la magunya anokuthi intetho yebridge engenagunya, iqhube ingxubusho, okanye ikhanyele iityala zejaji ngaphandle kokwaphula umGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Emva kwemfazwe ye-Gawula, umphetho-145 (1868) wazisa i-i-injini ye-RPhondo ye-Classion [ u-"URGeneshortssssss Claus [[[FLT]]]: “kungayi kunokuthi ingqubaniswe nawu nawuphi nabani nabani nabaniswe, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho, ngenxa yeminyaka, ephakamileyo sokusebenzisa oku kusetyenziswa kooyika, ukuphazamisa kooyika.

Incam yokutshintsha yafika [[FLT: 0] Gitlow v. New York (1925). Benjamin Gitlow, umsociali, wabanjwa phantsi komthetho wesigebengu waseNew York wolwaphulo-mthetho lokuhambisa incwadana ebizwa ngokuba Le Lework Wing Wing Maredo . INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ukuqiniseka kwayo kodwa, ngokubalulekileyo, yavakalisa ukuba “ngoku sinokwamkela inkululeko yokuthetha kunye neyo yokushicilela.

Indlela Ezikhethwa ngayo Ii-opera zokhetho: Uvavanyo lwenkululeko elungelelanisiweyo

INkundla isebenzise iimvavanyo ezimbini ezingundoqo ukugqiba ukuba ingaba ilungelo limele liququzelelwe na. Eyokuqala, ichazwe ngokuchanekileyo ku-Palko v. Connecticut [1937], ibuza ukuba ilungelo likwingcamango yokuba “liyinkululeko esesikweni necacileyo yenkqubo yokusesikweni ngaphandle kwayo. Ngaphantsi kwalo, iNkundla iquka intetho yoMfunxeko wokuqala, cinezela, kunye nendibano, iSiphendulo sesine sokhuseleko ekuphengululweni okungekho ngqiqweqwele, kunye nokungalungiswa kweSihlanu. Umthetho weSibi seSibini, unyuso lwetyala. Umthetho wesibini, omninzi kakhulu uvela [FLT:dN] v.[5][5]

Ukukhetha kukhetha ngokusesikweni kuba kuvumela iNkundla ukuba iqwalasele ukubaluleka kwasekunene kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nokhuseleko oluncinane. Umzekelo, ilungelo leSimemezelo sesihlanu kwityala elikhulu labachopheli-mthetho phambi kokuba ityala ligqalwe njengelinganyaniswanga ngokomdla kwaye lingangeniswanga. Okwangoku, ilungelo elichasene lokwahlula-hlula-hlula [ ngokwako [iiindlela ephakathi] lafakwa kuqheliselo lwembali, amaxabiso exesha elimisiweyo, neengozi zemeko ezizizo ze-FLT.

Ukukhusela Ilizwi Elincinane: Umgaqo - siseko Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Komthetho

Intetho ekhululekileyo neNdibano

UHlaliso Lokuqala luyindawo ephambili yokungafundi melo oluncinane. Emva Getlow, iNkundla ithe ngcembe ithetha, ishicilela, ingqungquthela, kunye nesicelo. Denge v. Oregon[FL:3] [1937], iNkundla yawisa umthetho osemthethweni oyalela ukuba abantu beyaphule ulwaphulo-mthetho kwintlanganiso yamaKomanisi, ibambe ukuba ilungelo lendibano yoxolo “liphawu lobomi bethu njengelungelo lokuthetha ngenkululeko." Oku kuvumela amaqela angephindiweyo acwangciiiiiiiiiiiswe ngaphandle koloyiko lwemeko. [FLD] ACP [FT] v [55], [ii-195], iNkukhuselwa kweNkunga olungenawonga olufanelekileyo lokuzinziswa kwemi, ukuthintela, ukuthintela amalungelo, ukuthintela amaLungu.

Ukuqhelisela Unqulo Ngokukhululekileyo

AmaNgqina kaYehova avumele ukusasaza uncwadi lwenkolo nangona kukho umthetho ogunyazisayo. Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940), iNkundla yaquka ukuvavanywa kokuzilolonga kwe-Free Execreation Claus, ivumela amaNgqina kaYehova ukuba asasaze uncwadi lwezonqulo nangona kungumthetho karhulumente wokungagunyazisi. [[FLT:]] Shertbert v. Verner[FLT] [[63] [1963]), iNkuvavanya umgangatho wonqulo oluncinane, iqinisekisa ukuba ukukhandleka komsebenzi komzamzingeno waseMzantsi Carolina kungenelo lwenzuzo kuMgqibelo wesithathu. Ngexesha elizayo kumele ukuba angabikho semthethweni ongomnye ongowodwa. Udidi oluncinane. Smith Smith [FLT:] (1990)

Ukukhusela Abameli Abancinane: Ulwaphulo - mthetho Olungavisisaniyo

Ukukhetha kuye kwanengxaki enkulu kuhlanga oluncinane noqoqosho kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Inkundla yeWarren (1953-1969) yayila imvukelo kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ibandakanya iinguquko ezininzi zokuphelisa uqheliselo oluxhatshazwayo lwamazwe.

