Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo phakathi kwezixhobo ezithe zalandela umongameli wase-U.S. ihlala iyenye yeziseko eziqondwa kancinane zolawulo lwaseMelika. Le miyalelo, ekhutshwe ngaphandle kweNdlu emhlophe, ithwala impembelelo yomthetho kwaye ivumele umongameli ukuba ajike, amaziko angqalileyo, kwaye aphendule kwiimeko ezingavunyelwayo. Abafundisi- ntsapho nabafundi abafunda imbali nentlalo, baqonde indlela imiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu elungela ngayo kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko ibalulekile, hayi nje kuphela ekuqondeni ulawulo lwangaphambili kodwa nasekuhloleni iingxoxo zezobupolitika zale mihla.

Luyintoni Ulungelelwano Olulawulayo?

Umyalelo olawulayo ngumyalelo obhaliweyo ovela kumongameli olawula imisebenzi karhulumente karhulumente worhulumente. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ungachazi ngokucacileyo imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, uye wasetyenziswa ukususela kwiintsuku zokuqala zeRiphabliki. UGeorge Washington wakhupha umyalelo wokuqala olawulayo ngo1789, efundisa amagosa ekhabharabhusayithi ukuba alungiselele iingxelo ngeli zwe lawo. Ukususela ngoko, oomongameli baye bakhupha amawaka emiyalelo enjalo, ukususela kwimiyalelo yolawulo ukuya kwiinguqu zenkqubo.

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ipapashwa kwi Register kwaye inesiphumo esisi sesibophelelo somthetho kumasebe aphetheyo. Noko ke, abanako ukwenza imithetho emitsha okanye imali efanelekileyo; igunya labo lisuka kwimimiselo ekhoyo okanye kumandla omGaqo-siseko kamongameli. Xa umongameli ekhupha umyalelo ogqitha loo mida, iinkundla zingayibetha.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko solungelelwano olunolawulo oluphezulu

Isiseko esisemthethweni semiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo sikwiGatya II loMgaqo-siseko wase-United States. Icandelo 1 iiyunifomu ezilawulayo kumongameli, kunye neCandelo 3 libeka umongameli umrhumo “wokunyamekela ukuba iMithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka.” Zonke, ezi ngxelo zinika umongameli igunya elibanzi lokulawula i-pragratimen kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba injongo yengqungquthela iyaphunyezwa.

Amandla Asetyenziswayo Noqheliselo Lwembali

UMgaqo-siseko awukhankanyi ngokucacileyo imiyalelo yolawulo, kodwa ingcamango yamagunya achaziweyo . Incourt iqala ngokucaciswa Mcloch v. Maryland (1819)] (16) (ivumela umongameli ukuba enze izenzo ezifunekayo ukuze afeze iimbopheleleko zomgaqo-siseko. [19] [19]] [iNkundla Ephakamileyo] iqaphele ukuba umongameli unamandla akwimicimbi yangaphandle kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe, njengoko kubonwa ku United States v.[FLT][3] [iiiiindlela elungele ukuhanjiswa kwemithetho] [iinqanawa] [195]) ngenxa yezenzo zemfazwe ezinjalo. Kodwa iNkubekquluko luye lwabekwa imidalo, ngokuphawulekayo kwi [FLD:5]

Ukuqonda olu xinezeleko lomgaqo-siseko kubalulekile: imiyalelo yabalawuli inamandla kodwa isoloko iphantsi kwemida ebekwe ngumGaqo-siseko, iKhonkcotho, kunye neenkundla. Ukuvavanya okuzinzileyo kwesithi “Canuance". Igalelo le- IQumrhu leNkcubeko lezeNkcubeko le-ICutho II .

Indima yoorhulumente abalawulayo

Imiyalelo yegunya isebenza imisebenzi emininzi kurhulumente wase-U.S. Ayizindululi nje kuphela izindululo zolawulo lomongameli; zizixhobo ezisebenzayo eziguqulela iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo kwimisebenzi eqinisekisiweyo. Ngasezantsi zizinto eziphambili ezidlalayo.

