Ukuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho eUnited States kufuna ukujonga ngokuphandle kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kuquka iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezibumba indlela esebenza ngayo iKhomishini. Phakathi kwezona nkalo zibalulekileyo nezingaqondwanga kakuhle kukwenziwa komthetho waseMelika yi-monixbuster, inkqubo yeNdlu enentsingiselo enzulu yokuba amatyala abe ngumthetho nendlela asetyenziswa ngayo amandla ezobupolitika. Esi sikhokelo sichaza inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni, ngengqalelo ekhethekileyo kwi-ficillbuster kunye nendima yayo ekuxonxeni kwedemokhrasi yaseMelika.

Isiseko: Indlela Ingqungquthela Edala Ngayo Imithetho

IBhunga loMbutho lokwenza umthetho wesebe likarhulumente worhulumente, elinamalungu amabini: iNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu. Inqaku I lomGaqo-siseko wase-U. linika onke amagunya owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga le-bidamaral, ukuseka inkqubo elungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa ukumelelwa komelo oluqhelekileyo nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente. Indlu inamalungu angama-435 akhonza amacandelo amabini asekelwe kubemi, ngoxa iNdlukwano ezimbini ezisuka kurhulumente ngamnye ezisebenza iminyaka emithandathu.

Isibakala sokuba izicelo zingenakuba ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa nokuvunywa ziiNdlu zoMbutho zozibini sisenzo esibalaseleyo kwinkqubo yethu yowiso-mthetho ye-bidamal. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ufumana uhlolo olucokisekileyo ngokweembono ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba ube ngumthetho.

Ukuqalisa Komthetho

Ityala liyisicelo somthetho omtsha okanye ukutshintshelwa kumthetho okhoyo. Naliphi na ilungu leKhonkxa - mhlawumbi kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu okanye kwiNdlu yabameli – onenjongo yomthetho angabhala umthetho, onamatyala avela kumalungu eBhunga okanye kubemi bemihla ngemihla nakumaqela olawulo.

Ilungu eliyintloko leKhongophela elixhasa eli tyala libizwa ngokuba yi "sponsor," ngelixesha amanye amalungu axhasa eli tyala ebizwa ngokuba yi-"co-sponsers". Amalungu angawujikelezisa umlomo aze acele amanye kwigumbi ukuba atyikitye njenge ngqalelo yesiseko esiqinileyo senkxaso yale ngcamango.

Incwadi ekwiNdlu yabameli ityunjwe yi-"H.R." elandelwa linombolo, ngoxa iBhunga leNtlanganiso lityunjwe yi-"S" lilandelwa linombolo yalo. Xa ithe yaziswa, amatyala anokufunyanwa kwiBhunga.gov, i-webhsayithi karhulumente esemthethweni yomthetho karhulumente.

Ingqwalaselo ephambili

Emva kwentshayelelo, kubhekiswa kwikomiti ebunjwe ngamaqela amalungu eBhunga anomdla ngokukhethekileyo kwimibandela eyahlukeneyo enjengemicimbi yempilo okanye yehlabathi lonke. Kwindlu, amatyala abhekiswa kuMthethi kuzo zonke iikomiti ezilawulayo, nangona amatyala amaninzi ehla phantsi kolawulo lwekomiti enye.

Xa ityala lisezandleni zekomiti, lihlolisiswa ngenyameko kwaye amathuba ayo okudlula anqunyulwa, ikomiti ikwazi ukuva iindlebe ukuze iqonde iziphumo. Ukuphulaphula kuvumela iimbono zesebe eliphetheyo, iingcali, amagosa karhulumente kunye nabaxhasi, kunye nabachasi bomthetho omele ubhalwe kule ngxelo.