Umthetho wobugqi: Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

[[FLT:] kumgaqo , kodwa engazange ifune irejista efumene ubungqina obungekho mthethweni. (1949), iNkundla yathi ukhuseleko lweSine sokuLawula ngokungekho ngqiqweni lwasetyenziswa kumazwe , kodwa yala ukufuna ulawulo lokungabufaki ubungqina obungekho mthethweni obusemthethweni. Oku kwadala inkqubo yokulawula okubini: iintwana ezincinci kwinkundla zomthetho ezisemgagagangeni, kodwa ezo zikwinkundla zikarhulumente azizange zisetyenziswe. U-Ohio amapolisa Dollree Map’s ngaphandle kwemvume, ejonge ukuqhushukulwa, kwaye afunyaniswe izinto ezingcolileyo. Wabekwa ityala kuphela kubungqina obungumqondiso obugqwethakeleyo. [FT] [5]

Ekunene kwicebo: [[FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Clarence Earl Gideon, indoda elihlwempu eyayinemfundo yesihlanu ephantsi, wabekwa ityala lokuqhekeza kwigumbi lokuhlala eFlorida. Wacela igqwetha; urhulumente wala ngenxa yokuba iFlorida kuphela icebo elimiselwe amatyala amarhafu. Wazithethelela kwaye wagwetywa. INkundla ePhakamileyo yathi inguMphetho-Mtendeko weSithandathu wawubalulekile kwaye wafakwa kwiSindululo seMgqomo se-145. “ULawyers kwiinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho ziyimfuneko, hayi ubunewunewu,” IJaji eBlayide. [[FLT:]] Gideon Iziphumo eziphuculwe ngokuphawulekayo zokuba iSindululo seSixwe seSixwe seSithandathu sikwaneephelo soMthethweno-mthetho, ngaphandle kwe-Advitiom, urhulumente angasigcon, angasikhanyisi.

Ukhuseleko ekuziphindeni: [[FLT: 0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

[[FLT:] uManda izilumkiso ezithi: “Unelungelo lokuhlala uthule”"" kwaye zifuneka kuphela kuba iNkundla ifake umgaqo weSigqibo wesihlanu sokuzilungisa ngokwayo [[FLT:]. U-Hogan[FLT] [FLT]] [[FLT]] [FLT] [64]] [iiiiiilungelo lokuhlala] yaye yasetyenziswa ekubambeni umthetho weprophycycript [[FLT]] [iNT] [iiiiiiindawo ephezulu] . u-Mirand, indoda ehlwempukuMalk, yancinwa ngaphandle kokuxelwa kwexesha lokungala okanye ukunikwa kwesiluleko. Inkundla yetyala lakwakhelo lakwane, ngoku isebenzisa iNkuphatha esetyenziswa yiNkundla yeNkundla yezandla yezonganiso ePhalathi yelizwe, ekwayo iPhondo

Isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga: Robinson v. California (1962) kunye nangaphaya

Ukuvalwa koMphetho-mda wesiXhobo wesibhozo kwafakwa kwisohlwayo senkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga Robinson v. California, apho iNkundla yawisa umthetho waseCalifornia owabangela ukuba ukukhotyokiswa yiziyobisi kube sisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. “Akunakwenzeka ukuba naliphi na iLizwe kule mzuzu embali lizame ukusenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lomntu ukuba agule ngengqondo,” iJaji iStiotz yaphawulwa. Oku kuvumele iqela elincinane ukuba licel ’ umngeni wentengiso (ukuququzelelwa kwe-faultrast Claus Claus e [FLD:]]] v[FLT]3]) kunye nesigwebo sentolongo seziyobisi esichaphazela i-Blank. [RFobt] isetyenziswe ngokwesiGenethi se-out KG:[5] umlinganiselo ongekho sikweni sobukhali, njengoko simothenjiweyo.[FFFog.]

Ukukhusela ukulingana ngenkqubo elindelekileyo: Ukungavisisani kwale mihla namalungelo amancinane

Icandelo elikhethekayo alipheleli kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Inkundla iqukishe ukuthatha kweNkqutyana yokuGawulayo yesihlanu ( iChicago, iBurlington & Quincy Railroad v. iChicago[ [1897]]), iqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente abanako ukuthatha impahla ngaphandle kokuhlawula nje kuphela imbuyiselo, ikhuselo ebalulekileyo kumnini-mhlaba othe wakhuselwa phantsi kwequzelelwa phantsi kwequmrhu eliphezulu. Ilungelo lesibini loMfunxeko lalo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo lafakwa [[FLT:] McDonald. [[FLTFLD] (2010]), ityala eliziswa ngummi wabemi baseChicago owayefuna umpulu-ophu-mgamga-othene. Inkundla ejongene kwiNkuhlala-ebugcubangene.