Ukuthobela Imithetho Emiselwe Ziingqungquthela

Emva kokukhupha umthetho weKhomishini, umongameli usoloko ekhupha umyalelo ophezulu wokwalathisa indlela abameli besizwe abafanele bawunyanzelise ngayo loo mthetho. Umzekelo, emva kokumiswa koMthetho we-Cec Air, oomongameli bakhupha imiyalelo yokuba kunikwe iimbopheleleko kwi-Arhente yeNkundla yokuKhuselwa Kwendawo Ebumelwayo nokumisela imiqathango yokuthobela. Le miyalelo ayithathi indawo yomthetho kodwa inika ukhokelo olunenkcukacha oluzalisa iikhephelo ezishiywe ngolwimi lwemithetho.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo nemisebenzi

Umongameli, njengentloko yesebe elilawulayo, uyalela ukuba kulungiswe kwakhona amaqumrhu, kumiselwe iikomiti ezintsha zokulungelelanisa, okanye kumiselwe imigangatho yokusebenza. UMthetho oLawulwe ngoLawulo 12866 (1993), okhutshwe nguMongameli Clinton, ufuna ukuba amaqumrhu aqhube iinkcitho zexabiso lemimiselo emikhulu. Le miyalelo ibumba umsebenzi wemihla ngemihla wequmrhu eliphethe i-ofisi kwaye inokuba neziphumo ezicacileyo kwindlela imali yabahlawuleli-mali esetyenziswa ngayo.

Ingxamiseko yesizwe

Enye yezona zenzo ziphezulu zemiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo kukuphendula kwiimeko ezimaxongo zesizwe. UMthetho weSizwe we-Emerdiations (1997) uvumela umongameli ukuba avakalise ungxamiseko lwesizwe ngomyalelo olawulayo, evula amandla akhethekileyo iCongress ebeyigunyaziwe ngaphambili. Ukususela ngowe1976, oomongameli baye bavakalisa iingozi ezininzi kwimicimbi esukela kubugrogrisi ukuya kwimpilo kawonke wonke. Ngowama 202020, uMongameli uTrump wasebenzisa umyalelo wegunya ukubuyisela imali ekwakheni udonga lomda emva kokuba iBhunga liye laphelelwa lingene ngokupheleleyo inani elifanelekileyo .

Ukupheliswa koMgaqo-nkqubo waMany

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo iyindlela ephambili abaqhuba ngayo oomongameli unxibelelwano kunye nokuphatha ulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe. Bangamisela izigwebo, imiqathango yokuhamba, okanye imiqathango eqinileyo yezinto zamazwe angaphandle. Umzekelo, uLawulo oluPhezulu 13694 (2015), olutyikitywe nguMongameli Obama, olugunyazisiweyo kwimiqathango yolwaphulo-mthetho kubantu ababandakanyeke kwimisebenzi ye-intanethi eyingozi. Ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe idla ngokufuna inyathelo elikhawulezileyo, oomongameli baye banandipha isigxina esiphezulu kule ndawo.

Imiqathango nokujongwa kwimiyalelo yesigqeba

Ngaphandle kwegunya labo, imiyalelo yabalawuli abaphezulu ayiyondlela engenanto. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelana komGaqo-siseko iqinisekisa ukuba amanye amasebe anokunyanzela amandla obungameli. Ezi zinto zilandelayo zibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kubafundi bezentlalo-ntle ukuba baziqonde.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zomanyano zingawisa umyalelo wesigqeba ukuba uphula umGaqo-siseko okanye ugqitha igunya lomthetho. Iingxaki zomthetho zisoloko zivela ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba kukhutshwe umyalelo wempikiswano. Umzekelo, uMongameli Trump’s Group Or 13769 (iTravel Bal”) yavalwa ziinkundla ezininzi zesithili phambi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ekugqibeleni yaxhasa uguqulelo oluhlaziyiweyo. Ngokufanayo, umyalelo wegunya likaMongameli Biden kwimiyalelo yezonkanganiso yabaqeshi bemi abaqeshi abaninzi wavalwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo-2022. i-American Bay Association inikeza ushwankathelo esilula lwezigwebo zolawulo oluphezulu.[FLT]