Ukuba ikomiti iyawuvumela lo mthetho, uya phambili. Noko ke, ukuba ikomiti ayithathi nxaxheba kwityala, ityala lithathwa njengelithi "lafa". Eli qonga lekomiti lisebenza njengecebo elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Umthetheli weNdlu kunye neNkokeli yeMajority yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeNtlanganiso ugqiba ukuba ityala lifikele nini na phambi kwequmrhu elipheleleyo ukuze kuqhutywe impikiswano, kulungiswe iphinde kuqukunjelwe inxalenye yokugqibela. Kukho imithetho eyahlukeneyo yenkqubo elawula ingxoxo eqhutyelwana kwiNdlu yeeNdlu.

Endlwini, impikiswano ilinganiselwe kwaye icwangcisiwe. Ukuba ityala lidlula ngokubanzi (218 kwengama- 435), ityala lisiya kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso. Noko ke, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi isebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo evumela ingxoxo eyandisiweyo.) le yindawo apho i-filbuster iza kusebenza khona.

Yintoni Ingxaki Yokungafumani Kumntu Oziphetheyo?

I-filbuster liqhinga elisetyenziswa kwiNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeUnited States ukulibazisa okanye ukuvala ivoti ngomlinganiselo othile ngokunqanda impikiswano yayo ekugqibeleni. I-finbuster ijongwa ngokubanzi njengenye yezona mpawu zibalaseleyo zeBhunga leNtlanganiso, kuquka nayiphi na indlela yokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo sokukhupha isibambiso okanye ukuphazamisa umlinganiselo ngokuthintela ukuba ingabikho kwivoti.

Igama ngokwalo linemvelaphi ebangel ’ umdla. Igama elithi filibbuster lisuka kwigama lesiDatshi elithi vrijbuiter, elithetha iflootbooter okanye i pranger, ukungena kwisingesi ngeflibussier ne Spain bubstro kwaye ekuqaleni lalisetyenziswa ukuchaza umntu owaba ubuncwane okanye obandakanyekileyo kwi-piraki. Igama latshintsha ukuchaza isithintelo sezobupolitika.

Isizathu Sokuba Kunokwenzeka Ukuba Abaguli Babekho

Ithuba lokuba ngabakhweli likhona kuba imithetho yeBhunga ibeka imida embalwa kumalungelo eeNdlu kunye namathuba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kunye neNgwevu efuna ulwamkeleko oludla ngokuba nelungelo lomgangatho ukuba akukho mlinganisi uthethayo, kwaye ngoko iSenenter ingathetha ixesha elide xa efuna.

IBhunga leNtlanganiso alinamithetho ekhethekileyo yokufumana abantwana; endaweni yoko, amathuba okuzala anako ngenxa yokuba imithetho yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ingenayo imiqathango enokuthi ibeke imida ekhethekileyo kumalungelo eeNkulumbuso namathuba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Oku kungabikho kwemiqathango kudala isithuba sokuxoxa ngolwandiso.

IiFilibuster zale mihla

Abaqhubi be-Filibuster ngokwesithethe babebandakanya iintetho ezinde apho ikota yazama ukunqanda ukuvota ekuphumeni ngokungavumi ukukhupha umgangatho, iphethe i-senetor ibambe umgangatho ngokuma nangokuthetha ixesha elide kangangoko kunokwenzeka, maxa wambi ebusuku. Oku kwaxhaphaka kwifilimu ka-1939 uMnu. Smith Goes ukuya eWashington.

Ngoko, uhlobo lwe-finbuster lwatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kwii1970. Indlu yeQela yamkela inkqubo yemikhondo emibini eyavumela igumbi ukuba liqhubeke nomnye ushishino ngelinye ixesha i-finbuster yayihleli. Ukususela ekuqaleni koo1970, abaququzeleli baye bakwazi ukusebenzisa "isilinda" i-fillenbuster, apho nanini na iqela labaququzeleli abangama-41 okanye ngaphezulu lisongela umbandisi, umlawuli weNtsimbi ye-Cante uzakusoloko e enqaba ukubiza ivoti.