Mhlawumbi ukusetyenziswa kwale nkqubo kwangoku ngokukhetha amalungelo amancinane kwafika kumatyala omtshato. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), iNkundla Ephakamileyo yabambelela kwelokuba iSibonelo seMgqibelo se 145 seSigqibo siqinisekisa ukuba izibini ezi-exx - sexx nult Claus zinelungelo lokutshata. Ngelinye icala iNkundla ayizange ixhomekeke kwindibaniso kuphela, isebenzisa nenkqubo esezantsi efunekayo yesifundo sobuchule be-"Qumquzelelo: ilungelo lokutshata elingundoqo elingenako ukumisela ukuqulunqwala iBhu. Ngaphandle kokuqulunqwa kwamalungu, amajelo anokuqhubeka ukukhanyela amalungelo omtshato kwizinxulumani, ukwenza uvavanyo lwe-computbo yokunga.

Amalungelo Angenazimvo Nempembelelo Yawo Kubantu Abancinane

Asiyonkqubo yeBhili yamaLungelo efakiweyo. ISindululo sesithathu (indawo eqengqelelwayo yamajoni) asizange sisetyenziswe kumaphondo. Imfuneko enkulu ye-F5 Amendment isekhoyo, intsingiselo yemithetho elawulayo ingamangalelwa ngolwazi okanye isikhalazo .

Indlela yokukhetha ithetha ukuba iNkundla ingawahlola kwakhona amalungelo angafakwanga ngokuqwalasela iimeko ezitshintshayo. Umzekelo, ibheyile egqithisileyo yelungiselelo lokuLawulwa koMphetho-mda wesiXhobo ayifakwanga ngokusemthethweni kuluvo lokulawula, kodwa maxa wambi iinkundla ezisezantsi ziye zayisebenzisa kwinkqubo efanelekileyo. Ukuba urhulumente waye uza kufumana inkqubo yebheyile enqanda ukunqandwa kwabamangalelwa abambalwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqululwe, iNkundla ingagqiba kwelokuba iquke i-Bail Claus eninzi ngokugqithisileyo ukuze inikezele umlinganiselo wohlanga olufanayo.

Isiphelo: Inkuselo Ephilayo Yamalungelo Amancinane

Ukukhetha okuqulunqwa koMphetho wokuqala asikokuhlala okukhoyo kwe-20 yenkulungwane ye-jurispruage. Iseyimfundiso ephilayo ehambelana nezisongelo ezintsha nxamnye namalungelo amancinane. Xa urhulumente egqithisa abagqaliseli bomthetho abajonge isigwebo sobuhlanga, uGawulayo wokuqala unika ucelomngeni olukhawulezileyo lomgaqo-siseko. Xa umkhosi wamapolisa ubandakanyeka ekufunyaniseni ngokobuhlanga, uMphengululi wesi-Gada-Gawulayo wesine unika abamangalelisi isixhobo sokucinelela ulawulo lobuncinane lombala. Xa urhulumente efaka isigwebo somvo somdla wodidi olu-8, ugunyazisa umhlaza.

Inkcubeko yokukhetha ixhomekeke kububhetyebhetye bayo, kwaye iNkundla ingandisa ukhuseleko njengoko ibutho labantu liguquka. Iqinisekise ukuba kumaMelika kulo lonke urhulumente anandipha iyunifomu, ithutyana elincinane lenkululeko, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi ikhethe lasekuhlaleni okanye amatshintshi zobupolitika. Kumaqela amancinane, lo mgangatho wesizwe ubungumahluko phakathi kokuvalwa kwentambo ngaphandle kwesiluleko nokukhuselwa, phakathi kokuhlolwa ngaphandle kwesizathu nokukhululwa ngaphandle kwesizathu. Njengoko ilizwe lizama ukungenelelana ngokuqhubekayo ngempikiswano engorhulumente, utshintsho lwamapolisa, kunye nokulingana, i-onke i-ekhombathi, iza kuqhubeka isebenza njengebhulokhwe esemthethweni ethwala uVill yamaLungelo ukuya kumaphondo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwiimeko ezingundoqo kunye nophuhliso lwembali lokuququzelela, tyelela iprojekthi ye-Oyez yezimvo ezipheleleyo, Cornell Legin Information Institute[ yocatshulo lwemfundiso, kunye SCOTYMYY[ lohlaluzo lwangoku lokudityaniswa kweNkunyelo kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo.