Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho usisiseko senkqubo yobulungisa kwibutho ngalinye, uchaza ihambo evaliweyo kunye nokumisela iziphumo kwabo baphula umthetho. Ukuba ungumfundi oqala izifundo zakho ezingokwasemthethweni, ugqirha ofuna ulwazi olusisiseko, okanye ummi onomdla nje, oqonda izinto ezibalulekileyo zomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho. Lo khokelo lunentsingiselo eyakhelwe kwisiseko esisisiseko, ukugxuphumela nzulu kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho, icandelo lemiba yezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, amanqanaba enkqubo yezaphuli-mthetho, kunye nomgangatho wendlela yokuzikhuselo ezikhoyo. Ngesiphelo, uya kuba nesakhiwo esiqinile esibonisa indlela ulwaphulo-mthetho olusebenza ngayo kwaye kutheni lusoloko luyintsika ebalulekileyo yomthetho oyalelo-luntu.

Uyintoni Umthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho?

ngumthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ochaza ihambo egqalwa njengeyingozi, njengesoyikiso, okanye ngenye indlela njengeyingozi kukhuseleko nakwintlalo-ntle yoluntu. Imisela imithetho yokumangalela nokubohlwaya abantu ababandakanyeka kwihambo enjalo. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, osingatha iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho unyanzelwa ngurhulumente ojongene noluntu. Urhulumente . “‘ Urhulumente . "urhulumente, urhulumente, okanye urhulumente, okanye indawo-umtshutshisi, uzisa izityholo kumntu omangalelwe (ummangalelwa).

Iinjongo Zomthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Ukuqonda ezi njongo kusinceda siqonde isizathu sokuba ezinye izenzo zenziwe izaphuli - mthetho nesizathu sokuba isohlwayo sahluka:

  • I-Deterance – Isisongelo sesohlwayo sidimaza osoni (ukuthintelwa okucacileyo) kunye noluntu ngokubanzi (ukuthintelwa) ekwenzeni ulwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, ubungozi besigwebo sentolongo eside bungamdimaza umntu ekuphangeni ngezixhobo.
  • Ingxelo[--'uquage'-'ifuna ukuba abaphuli-mthetho baphendulwe ngokulingana nengozi ebangelwa yiyo. Lo mgaqo we-“entlango nje” uqinisekisa ukuba isohlwayo sifanelekile, njengoko kuboniswa kwimigaqo yokugweba.
  • Ukwahlulwa komthetho [[FLT:]--1] - Iinkqubo ezininzi zijolise ekuguquleni izaphuli-mthetho ngemfundo, ngecebiso, okanye ngoqeqesho lomsebenzi ukuze babe ngamalungu athintelayo umthetho kwibutho labantu emva kokusebenza kwisigwebo sabo.
  • [[NT.:0] I-Incapaction - Ngokuvalela okanye ngandlela zithile uthintela abantu abayingozi, urhulumente ubathintela ngokwasemzimbeni ekwenzeni ulwaphulo-mthetho olubhekele phaya ngexesha lokuvalelwa.
  • Ukuphumla - – amanyathelo okulungisa okulungisa okuqhubekayo ajolise ekulungiseni umonakalo obangelwa lulwaphulo-mthetho, ngokufuthi ngenkonzo yoluntu, okanye incoko yexhoba.

Imvelaphi Yomthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho eUnited States usuka kwimithombo emininzi, nganye inemilinganiselo yayo negunya layo.

  • Umthetho wobuhlohli – Uninzi olukhulu lwemithetho yanamhlanje yolwaphulo-mthetho lumiselwe ngokwemithetho ewiswa yizindlu zowiso-mthetho kumgangatho wesizwe norhulumente. Umzekelo, iUnited States Code (Isihloko 18) iqulathe ulwaphulo-mthetho lwasezweni, lo gama urhulumente ngamnye enemithetho yakhe yesohlwayo.
  • Umthetho weCummon -wavela eNgilani, imigaqo yomthetho eqhelekileyo isachaphazela amanye amagunya, nangona uninzi lwamazwe luthathe indawo yomthetho oqhelekileyo ngeenkcazelo zomthetho. Umthetho oqhelekileyo uhlala usisikhokelo kwimimiselo yokutolika.
  • Ikhowudi yeModeli yePenal (MPC) - Iveliswe yiAmerican Law Institute, i-MPC lucwangciso olubanzi lwemigaqo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho eyamkelwa ngamazwe amaninzi iphelele okanye ngokwenxenye. Ibeka intsingiselo, inkxaso, kunye neesekelo zesahlulelo.
  • Umthetho weCunistigal – umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ngelungiselelo elinjengeyesine, eyesihlanu, eyeSithandathu, neyesibhozo, ubeka imida kwindlela imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho ewiswa ngayo kwaye inyanzeliswe ngayo, ukukhusela inkqubo efunekayo kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Xa uqwalasela ngokunzulu indlela umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wesizwe olungelelaniswe ngayo, iCornell Legal Information Institute yeSihloko se 18 inika uqhekeko olunenkcukacha.