Ekubeni abahlali be-finbuster bengasafuni bambalwa ukuba babambe umgangatho ngokwenene baze bamise wonke omnye ushishino, isisongelo se-nberbuster sisuke satshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe. Olu tshintsho lutshitshile indlela iNdlu yeeNtsimbi esebenza ngayo.

Imbali Yefilibuster

Imvelaphi Yangaphambili

I-filbuster inemvelaphi enzulu kwimbali yowiso-mthetho waseMerika. Iqhinga lokusebenzisa iintetho ezinde ukulibazisa ukuthatha inyathelo lomthetho lavela kwiseshi yokuqala yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, iPennsylvania ibhalwe nguWilliam Maclay ngoSeptemba 22, 1789, ukuba ukwenziwa kwamaVirginia "kwakuthetha ixesha, ukuze singayidlulisi loo mali.

Ngelixesha kwakukho imizekelo embalwa yoqheliso phambi koo1830, iqhinga "lokuthetha isibhengezo sokufa" laliqhelekile ngokwaneleyo ngombindi wenkulungwane ukufumana igama elimibalabala .Nto yeNtlanganiso yeDictal yazama ukukhupha iwotshi kwimali yokuseka ibhanki yesizwe, kwaye yaphazamisa umqhubi we Whig uHenry Clay ukusongela ukutshintsha imithetho yeCatherian ukulinganisela impikiswano.

Ukwazisa Ngezilo

Ngaphambi ko1917 imithetho yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ayizange inikezele indlela yokuphelisa ingxoxo kunye nokunyanzela ukuvota ngomlinganiselo. IiFilibuster zakhawuleza zaxhaphaka ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kweye-20, kwaye umnikelo omkhulu omele wenziwe kwintlanganiso nganye ithetha ukuba isilinganisi esinesiqu senqanawa singaphazamisa inkqubela-phambili yomzimba size sifumane inkululeko.

Ngo1917, ngokunxunguphalisa okunyukayo nasesibongozweni sikaMongameli Woodrow Wilson, abaququzeleli bamkela umthetho (Umthetho weSihlalo 22) owavumela iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ukuba ivuselele ikhubaza kwaye ithintele ingxoxo kunye nevoti enkulu yababini-ntathu. Lo mthetho wabekwa kuqala kuvavanyo ngo1919, xa iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yacela ukupheliswa kwe-Reaselbuster nxamnye nesivumelwano saseVersailles.

Nangokuba, nangoko, amarhonya ahlala eluncedo ekuvimbeleni umthetho, ekubeni uvotelo oluzii-3 ezimbini lwalunzima ukufumana, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi zolawulo ukubiza amahlwili izihlandlo ezihlanu kuphela kwiminyaka engamashumi amane ezayo.

Umda Wangoku Owe-60

Ngo1975 iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeNtsimbi yeNtsimbi yeMida yanciphisa inani lamavoti afunekayo kwisibini-sithathu sama-i-intshi evota kwisithathu se-intshi yabaququzeleli bonke abanyuliweyo kunye nesifungo, okanye 60 kwiCandelo lekhulu lelungu. Olu tshintsho lwenza kwaba lula ukuphelisa i-filibbusters, kodwa kwafuneka ukuba kubekho ubuninzi obuphezulu kunabo balula.

Ngelixesha kuthatha amavoti angama-51 ukugqithisa ityala emva kokuphela kwengxoxo, kufuneka amavoti angama-60 ukuphelisa loo ngxoxo, nalo mqobo wamashumi amathandathu awaziwa ngokuba 'kukuvota,' ukuthatha imfuneko esezantsi yokudlulisa umthetho omkhulu kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimi.