Isenzo Sengqungquthela

IKhomishini ingawusebenzisa ngokunempumelelo umyalelo wesigqeba ngokukhupha umthetho omtsha othatha indawo yawo. Ngelixesha umongameli enokuthi angene kwiindleko ezinjalo, izininzi ezibini ezizii-3 kwizindlu zombini zingawulawula lo mbutho. Ingqungquthela ingasebenzisa amandla ayo engxowa-mali: ukuba umyalelo ufuna inkxaso-mali leyo abenzi bomthetho abangafuniyo ukuyinikezela, lo mthetho usenokuba awunyanzelekanga. Ngaphezu koko, uMthetho we-Congregationional Review uvumela iBhunga lolawulo oluthile ukuba libhukuqe ipropati yempala yexesha elilinganiselwe.

Iimbono Zasekuhlaleni Nengcinezelo Yezobupolitika

Imiyalelo yegunya iphantsi kwenkundla yoluvo lukawonke-wonke. Inkcaso esasazekileyo ingalitshabalalisa ikomkhulu lezobupolitika lomongameli kunye notshintsho lomkhosi. Iiprojekthi, ukuxilongwa, ukuxilongwa kwamajelo eendaba, kunye namaphulo engcakacha zakhokelela oomongameli ekurhoxeni okanye ekutshintsheni imiyalelo. Ngokomzekelo, umgaqo wesigqeba esilawulayo sika-Obama wokufuduka (Inyathelo Lezenzo Zomzali waseMelika, okanye i-DAP) ujongene nezopolitiko ezinzulu kangangokuba azizange zimiseke ngokupheleleyo, kwaye iNkundla Ephakamileyo idibekile ekuhlaleni kwayo ngokusemthethweni ngo-2016.

Iintlawulo zolawulo lweziko nezolawulo loluntu

Kwanaphakathi kwesebe eliphetheyo, imiyalelo ingaxhatshazwa ngabasebenzi belizwe abasebenza emsebenzini abanokucotha ukuzalisekisa okanye ukucela ukhokelo olucacisayo. Ukusebenza kocwangco kusoloko kuxhomekeke kwintsebenziswano yeentloko nabasebenzi, abaninzi babo abakhonza ngaphaya kolawulo. Umongameli uTrump “umyalelo wequmgxuma”, umzekelo, wahlanjiswa ngamagqwetha asebenza ngokucokisekileyo.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yolungelelwano Olulawulayo

Ukuze siqonde indlela imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo eye yayichaphazela ngayo imbali yaseMerika, kuluncedo ukuhlolisisa imigaqo engqalileyo eyaba nemiphumo ehlala ihleli.

UMthetho oLawulwe ngesiGqeba 906: Interlinection yaseJapan

Ikhutshwe nguMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt ngoFebruwari 1942, uLawulo oluPhezulu 9066 lwagunyazisa umkhosi ukuba umisele “amacandelo okulwa nokurhoxa kwenqanawa” kwaye ngokunyanzelisa ukuba ama-Japan ahlale kwiNtshona Koloni. Ngaphezu kwe-1200,000 abantu, ababini kwisithathu kubo babengabemi base-U.S., bathunyelwa kwiinkampu zomkhosi. Umyalelo kamva wagwetywa njengokwaphula umthetho wenkululeko yasekuhlaleni, yaye iBhunga le ngqungquthela yadlulisela umthetho we-Cunic Liberéries Act ka 1988 ekhupha uxolo olusemthethweni kunye nokuphinda inyaniswe. uxwebhu lokuqala lwezibonelo lwezibonelelo lwesizwe luphethe uxwebhu kwaye lunika ulawulo olufundisayo olu myalelo [[FLT]].

