Xa abantu becinga ngenkqubo yokwenza umthetho, iingqondo zabo zisoloko zitsibela eWashington, D.C., kunye neKhomishini yase-U.S. kodwa imithetho elawula umatshini wakho wemihla ngemihla ngokungqalileyo, /ethumela ukusebenza, ithumela abantwana bakho esikolweni, ukufumana imvume yezobugcisa, okanye ukuthenga ikhaya elixhotyiswe kakhulu kwikomkhulu lelizwe lakho. Ilizwe ngalinye, ukusuka eCalifonia ukuya eMaine, lisebenzisa umatshini walo we-wistoc, kwaye liqonda le nkqubo linyathelo lokuqala lokuba lingenele kwimpumelelo yakho ekulawuleni. [[FLT:] uGawula-mthetho [FL:1] [10] kulawulo lwesizwe.S.

Uhambo lomthetho karhulumente lunqabile ukuba luhambe ngendlela ethe ngqo. Yindlela ejikelezayo egcwele iingxoxo, ulalaniso, kunye novavanyo oluqinileyo. Ngoxa imithetho ecacileyo yokwahluka ngokwemeko-bume, izakhiwo ezisisiseko zihlala zithe ngqo. Amanye amazwe, njengeKhalifoniya neNew York, aneendlu zowiso-mthetho ezipheleleyo, ngoxa amanye, njenge New Hampshire kunye neMontanate, ixhomekeke kubenzi bemithetho-mthetho abadibana iinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela ngonyaka. INebraska ingaqhelekanga ngendlu yowiso-mthetho yayo enye (icameral), ngelixa ngalinye elinye elisebenzisa inkqubo ye-bimeral (indlu ezimbini zolawulo: iCampte neNd Housess okanye iNdibano). Le ndlela yokulungisa isakhiwo, inikeza inyathelo elicacileyo, ijonge ngenkalo-mathelo yendlela etshintsha ngayo umthetho.

Ivela Phi Imithetho?

Umthetho ngamnye karhulumente uqala njengengcamango. Le ngcamango ingavela phantse naphi na: inkqubelana yokubhalela abameli bayo ileta, iqumrhu loshishino elibhenela ulungiso lomthetho, umbutho karhulumente obonisa umsantsa kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, okanye ummisi-mthetho omisela isisombululo kwidinga lephulo. Le migaqo yokuqala ingumbandela ongalungiswanga wenkqubo yemithetho.

Ngaphambi kokuba ingcamango ibe sisicelo esisemthethweni, isoloko ifumana uphando olubalulekileyo kunye nesakhiwo esimanyeneyo. Amaqela omthetho ogunyaziso angamisela umthetho oyimodeli awunike abalathisi bomthetho. Amasebe aseburhulumenteni angacela "ukucoca" ityala lokulungisa izinto ezikhoyo kumthetho okhoyo. Ngokufuthi, iziganeko ezifana nentlekele yemvelo, isiganeko sokhuseleko lwesikolo, okanye ukutshintsha okukhulu kwezoqoqosho kudala ungxamiseko olukhawulezileyo lomthetho. Ngokungajongana nomthombo, ingcamango kufuneka ifumane impembelela yomthetho ekulungeleyo ukuyixhasa nokuyalusa ngenkqubo.

Ubuchule Bokwenza Imali: Ukuguqula Imbono Ibhalwe Ngokwasemthethweni

Xa ingcamango ithe yaba nempembelelo, kufuneka iguqulelwe kulwimi oluchanekileyo lomthetho. Le yindawo apho iofisi yeSiluleko soMququzelelo okanye abasebenzi abalinganayo basebenza. Aba basebenzi abangoomatiloshe abakwimo yedrafti basebenza ngqo nomxhasi wemithetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba ityala livakala kakuhle, libhalwe ngokucacileyo, kwaye liphumeze liphumeze lisukele usukelo lwalo. Inkqubo inkcukacha isekelwe, njengekhoncomo enye ephoxekileyo okanye ibinzana elimfiliba kakuhle lingaguqula intsingiselo yonke yommiselo kunye nesikhokelo seminyaka yomthetho.