Indlela I-Cloration Esebenza Ngayo: Ukuphela kwe-Filibuster

Ulawulo lweNtsimbi yeNtsimbi ye-XXII, eyaziwa njengomthetho wamahlwili, yenza ukuba iiNqanawa zigqibe i-evenumbester nakuwuphi na umba odidayo iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ezicinga ngawo, kunye neshumi elinesithandathu labahlali abaqalisa le nkqubo ngokuhambisa intshukumo ukuze kupheliswe ingxoxo.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, iCantenal ayivoti kule ntshukumo yokukhutshwa de kube lusuku lwesibini lwentlanganiso emva kokuba ishukunyisiwe, kwaye ifuna amavoti ubuncinane angamashumi amathathu anesihlanu ee-Senators (amavoti aqhelekileyo angama-60) ukuvuselela amahlwili.

Isiphumo esiphambili sokunyusa amahlwili emibani emininzi kukubeka ubuninzi obungama-30 eeyure ezongezelelekileyo ukuqwalasela lo mbuzo, ngeli xesha lama-30 eliquka lonke ixesha elichithwa lubizo oluqengqelelweyo, ubizo lwe-quarm nezinye izenzo, kwakunye nexesha elisetyenziswayo xa kuthethwa ngengxoxo.

Xa ihlwili likhutshiwe, iinkozo zemali zingaphantsi kwesibini okanye ezintathu zee-finbuster phambi kokuba iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi ivote, kwanamaphepha axhaswe ngabasebenzi bendlu yesibini okanye abangaphezulu asenokulityalwa ngunozala. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwethambo ingaba yexesha lokufumana inkxaso eyaneleyo ukoyisa i-nfillbuster.

IGama eliLingene

Ngoxa abahlali bembewu yemveli besoyikiso esithe cwaka, imbali iye yabona imizekelo ephawulekayo yeenjubaqa zokuthetha eziye zatsala ingqalelo yabantu.

Ngo1917, umphathi weWisconsin uRobert La Follette wasebenzisa i-filbuster ukunyanzela ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ngexesha lemfazwe. Ngeminyaka yee-1930, i-Senator Huey P. Ude wayisebenzisa ngokunempumelelo i-monilbuster kwiindleko zamatyala awayecinga ukuba ukhetha izityebi kunamahlwempu. Ngo-1950, ingwenya ye-Oregon Way Morse yasebenzisa i-Parenbuster ngokudumileyo ukufundisa uwonke wonke kwimicimbi awayeyijonga njengeyo yoncedo lwesizwe.

Strom Thurmond filbuster ka-1950. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amashumi alishumi, oku kwangqinelana nengxelo yentetho ende. Noko ke, iNew Jersey Sen. Cory Booker yaphuka loo ngxelo ngoAprili 2025, ithetha ngaphezu kweeyure ezingama-25.

Ii-pilibusters zangqineka ziluncedo ngokukhethekileyo kwii-seneta ezisemazantsi ezazifuna ukuthintela umthetho wamalungelo abantu, kuquka nokulwa nokuthanjiswa kwamaphepha. Le mbali ikhathazayo ikhokelele kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngendima ye-monilbuster kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Ezikhethekileyo Kwifilimu

Asilo lonke ishishini leNdlu yeeNtsimbi eliphantsi kweNdlu yeQela. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iindleko ezahlukeneyo ziye zadalwa ngotshintsho lomthetho nangenkqubo ekhethekileyo yowiso-mthetho.

Ukutyunjwa Kwalo Mkhwa Wenyukliya

Ngo-2013, iiDemocrates zatshintsha imithetho yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ukwenzela ukuba kuvunywe uqinisekiso lwezikhundla zesebe elilawulayo kunye nomthetho ongengowoNkundla ongowokuNtlanganiso, kwaye kwiminyaka emine kamva, iiRiphabliki zeCantenal Republic zandisa utshintsho ukuze ziquke izibophelelo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Zombini ezi nguqu zacela oko kwaziwa ngokuba lukhetho lwenyukliya, okanye ukugxothwa komthetho wokuphelisa izithintelo ngabambalwa.