UMthetho oLawulayo 9981: Intlanga-ntle yoMkhosi oxhotyisiweyo

UMongameli uHarry Truman wakhupha uLungelo olunoLawulo oluPhezulu 9981 ngoJulayi 1948, evakalisa “ukulingana kokuphathwa kunye namathuba kubo bonke abantu abakwimikhosi exhobileyo ngaphandle kokwabelana nohlanga, ibala, unqulo okanye imvelaphi yesizwe.” Lo mthetho wakhulula i-U.S. kwaye waphawula ixesha elibalulekileyo kumbutho wamalungelo abantu. Yajamelana nenkcaso ekrakrakra evela kwezinye iinkokeli zomkhosi kunye nezopolitikotho, kodwa ukuzinikela kukaTruman kwisenzo sokulawula imicimbi yesizwe (*) kunokulinda umthetho. [[FLTY:0] Ithala leencwadi linikela imisebenzi engundoqo yabafundi ekuhloleni olu cwangciso. [[FLTG:1]

ULungiselelo oluLawulayo 13769: “Uthintelo lweTravel”

Wasayinwa nguMongameli Donald Trump ngoJanuwari 2017, uMyalelo woLawulo oluPhezulu 13769 obekiwe okwexeshana ukungena eUnited States ngenxa yamazwe asixhenxe akwizijungqu ezingamaSilamsi. Lo myalelo wabangela ukuqhankqalaza okukhawulezileyo kwizikhululo zenqwelo-moya ezweni lonke yaye wacetyiswa ngokukhawuleza enkundleni. Emva kokuzihlaziya okuphindaphindiweyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaphakamisa ulwamkelo lwesithathu Trump v. Hawaii[[FLTLD:1] [2088], ifumanise ukuba umongameli unegunya elikhulu lokufuduka phantsi kwe-Imgamenterty kunye noMthetho wesizwe. Eli tyala lihlala lingumzekelo wendlela yokusebenza kwemithetho yolawulo nolawulo.

UMthetho oLawulayo 14008: Ukulungisa Ingxaki Yemozulu

UMongameli Joe Biden, ngosuku lwakhe lokuqala eofisini ngoJanuwari 2021, wamisela usukelo lokulondolozwa kwamazwe kunye namanzi agunyazisiweyo 14008, eyayalela amaqumrhu ukuba ahlole aze aguqule imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo yangaphambili. Yaphinda yamisa iBhunga loMongameli le-Adviser kwinzululwazi kunye nobugcisa, yamisela usukelo lokulondolozwa kwamazwe namanzi angama-30 e-U.2030, yaza yadala i-Civinian Climate Corps. Umyalelo wayalela ukuba isigwebo sokusi siqwalaselwe kuzo zonke izenzo zikarhulumente. Lo myalelo ubonakalisa indlela umongameli omtsha anokusebenzisa ngayo imiyalelo yokulawula umgaqo-gcipt jingleans ngaphandle kokulinda iKhokelo lweNgqungquthela.

UMthetho oLawulayo 12866: Impinda yoLawulo

Nangona ingeyonto iphawulekayo, uLawulo loMlawuli 12866 (Clinton, 1993) ube nesiphumo esinzulu kwinkqubo yokuyila umthetho. Kwafuneka ukuba abameli bahlole iindleko neengenelo zemimiselo ebalulekileyo baze bazibeke kwi-Ofisi yolwazi neMicimbi yoGunyaziso (OIRA) ukuze baphinde bayihlole. Umongameli ngamnye ukususela ngoko ugcine okanye uyilungise le nkqubo. Ucwangciso lweseko lokulungisa indleko yexabiso elihlala lisembindini kumgaqo wesizwe namhlanje.