Ngexesha lokwenza ucwangciso, igqwetha nomthetho uza kumisela uhlobo oluchanekileyo lwesithuthi sowiso-mthetho. Imithetho emininzi imiswa ngaphaya kwephepha likawonke-wonke (ukufumaneka) okanye iindleko zangasese[[[[FLT:]] [iiiiityala] [[FLT]] ezithe ngqo] (isetyenziswa kwimiba yangaphakathi) kunye nezigqibo ezisetyenziswayo zomqululo okanye ii-athom) (ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ngenxa ye-mqumkelo okanye ii-actives-actries). Xa kuthe kwanikwa izigqibo zomthetho, ([FLT.B.) kunye ne-S.[FLT.[56]

Ubuchule Bokufunda Nokufunda Okokuqala

Ukufumana umxhasi kugxeka. Umxhasi ungowommeli okhokelayo wemali kunye nencopho yokuqala yokunxibelelana. Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi, amatyala anokuba namalungu amaninzi, abonisa inkxaso ebanzi yesicelo. Umxhasi wemithetho-siseko ufako nonobhala okanye unobhala wegumbi, ephawula ixesha lentshayelelo esemthethweni. Oku kulandelwa yinkcazelo esemthethweni efundeka kuqala [[[[FLT:], apho isihloko semali sifundwa khona ngokuvakalayo, kwaye ingena ngokusemthethweni kwijelo zincwadi lowiso-Rhulumente. Le nkqubo ye-procedGenegate idlulisela umthetho ngokusemthethweni kwibala lemithetho.

IKomiti: Apho IiBhili Ziya Kuphandwa

Emva kokuba ityala lisiwe kwaye lifumana ukufundwa kwalo kokuqala, lithunyelwa kwikomiti. Ngokulindelekileyo eli lelona qondo libalulekileyo lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Le yikomiti esebenza njengabagcini besango abakhethekileyo, ivumela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba yahlule umsebenzi wayo ize ihlolisise iindleko ezinzulu. Imali ephathelele inkxaso-mali yesikolo iza kuthunyelwa kwiKomiti yemfundo, ngelixa izicelo zokugwetywa kolwaphulo-mthetho zisiya kwiKomiti ye-Judiciary. Eli candelo lomsebenzi livumela abalawuli ukuba bavelise ubuchule obunzulu kwimimandla ethile yezomgaqo-siseko.

Inkqubo yekomiti yenzelwe ukuxilonga ngokunzulu. Amalungu kunye nabasebenzi bawo benza uphando ngetyala, babamba amatyala, baphulaphule ubungqina obuvela kwiingcali, abangenisi, kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo. Eli lelona thuba lilungileyo lokuba abantu bemihla ngemihla baphembelele umthetho ngqo. Iintlanganiso ezininzi zekomiti karhulumente zivulekele uwonke-wonke kwaye zinika ixesha lokunikela ubungqina obuselubala. Iikomiti zikwacela [ amaphetshana emali avela kwiofisi yoqingqo-mali karhulumente, eqikelela iziphumo zemali ezicetyiweyo zomthetho wemali kwingeniso nenkcitho karhulumente.

Indlela Yokuva: Ubungqina Nokuphawula

Emva kohlolo lokuqala, ikomiti iququzelela ulawulo lukawonke-wonke. AmaNgqina, kuquka iintloko zemali, iintloko zombutho wezomthetho, abameli bezakhono, kunye nabemi bobucala, bayamenywa ukuba banikele ubungqina. Banikela iimpikiswano okanye ngokuchasene netyala kwaye baphendule imibuzo yamalungu ekomiti. Eli qonga lisoloko lilapho kuthelekelelwa khona iinguqu ezincinci kwimali.

Emva kokuqukunjelwa, ikomiti ingena kwintlanganiso ye-markpost [. Ngexesha lophawu, amalungu ekomiti ecebisa, ingxoxo, kunye nevoti ekulungisweni kwetyala. Iphepha linokubhalwa ngokutsha ngokutsha kuphawu, logama nje iinguqu zihlala zikhona kumbandela wokuqala. Amandla esitulo sekomiti aphezulu apha; alawula amacebo, izithethi eziqaphela, kwaye angenza isigqibo rhoqo ukuba ziziphi iimali ezinokufunyanwa kwanokufumana ivoti yevoti. Ukuba isitulo sekomiti sigqibele ukungacwangci ukuva okanye ukunyusa, umlomo umlomo usebenza kakuhle "pigeonhole" kwaye ufe ngaphandle kokufumana ivoti epheleleyo.