Ngo-2013 nango17, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yasebenzisa uthotho lwemiqathango enciphisa umqobo wokukhutshwa kwezixhobo kuninzi olulula, kwaye ukususela ngoko, ukusetyenziswa komjelo kungaqinisekiswa ngaphandle kwenkxaso yabaququzeleli bama-60 nangona kusenokulibaziseka nge-finbuster.

Ukhetho lwenyukliya lusebenza ngomatshini weprocedal. Ukhetho lwenyukliya lungabheniswa yi-ingingqi ephakamisa incam yomyalelo omeleyo, negosa eliphetheyo elilawulayo elilawulayo liyixande ngencam yocwangco olusekelwe kwimithetho yeBhunga kunye nemizekelo, kwaye lo mthetho ngoko ubhenelelwa uphendulwe kwaye uphendulwe yivoti elula, iseka umzekelo omtsha.

Ulungelelwaniso Loqingqo-mali

Intloko engapheliyo kwimibandela ethile ikhokelele ekusetyenzisweni kwemithetho yohlaziyo yoqingqo-mali ukwenzela ukudlula imiqobo yegumbi, kunye namatyala oxolelwaniso akwazi ukudlula ngevoti ezingama-51 kuphela, xa kuthelekiswa nemfuneko ephantsi yemeko 60-vote ebekwe ngumntwana.

Iqela lemithetho emisela imithetho iye yamiselwa ukulinganisela umlinganiselo wexesha elizenzekelayo lendlu yezindlu ngokumisela umlinganiselo wexesha kwingxoxo yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNqanawa yemibuzo ethile, kuquka noMthetho woHlahlo-mali lweCongregal ka- 1974 (owadala inkqubo yohlaziyo lohlaziyo), iCongregational Review Act kunye noMthetho weSithili woMthetho weFilimpire.

Inkqubo yoxolelwaniso ivumela umthetho othile onxulumene noqingqo-mali ukuba udlule kwiNdlu yeNtlanganiso ngobuninzi obulula, uyenze ibe sisithuthi esinomtsalane kutshintsho olungundoqo lwenkqubo. Noko ke, kukho imida engqongqo koko kunokuqukwa kwityala loxolelwaniso, elilawulwa ngu "Umthetho weByrd" olinganisela amalungiselelo angacwangciswanga ngokwendalo.

Impembelelo Yesikhonkwane Kumthetho

Amandla Afikelela Kwiimeko Ezincinane

I-filbuster ngokusisiseko iguqula umlinganiselo wamandla kwiNdlu yeNtsimbi. Kwimeko ezininzi ihlwili lifuna uninzi lwezintathu ze-senator ezikhethwe ngokufanelekileyo nezifunghiweyo (60 iivoti ukuba akukho sithuba sinye), ngoko incinci kakhulu yabalinganisi enokuthintela umlinganiselo, nokuba inenkxaso yoninzi olulula.

Oku kunika islewi esibalulekileyo kwiqela elincinane. Ubuchule be-Senator bokubandakanyeka kwii-finbuster zinomphumo onzulu nosasazekileyo kwindlela iNdlu yeeNtsimbi eqhuba ngayo ishishini layo phantsi, nenkokeli enkulu igqibe kwelokuba ingabizeli ityala elizakuqwalaselwa phantsi phambi kwemonikbuster esongelwayo.

Ngaba Ukhuthaza Ukulalanisa Okanye Ukudala Ugqatso Oluthe Ngqo?

Ithemba lentshontsho lingenza abaxhasi bemali bamkele utshintsho kwimali abangayixhasiyo kodwa eyimfuneko ukukhusela imbewu ekhoyo. Abaxhasi bentshontsho baphikisa oku kukhuthaza ukulalanisa kwe-bipartisan kwaye kuthintela uninzi ukuba lungaqengqeleki kwimiphunga.