Ulungelelwano Olulawulayo Kwimimandla Yanamhlanje Yezobupolitika

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yolawulo kunyuke, kuqhutywa yi-crock ehamba phambili edityanisiweyo kunye nokuntsonkotha okukhulayo kukarhulumente. Oomongameli babo bobabini baye babhenela kwisenzo esingajongwanga ngaphaya komthetho xa bengakwazi ukuqinisa umthetho. Lo mgaqo uphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngokulungelelana kwamandla nokuziphendulela ngokwedemokhrasi.

Ukuvela Kwesenzo Esingekho Ngamva

Ukusuka kuFranklin D. Roosevelt iintsuku zokuqala ezili-100, ezabona imiyalelo emininzi yabalawuli, ukuya kuBarack Obama “asinakulinda” iphulo lokufuduka, ulawulo lwesebe luye lwaba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokuthintela ukupheliswa kwelo ligosa lemithetho. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi oku kuthoba ulwahlulo lwamagunya; abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba nje kubonakalisa ukuba yinyaniso engokomGaqo-siseko ukuba umongameli umele asebenze xa iBhunga lisilele.

Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwiZiprojekthi zoLawulo lwaseMelika lubonisa ukuba inani lemiyalelo yabalawuli ngonyaka liye latshintsha-tshintsha ngokubanzi, kodwa intsingiselo yemiyalelo yomntu ngamnye ikhule. Oomongameli banamhlanje basengozini yokukhupha imiyalelo eyenza iinguqu ezinkulu zenkqubo yemozulu(ezonyango, ukufuduka, namalungelo abantu ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yolawulo.)

Iimbambano Zakutshanje Neenkundla

Ulawulo lweTrump lwabona inombolo ebhaliweyo yemingeni engokwasemthethweni kwimiyalelo yabalawuli. Ngokwengxubusho yeZiko loMgaqo-siseko kunye noKhuselo kuMthetho we-Georgetown, malunga nama-40% ezenzo eziphambili zikaTrump zabekwa icala, xa kuthelekiswa malunga ne 10% ye-Obama ne-Bush. Ulawulo lwe-Biden lukwajongene nokuxelelwa imiyalelo enxulumene nemiyalelo ye-antiumgamfa, ukuboleka kwabafundi, kunye nomthetho wemekobume. La manani abonisa ukuba i-judiary iya isiba luvavanyo olunamandla kakhulu kumandla olawulo.

Kuluhlu olubanzi lwemiyalelo yegunya ukusuka kuGeorge Washington ukuya kweli xesha likhoyo, tyelela iProject yoLawulo lwaseMelika ye-database[[FLT: 1]

Isiphelo: Ukuqonda imigaqo yegunya elilawulayo ngokwemo

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ayiyomngxuma okanye imvume kulawulo lobuzwilakhe; zisixhobo esisekelwe kumGaqo-siseko ebesisetyenziswa ngoomongameli ukususela ekusungulweni kweRiphabliki. Amandla abo akaveli nakwesiphi na isivakalisi kodwa asuka ekunikweni igunya eliphezulu kwiGatya II nakwimfuneko esebenzisekayo yolawulo olufanelekileyo. Kodwa elo gunya lisoloko lilawulwa zezinye iinkundla, iiBhunga, iiBhunga, yaye ekugqibeleni noluntu.

Kubafundisi-mfundo, isitshixo semiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo kukuba izalathiso eziphezulu zihlale ekudibaniseni umthetho, kwezobupolitika, nakwembali. Azinakufundwa ngokuzimela. Imfundo epheleleyo yezentlalo kufuneka ingahlolisi nje kuphela oko kuthethwa kodwa nendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo, zicelwe umngeni, zitshintshwa. Ngokuhlalutya imizekelo yokwenene.

Kulo xesha leenguqu ezikhawulezileyo kwezobupolitika, ukuqonda indlela imigaqo elawulayo esebenza ngayo kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini na ngaphambili. Kunika abemi amandla okuqwalasela izenzo zomongameli ngokungqongqo nokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.