Iingxelo zeKomiti nezenzo

Xa ubhatalo lugqityiwe, amavoti ekomiti kuguqulelo lokugqibela lwemali. Kukho iziphumo ezininzi ezisezantsi:

  • [[UMTL:0] IPasss Do (Ingxelo eBanzi): Ikomiti incomela ukuba ityala liqhubekele phambili ukuya kwigumbi elipheleleyo ngokuncomela okulungileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ungadluli (Ingxelo engathandekiyo): Ikomiti incomela ukuba ityala ligatyiwe ligumbi elipheleleyo.
  • Amend kunye nePass (Ingxelo eNgalawulekayo eneziHluzi): Ikomiti iyatshintsha irekhodi kwaye incomela inguqulelo elungisiweyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ibhekiswa kwenye iKomiti: Imali ithunyelwa kwikomiti eyahlukileyo ukuphinda ihlolwe (umz., ukusuka kwimfundo ukuya kwiAppropriations).
  • [[UMTL:0] Item-stabled / Ihonjiswe kwi Komiti: Imali ibekelwe bucala kwaye ibulawe ngokunempumelelo kwintlanganiso yowiso-mthetho ngaphandle kwevoti engalunganga esesikweni.

Kukwikomiti apho uninzi olukhulu lwezibhatazo ludibana nesiphelo salo, ngokufuthi ngokuzolileyo. Esi "sifa" isihluzi sisenziwa ngengozi, silungiselelwe ukukhusela umthetho oqwalaselwe kakubi okanye ongeyomfuneko ekungcoliseni ikhalenda yomgangatho. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yomthetho wesizwe inika ubuncwane obuninzi kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zeekomiti eziqengqelekeneyo.

Isenzo somgangatho: Ingxoxo nokukhuthaza kwiZiko

Ukuba ityala lisinda kwinkqubo yekomiti, libekwe kwikhalenda ukuze kuqwalaselwe isiseko somgangatho. Irules Komiti kwigumbi ngalinye ilawula le khalenda, igqiba indlela apho kuthethwa ngayo ngamatyala. Le yindawo enamandla, njengoko iqela elininzi linokusebenzisa imithetho ukucwangcisa izicwangciso zalo nokulibazisa okanye ukuvala iityala. Imali ngoku igqitha ukufundwa kwalo [ kwesibini, apho ibekwa khona kuhlobo lwalo lokugqibela, kwaye igumbi elipheleleyo lokuxoxa.

Ingxoxo yefloor inika ilungu ngalinye legumbi ithuba lokuphikisana ekuhleni okanye ngokuchasene nomthetho. Abaququzeleli bomthetho banganika ukubuyiselwa okuthe rhoqo, ukuzama ukubulala umthetho ngokuhamba ngemiqathango ye-procedro, okanye ukubandakanyeka kwiindlela zolibaziseko ezaziwa ngokuba "ziifilibusters" (apho kuvunyelwe yimithetho karhulumente). Ukhokelo lweqela, kuquka iNkokeli yeQumrhu kunye noMthethi weNdlukwano, basebenza ukubhexa iivota nokuqinisekisa amalungu eqela ukuba axhasa isikhundla sokhokelo. Ubukhulu bengxoxo ngokufuthi bubonisa ubunzima bomthetho wezopolitiko.

Ufundo Lwesithathu Nomsebenzi Wokugqibela

Xa iqukumbela impikiswano, ityala lihamba ukuya kwisithathu sokufunda [[FLT: 1] kunye nevoti yokugqibela. Iindlela zokuvota ziyahluka ngokwesizwe nangohlobo lomthetho. ivotis[ zizinto ezilula, apho umphathi-mikhosi olawulayo ebiza "yes" kunye "nays" nabagwebi abakwicala elikhulu. amavoti [ afuna ukuba amalungu abalwe. umbalo olupheleleyo lubiza amavoti angabonakaliyo, afuna ilungu ngalinye lifuna ukuvota okuvota okuvota okubhaliweyo.