Izinto Ezibangela Ulwaphulo - mthetho

Zonke iingcaciso ziquka izinto ezicacileyo ezimele zingqinwe ngokusengqiqweni. Ukuba kukho nayiphi na into engekhoyo, isiqinisekiso asinakuqinisekiswa. Izinto ezisisiseko yi-actus reus, i-a, i-a, ukuvumelana, ukungxengxeza, nokwenzakalisa.

I-Actus Reus (Umthetho wesiGinisi)

I-Actus reus ibhekisela kwisenzo somzimba okanye ukungavumelani nomthetho esingulwaphulo-mthetho. Kufuneka kube kukuhamba ngokuzithandela komzimba; ihambo ezenzekelayo ``njengenkwantye yethutyana' okanye ukulala-ekuhambeni-hamba-hamba-hamba-. Umzekelo, ukutsala inkcaso sisenzo; ukungaphumeleli ukubuyisela irhafu kusenokuba kukungahoywa ukuba kukho umsebenzi osemthethweni wokuthabatha inyathelo.

Ulwaleko

IMimiselo yezaphuli-mthetho ichaza elinye lamaqondo amane okubekwa ityala phantsi kwe-MPC:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ngokupheleleyo – Ummangalelwa ngenyameko wanqwenela isiphumo solwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ngokuqonda – Ummangalelwa wayesazi ukuba iziphumo zaziqinisekile ukuba ziza kwenzeka.
  • [[UMTL:0] ngokungakhange kubonwe [ – Ummangalelwa ngokungaziyo akawuhoyi umngcipheko omkhulu nongenabulungisa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ngokulinganayo – Ummangalelwa ufanele ukuba ebenobuqonda ubungozi obuninzi kodwa akakwazi ukububona (umgangatho osezantsi).

Ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo - mthetho, ezifana nezokuba tyala elingqongqo (umz., ukudlwengulwa ngokwemithetho, ukuthengisa utywala kubantwana), azifuni bungqina bamadoda aphinda afumane ubungqina obungaphaya kwesenzo esilelweyo.

Ulungiso

Ityala netyala limele lenzeke kunye. Imeko yengqondo kufuneka iphele okanye iqalele isenzo somzimba esibangela umonakalo. Ukuba umntu ngempazamo ubulala umntu ngoxa eqhuba kodwa kamva evelisa injongo yokubulala, akanakubekwa ityala lokubulala ngenxa yokuba injongo ayizange ihambisane nesenzo.

Intshukumo

Ityala kufuneka limisele unxulumano phakathi kwesenzo sommangalelwa nengozi ebangelwa kuko. Oku kufuna zombini ezi zinto:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ingxelo enyanisweni (kodwa ngesenzo sommangalelwa, ingozi ibingenakuba yenzekile).
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Iprojekthi ebangela [ (umonakalo wawungumphumo onokubonwa kwangaphambili wesenzo, ngaphandle kwesiganeko esithe xhaxheyo).

Ingozi

Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi lufuna ukuba kwenzeke umonakalo, ingozi, okanye umonakalo. Oku kunokuba kuyingozi emzimbeni kubantu, umonakalo wempahla, okanye umonakalo wentlalo.

Ukwahlulwa Kolwaphulo - mthetho

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lucalulwe ngokuqatha nangendalo, nto leyo emisela izigwebo ezinokuhlaziywa nokuphathwa kwengcaciso.

Iinketho zegama leqela leenkwenkwezi (iyodwa) FAOobject name (optional)

Izigwebo ezinzulu zisohlwaywa ngokuvalelwa entolongweni ngaphezu konyaka, yaye ngokufuthi ngokuvalelwa entolongweni okanye ngokufa kwityala lokufa. Imizekelo iquka ukubulawa, ukudlwengulwa, ukuqweqwedisa, ukuthunjwa nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi. Ukugwetywa kwetyala kusoloko kuneziphumo ezithe kratya, njengokuphulukana namalungelo okuvota, ukwaliwa kwemipu, nobunzima bokufumana umsebenzi.