Noko ke, abagxeki babonisa ukwanda kwengxaki. Ngokwesithethe, iNdlu yeQela yabalawuli yayigcinelwe kuphela ezona mpikiswano zididayo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwakhula kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngokufuthi kunciphisa ishishini kwigumbi lokuhlala. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-finbuster kunyuke ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ecaleni kokukhula kwemimandla ebandayo eWashington, kunye neevoti ezingaphezu kwama-500 ukuphelisa i-nboxbuster ukususela ngowe-1917, kwaye ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha kusenzeka kwiminyaka eli-12 edluleyo.

Abahlalutyi bathi oku kusetyenziswa okungakumbi kuye kwalithoba ishishini kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanga, ngokufuthi kubangela ukuba igumbi linqandwe, kusetyenziswa imigaqo - siseko yezobugcisa endaweni yengxoxo encinane, yaye ekugqibeleni, ukwenza imithetho.

Amathuba Aninzi

Imali enye ingajongana nee-filbuster ezininzi ngexesha lohambo lwazo kwiBhunga. Imali-mali ezininzi inokuba phantsi kweminye emibini ye-finbuster phambi kwevoti yendlu yemikhosi ekhoyo kwinyathelo lokugqibela: okokuqala, i-palbuster ehambayo ukuya kuqwalaselwa, kwandule ke enye i-palbuster kwimali ngokwayo. Ii-filibbuster ezininzi zinokubakho ekulungisweni kwemali nezinye ii-procdects.

Oku kuthetha ukuba kwanomthetho oxhaswa ngokubanzi ungajamelana nolibaziseko olubalulekileyo kwaye ufuna amahlwili amaninzi ukuvota ukuhambela phambili kwiBhunga leNtsimbi.

Inkqubela yakutshanje kunye nophuhliso

Ukudilika kweFilibuster ngowama-2025

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje ixinezelo oluqhubekekayo kwi-monilbuster. Iinkokeli zeCatenal Republic ziqhube iziphumo zalo nyaka ukuthoba i-elbuster xa ime ngendlela kaTrump kunye nentengo yeGOP.

IRiphabliki zasasaza u "ukhetho lwenyukliya" ukutshintsha imithetho yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso ukwenzela ukuqinisekisa iqela lama-48 eTrump nominees, ngentshukumo evumela iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ukuba iqinisekise amanani angenasiphelo eCabinet esezantsi yeqela elinye, ngaphandle kokuba ifune imvume yabambalwa.

IiRiphabliki ziphawula ukuba umqobo wama-60 oza kuphumeza umthetho omninzi awukhange upheliswe, iNkokeli yeBhunga loMajoni uJohn Thune ithembisa emva konyulo lwama-2024 ukuba iNdlu yesizwe iza kuhlala ingatshintshi kugada wayo.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo

Nokuba unconywe njengomkhuseli weqela elincinane lezobupolitika kwinkcitho yoninzi, okanye ukuhlaselwa njengesixhobo sokuthintela abanqolobi, ilungelo lengxoxo engenasiphelo kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu, kuquka i-finbuster, iye yaba yinxalenye engundoqo yendima ekhethekileyo yeNdlu yezopolitiko yaseMelika.

Ingxoxo nge-nfillbuster idla ngokutshintsha kuxhomekeka kubaphi iqela elilawula iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Ngamaxesha awahlukeneyo omabini aye abiza ukuphelisa okanye ukuguqula i-monibulister xa kuninzi, kuphela ukuyikhusela xa ikumgangatho omncinci. Oku kubonisa uxinezeleko olungundoqo phakathi komthetho omninzi namalungelo amancinane aqukwa ngumntwana ozalwa ngumntwana.

Ukugqiba Uhambo Olusemthethweni

Xa isibham siqhuba ngempumelelo iCamelo ``nakanjani' ngokufumana amavoti angamashumi amathandathu okufumana amahlwili okanye ukugqitha kwinkqubo ekhusela ifilbuster efana nokuxolelaniswa/ukugqiba amanyathelo amaninzi ukuba abe ngumthetho.