Ukuba umlomo udlula kwelinye igumbi, udluliselwa kwelinye igumbi (Indlu okanye iCamelo). Apha, yonke inkqubo ``i-introduu kuhlolo lwekomiti, kwaye ingxoxo yomgangatho(iiphinda-phinde) ukusuka ekuqaleni. Igumbi lesibini lingawudlulisa lo myalelo kanye njengoko kubhaliwe, liwuthumela, okanye ulibulale. Ukuba igumbi lesibini ligqithisa uhlobo olulungisiweyo, umlomo uthunyelwa emva kwigumbi lokuqalisa lobukho ukuze livumelane.

Ukucombulula Umahluko: IKomiti YeNgqungquthela

Kuqhelekile ukuba iNdlu kunye neCandelo zidlulise iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye. Xa igumbi elivelayo lingavumi ukuvumelana neenguquko ezenziwe yigumbi lesibini, ikomiti enxulumeneyo [ ivelisiwe. Le yiqela lexeshana leqela elincinane lamalungu elikwindawo yomibini yemida [1] ngokunjalo isitulo namalungu akwisikhundla esiphezulu ekomiti enxulumene nelungu elinye. Abafaki-mthetho basebenza ngokuncamathisela ngaphandle komnye, ukulalana noguqulelo lomthetho olunokudlula kuwo omabini amagumbi.

Ingxelo yekomiti yenkomfa luxwebhu olunamandla. Imela isivumelwano sokugqibela esixokelelwayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ingxelo yenkomfa mayivunywe okanye ikhatshwe njengenxalenye yayo yobabini amagumbi; ayinakutshintshwa. Oku kunika ukhetho olucacileyo: ukwamkela ulalanisa okanye ukubulala lonke ityala. Oku "kuthabatha okanye ukuyishiya" ngamandla amakhulu kubanika abanikeli bentlanganiso, benza ezinye zengxoxo ezinamandla kakhulu nezilungeleleneyo kwinkqubo yonke ye-wiscs. Ukuba ikomiti yenkomfa i-onkqu iyasilela ekufikeleleni isivumelwano, intengiso iyafa, kwaye inkqubo isenokuqala ukukrala kwintlanganiso elandelayo.

Isiphelo Serhuluneli: Isiphendu Sokugqibela

Xa la magumbi omabini edlula iinguqulelo ezifanayo zomthetho womthetho, i "usongiwe" kwaye ithunyelwe kwiRhuluneli. Indima yeRhuluneli nguvavanyo lokugqibela kumlinganiselo wamandla owiso-mthetho. Ngokuxhomekeke kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe, iRhuluneli ineenketho eziliqela, nganye inemigca ekhethekileyo yexesha kunye neziphumo zezobupolitika.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Siphawulo somthetho: Imali iba ngumthetho ngoko nangoko okanye ngomhla ochaziweyo osebenzayo. Abanye abalawuli babamba imibhiyozo yomthetho kawonke-wonke yokufaka isaziso ngempumelelo yabo.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Veto: IRhuluneli ibuyisela uxwebhu kwigumbi lokuyila ngeveto yomyalezo echaza uchasa. Iveto inokuba nento eninzi ngokuvota okuzii 3 ezimbini kwimibhobho emikhulu, nangona lo mqobo uyahluka (amazwe athile afuna uninzi olulula olude lude kwityala elithile).
  • Ivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo: Kumazwe amaninzi, ukuba iRhuluneli ayithathi nyathelo ngexesha elichaziweyo (umz., 5 ukuya ku-14 iintsuku), ityala lizenzeka libe ngumthetho ngaphandle kokugunyaziswa yiwo.
  • [[NTL: 0] I-Procet Veto: Ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho imisa ukreqo lufa (iphele intlanganiso) phambi kokuba ixesha lokusebenza leRhuluneli liphele, iRhuluneli ingavumela ukuba ityala life ngokungenzi nto. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ayinakuyikhupha ipokotho kuba ingekho kwintlanganiso.