Iimpazamo

Izigwebo ezingekho mgangathweni zingezizo ezona zikhulu kakhulu, ezidla ngokugwetywa unyaka omnye entolongweni, iintengo, ukuvavanywa, okanye inkonzo yoluntu. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo bubusela obuncinane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungalungelelananga, nokuqhuba phantsi kwempembelelo (ityala lokuqala). Imithetho emininzi engaphantsi kweminye imigaqo-siseko ephosakeleyo (umz., iKlasi A, B, C) isekelwe kwisohlwayo esiphezulu.

uphazamiso

Ukuqhekeza okuncinane kudla ngokusohlwaywa kuphela ngentlawulo, kungekho xesha lasentolongweni. amatikiti omjaho, ukungcolisa, nokuhamba ngejay kuyinto eqhelekileyo. Kwimimandla emininzi, azigqalwa njengezigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yembali yezaphuli-mthetho.

Mala ESe vs. Mala Prohibita

Olunye ulwahlulo lwesithethe lomahluko phakathi kwezenzo ezingalunganga ngokwemvelo (ezikwi-mala ese), ezifana nokubulala nobusela, kunye nezenzo eziphosakeleyo kuphela ngenxa yokuba umthetho uzithintela (umala inqanda), njengokwaphulwa komthetho wokupaka okanye izigwebo ezilawulayo. Lo mahluko ungaphembelela ukuqwalaselwa nokugwetywa kwabantu.

Ulwaphulo - mthetho Olungenazintloni

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ukwabohlwaya ihambo epheleleyo okanye elungiselelweyo ejoliswe ekwenzeni ulwaphulo-mthetho.

  • Ityala elincinci – Inyathelo elibalulekileyo elikhokelela kulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nenjongo yokwenza olo lwaphulo-mthetho. Ilinge lohlwaywa kancinci kunetyala eligqityiweyo kodwa lisathwala iityala zolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Isivumelwano phakathi kwabantu ababini okanye abangaphezulu ukwenza isenzo esingekho mthethweni, kunye nesenzo esigqithisileyo kuqhubeko lwesivumelwano. Isivumelwano sokubhabhanisa sigqumathelela amaqondo okuceba kwaye sisoloko sibekwa ecaleni kwetyala elincinci.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhulula – Ukucela, ukukhuthaza, okanye ukucela omnye umntu ukuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho ngenjongo yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luqhutywe.

Ukukhusela Izaphuli - mthetho

Abameli basenokuphakamisa izinto zokuzikhusela ezithi zilahle inxalenye yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye zinikeze ingxengxezo okanye ingxengxezo yehambo yabo.

Ukhuselo oluzinzileyo

Ukuzithethelela ngokuvuma kufuna ummangalelwa anikele ubungqina obuxhasa ukuthethelela, emva koko umtshutshisi umele akuphikise ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo afanelekileyo. Ukuzikhusela okuqhelekileyo kubandakanya:

  • ------------------------------------1] – Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla afanelekileyo ukuzikhusela kwingozi ekufuphi engekho mthethweni. Amazwana amaninzi aye “amela isiseko sakho” okanye“imithetho efundisayo" ezandisa amalungelo okuzikhusela.
  • Ukunganyaniseki – A engokwasemthethweni, hayi kwezamayeza, ukukhusela kungqina ukuba ummangalelwa akanabo ubuchule bokuqonda ukulahleka kwezenzo zabo ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho. Iimvavanyo ziyahluka-hluka ngomthetho wegunya (M’Naghten, Ikhowudi yePenal, Durham).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ithuba eliphakathi – Ummangalelwa wanyanzelwa ukuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokusongela ngokufa okusemnyango okanye ngengozi enzulu emzimbeni wakhe kubo okanye komnye umntu. IDuress ngokuqhelekileyo ayiyondlela yokuzikhusela ekubulaleni.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isivumelwano [--umthetho wakhuthaza ummangalelwa ukuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho ababengalufuni ukulwenza. Ukhuseleko lujolise kurhulumente ophathwe kakubi.
  • I- Iyimfuneko – Ummangalelwa wenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuphepha ingozi enkulu, efana nokwaphula isakhiwo esitshayo ukusindisa umntwana.