Abalawuli abaninzi banalo umba onamandla i-info-tem translate to, evumela ukuba bawalahle amacandelo athile emali echithekileyo ngaphandle kokuwubeka wonke umthetho. Oku kunika umphathi onegunya igunya elibalulekileyo kuqingqo-mali lwezwe kwaye kuvumela ukuba asuse ngokucetyo amajukujekwa okanye imisebenzi ethile echithwayo ayichasayo. Ukulwa kwegubretariancarial to inzima ngabom, kufuna i-equant enyanzela ukuba inqamleze i-partyo. Ungafumana ulwazi oluthile kwinkqubo yakho yemithetho ye-convolution ne-gnobiator kwi-[FLT:] US.

Ukusuka KwiBhili Ukuya Kumthetho Ukuya Kwinyathelo: Ukuthobela Umkhosi Wabefundisi

Emva kokuba umthetho usayiniwe, unikwa inombolo yesahluko kunye nemithetho eqinisekisiweyo kwikhowudi esemthethweni karhulumente. Ukwenziwa komthetho omtsha kuthetha ukuba umthetho omtsha ufakwe kwiqumrhu elikhoyo lemimiselo (umz., imithetho yaseCalifornia okanye iMithetho eQondisiweyo ye-New York). Le ntlangano yenza ukuba umthetho ufikelele kubagwebi, amagqwetha, kunye noluntu lonke. UNobhala weSizwe okanye igosa elifanayo umele ukugcinwa kwengxelo esemthethweni yayo yonke imithetho ewisiweyo.

Noko ke, ibali lowiso-mthetho alipheleli ngotyikityo lweRhuluneli. Imithetho emininzi ichaza umgaqo-nkqubo obanzi kodwa ishiya iinkcukacha ezichaziweyo kurhulumente wamaziko olawulo. Oku kukhokelela kwinkqubo [[FLT: 0] yokwenza imithetho , elawulwa ngumthetho wolawulo ngamnye we-Administrative Procedure Act (APA). Umzekelo, umthetho ofuna ukucoceka kwamanzi okusela ungawusebenzisa umgaqo weSebe loKhuselo lwendawo engqongileyo kunye nemidalizo echazayo.

Ukuba Ngummi Olawulayo

Izicelo zempiliso-nkqubo ezicetyiweyo zokuphumeza umthetho omtsha. Le migaqo icetyiweyo ipapashelwa ukugqabaza uwonke wonke, iintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-60. Abahlali, amashishini, kunye namaqela olawulo lobufundisi angafaka amagqabaza abhaliweyo, kwaye amaziko asoloko efuneka ukuba aphendule kwizinto ezibalulekileyo. Eli candelo linye elinamandla, kwaye alihoywa, ingongoma yokuthabatha inxaxheba kuwonke wonke. Iinkqubo ngoko zigqiba imigaqo, ethwala impembelelo epheleleyo yomthetho. Ukuqonda le nkqubo ingundoqo wokwazi ukuba umthetho uba ngumthetho ochaphazela amalungelo akho neembopheleleko zakho.

Ilizwi Lakho Kumatshini Womthetho

Indlela yomthetho karhulumente yenzelwe ukuba ibe yeyamabomu kwaye ibe lucelomngeni. Inyathelo ngalinye elisuka kumbono wokuqala ukuya kutyikityo lwerhuluneli kumthetho wokugqibela wombutho ``inika amathuba okungeniswa, ukuphuculwa, nokuphicothwa komdla wengxoxo. Ukuqonda olu hambo asiyosifundo nje kwingingqi; sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokungafundi. Le nkqubo icothanga ukunqanda izigqibo zequbuliso, kodwa ikwanika namathuba amaninzi oxinzelelo apho abemi abazimiseleyo bangenza umahluko.

Nokuba ngaba uyangqina kwikomiti echongiweyo, ubhala ileta kummeli wakho, okanye ukhetha nje ngoSuku lokhetho, inxaxheba yakho yi-injini eqhuba inkqubo. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zisoloko zibizwa ngokuba yi "iiiklate zedemokhrasi," kwaye uvavanyo olusebenzayo luchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bakho. Ungayilandela inkqubela yemali ethile okanye uphande abameli bakho basekuhlaleni usebenzisa izinto ezifana ne- i-openties. org, enika ugcino-lwazi olubanzi lomthetho kurhulumente zweni lonke ilizwe. Ukwazi indlela umatshini osebenza ngayo kwinyathelo lokuqala lokuqinisekisa ukuba usebenza ngayo.