Abakhuselo benzululwazi

Imigaqo yezonyango ivavanya ukuba umthetho wezenzo zikarhulumente ukho:

  • Ukungavisisani noMmiselo weSine (ukuphanda nokuxhuzula).
  • Ukwaphulwa koMphetho wesihlanu (ukuzixakekisa, ingozi ephindwe kabini).
  • Ukuphula umthetho weSithandathu (unelungelo lokululekwa, ukuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza).
  • Ukungaqiniseki ukuba kukho izinto ezisikelwe umda (ukutshutshiswa kwaziswa emva kwexesha).

Ukuba imfihlelo iphumelele, ubungqina busenokupheliswa, izityholo zipheliswe, okanye ukupheliswa kwesiqinisekiso.

Inkqubo Yezaphuli - mthetho Yokusesikweni

Inkqubo yobulungisa yezomthetho kukulandelelana kweziganeko ukususela kwixesha ulwaphulo-mthetho luthe lwarhanelwa ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela. Iqonga ngalinye libandakanya abadlali abathile `ukunyanzeliswa kwabadlali, abatshutshisi, amagqwetha akhuselayo, abagwebi, kwaye liququzelelo ngalinye ngendima neembopheleleko zabo.

Uphando Nokubanjwa

Ukuba kukho unobangela wokuba umntu abe netyala, kusenokubanjwa. Xa ebanjwa, uMranda kufuneka anikwe izilumkiso ukuba uncinwa ngegunya lakhe.

Ukuvumela Izigqibo

Umtshutshisi uhlola ubungqina aze agqibe ukuba uza kuzibhala phantsi iityala eziqhelekileyo. Esi sigqibo sibandakanya ukuvavanya amandla obungqina, ubuqatha betyala, kunye nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa. Abatshutshisi banenkululeko yokumangalela, ukucutha okanye ukulahla izityholo.

Imbonakalo yokuqala kunye nebhatyile

Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, ummangalelwa usiwa phambi kwejaji ukuze kuvele imbonakalo yokuqala. Ijaji icebisa ummangalelwa ngezityholo, imisela ibheyile (okanye ikhulula ummangalelwa xa ephinda aqashelwe), ize imisele isiluleko ukuba ummangalelwa ungenamdla. IsiHlanuso soMgwebo soMmangalelwa sikwalela ukugqithisa kwebheyile.

Ukuva Kwangaphambili Nesigqumo Esikhulu

Kwizityholo ezityholwayo, ukuchotshelwa kokuqala okanye ukuququzelelwa kwetyala elikhulu kugqiba enoba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokuqhubeka nokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Ekuchotshelweni kwangaphambili, ukutshutshiswa kunikela ubungqina, kwaye ingxengxezo ingamangqina anqamlezayo e-examine. I-gcisa eliphambili liqela labemi abalivayo ubungqina benkundla eyimfihlo baze bagqibe enoba bayayikhupha na ityala.

Ulungelelaniso

Kumthetho, ummangalelwa ufunda izityholo ngokusesikweni aze angene esicelweni: enetyala, kungekhona ityala, okanye (kwimibutho ethile) akukho mncintiswano (nolo imattere). Isibongozo esingenatyala simisela ityala lokuchotshelwa.

Intshukumo yangaphambili kunye nokufunyanwa

Both sides exchange evidence (discovery) and may file motions to suppress evidence, dismiss charges, or compel discovery. These motions can resolve critical legal issues before trial.

Ukuvavanywa

Ityala lingumbindi wenqanaba lobungcwabi. Ityala lithwele umthwalo wobungqina +) ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni, owona mgangatho uphakamileyo kumthetho waseMelika. Ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba akanatyala. Ijaji (okanye ijaji kwityala lesihlalo) iphulaphula xa ivula iintetho, ubungqina, ukunqamla, ukuphengulula iingxoxo, kunye nemiyalelo yokugweba ngaphambi kokuba irhoxiswe ize ibuyise isigqibo.

Ukugweba

Ukuba ummangalelwa ugwetywa, kubanjwa isigwebo esahlukileyo. Ijaji iqwalasela imigaqo egwebayo, ubuqatha betyala, ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho yommangalelwa, iingxelo zeli tyala, iingxelo zexhoba, kunye noonobangela bokuthomalalisa. Isigwebo sisenokuquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuhlawuliswa, ukugwetywa, ukuhlawulelwa, inkonzo yentlalo, okanye ukufa kumatyala amaxhoba okufa.

Izibheno

Abameli banelungelo lokubhenela ityala labo okanye isigwebo kwinkundla ephakamileyo, bephikisa ngelithi iimpazamo zomthetho zenzeka ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Izibheno azizixinzeleli izibakala; bahlola ingxelo ngeempazamo zomthetho. Ukuba inkundla yedemoste ifumana imposiso, isenokuyiguqula isiqinisekiso, icwangcise ityala elitsha, okanye ilungise isigwebo.

Ukugwetywa Nesohlwayo

Ukugwetywa komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kunceda iintanda-bulumko ezininzi, yaye iinkqubo zale mihla zidla ngokudibanisa. Iimodeli ezingundoqo ezigwebayo ziquka:

  • Ukugweba – Lixesha elisisigxina lokuvalelwa ngemithetho okanye izikhokelo.
  • Isigwebo se-Invertime – A uluhlu (umz. 5 ukuya ku15 iminyaka) ngokulinganayo okungagqibekiyo okungagqibekiyo okungagqibekiyo.
  • Ubuncinane obugunyazisiweyo – Imithetho emiselwe amatyala athile asentolongweni (umz., ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi, ulwaphulo-mthetho lompu), maxa wambi egxekwa ngokucutha isigwebo setyala.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Isohlwayo sobukrakra – Isohlwayo sokufa sihlala sisemthethweni kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu, phantsi komda womgaqo-siseko (umz., kuphela kukubulala, hayi ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho oluchaphazelekayo kubantu ngabanye).

I- UNITED SEXS yephepha lokugweba leJaji inika ucaphulo locaphulo nokhokelo lwengingqi.

Umthetho Othelekisa Ulwaphulo - mthetho

Ngoxa eli nqaku ligxininisa kumthetho wezaphuli-mthetho wase-U.S., kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ezinye iinkqubo zomthetho (ezifana nezithethe zomthetho wasekuhlaleni eYurophu) zijonga umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ngokwahlukileyo. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi omthetho wasekuhlaleni asebenzisa inkqubo yokuncina amatyala apho abagwebi baphengulula ngokukhutheleyo, kwaye indima yabachopheli-mthetho ilinganiselweyo. Noko ke, imigaqo engundoqo ye-actus, amadoda aphinda afumana ubungqina, kunye nokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni.

Isizathu Sokuba Umthetho Wakwaphula Ubaluleke

Ukuqonda umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho akuyonto nje ifundiswayo. Kuxhobisa abemi ukuba bazi amalungelo abo neembopheleleko zabo, kunceda amaxhoba aqonde le nkqubo, kwaye kunceda izifundiswa zokwenza umsebenzi wobupolisa (ukunyanzelisa umthetho, abasebenzi bezentlalo-ntle, abafundisi-bafundisi-ukusebenza ngokuphumelelayo kwisiseko esisemthethweni. Ngaphezu koko, uluntu olunolwazi lukulungele ngakumbi ukuba nenxaxheba kwiingxubusho ezingezobulungisa, imigaqo yokugweba, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Ukuba unqwenela ukuqwalasela imixholo ethile ngokubhekele phaya, icandelo leJanyu eliyiMelika iBar Justice Licards inika ubuncwane obuninzi, kunye ne-Cornell Legin Information Institute’s calpoint comple comprection liqondo elingcono kakhulu lokunyukela ngokunzulu.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ungumsebenzi onamandla nontsonkothileyo ochaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zebutho labantu. Ukusuka kwibloko zokwakha ezisisiseko ze-Actus reus kunye namadoda aphinda abuyele kwimigangatho eneenkcukacha yenkqubo yokugweba, ilungu ngalinye lisebenza ngokuntsonkotha ukuphatha okusesikweni. Ngokulawula iindidi ezisisiseko zezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokulawula ii-mthetho, iziqalelo ezifunekayo ukuze uqiniseke, ukukhusela okukhoyo, kunye nezixhobo ezikhoyo ezikhusela abamangalelwa (*) ufumana imbono ebanzi yendlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo. Ukuba ulungiselela umsebenzi womthetho, ukubhala ngokusesikweni, okanye ngokufuna nje ukuqonda amalungelo akho, olu lwaziko lwesiseko lusebenza njengomthombo obalulekileyo wokukhusela abamangali belizwe lomthetho owenziweyo.