Ukuququzelela iNguqulelo yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso

Ukuba eli tyala lidlula kwiqumrhu elinye leNkomfa, lisiya kwelinye ukuze liqhubeke nenkqubo efanayo yophando, ingxubusho, iinguqulelo, nokuvota, yaye lakuba lamkele ityala, lale nkampani yomibini imele igqibe nayiphi na into engafaniyo phakathi kwale nguqulelo zimbini.

IKhomishini ingaseka ikomiti yengqungquthela yokucombulula okanye yokulungisa umahluko phakathi kwendlela yesivumelwano seNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, yaye ukuba ikomiti ayikwazi ukufikelela kwisivumelwano, ityala liyafa, kodwa ukuba kufikelelwe isivumelwano, amalungu ekomiti alungiselela ingxelo yenkomfa encomela izicelo zesivumelwano. Zombini iNdlu neNdlu yeNtsimbi kufuneka zivote ukuze zivume ingxelo yenkomfa.

Isenzo soMongameli

Xa omabini afumana imvume efanayo aze adlule, ayinikela kumongameli, oya kuqwalasela loo mali aze avume loo mali aze ayisayine kumthetho.

Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo kangangeentsuku ezilishumi xa iBhunga lisebuqulwini, ityala lizenzekela ukuba libe ngumthetho. Noko ke, umongameli angala ukuvuma ityala, elibizwa ngokuba yiveto.

Ukuba umongameli ukhetha ukubhalisa umthetho, kwiimeko ezininzi iBhunga lingavota ukuwuphelisa loo mqathango kwaye ityala libe ngumthetho. Ukuba iCathenal neNdlu idlulisa ityala ngobuninzi obubini obuthathu, iveto yoMongameli iyalawula, kwaye ityala liba ngumthetho.

Ukuba umongameli akasayityikitya ityala yaye akasayi kutyikitywa xa iNgqungquthela ingekho kwintlanganiso, loo ngxelo iya kupheliswa ngoko kungazange kugqitywe koko kubizwa ngokuba yiveto epokothweni, yaye ayinakungasetyenziswa yiBhunga.

Ukusasaza nokuHlanganyelwa

Emva kokuba ityala lingumthetho, linikwa inani elithile lize lipapashwe eUnited States iMithetho Emikhulu, enemithetho yendalo eqhelekileyo nesisigxina eyathi yafakwa kwiMithetho yaseUnited States.

Imithetho emininzi isalathisa amaziko karhulumente ukuba enze izenzo ezithile, njengokudala okanye ukuphelisa inkqubo karhulumente, yaye emva kokuba kumiselwe umthetho, kuxhomekeke kumaqumrhu ukumisela indlela oya kusetyenziswa ngayo loo mthetho.

Intsingiselo Ebanzi: Iindlela Nolungelelwano

Ifinbuster ikhona kwinkqubo enkulu yokuhlola kunye nolinganiselo eyenzelwe ukuthintela nayiphina into ekusebenziseni amandla angathintelwayo.

UMongameli unempembelelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, encomela uqingqo - mali lwaminyaka le lwamaziko karhulumente yaye ngokufuthi ucebisa umthetho, yaye mhlawumbi okubaluleke ngakumbi, amandla okulawula umthetho weveto anokuchaphazela ityala elidluliswa yiBhunga.

Ekubeni kungaqhelekanga ukuba umthetho ubekwe phezu kweveto engumongameli, iBhunga kufuneka lifakelwe ngokwemo yomongameli kwiinkqubo ezicetyisiweyo. Oku kudala olunye ulwaleko lwengxoxo nolalanisa kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho.

Zininzi iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano olulawulayo olulawulayo olulawula amandla eBhunga lokuseka imithetho, isebe eliphetheyo likwazi ukukhetha indlela yokunyanzelisa umthetho phakathi kwemida ebekwe yiBhunga, kwaye iinkundla zephondo ziyakwazi ukulawula ukuba iBhunga lenze ngaphandle kwemiqathango yomGaqo-siseko xa limisela umthetho.

Ukuqonda Umphumo Wokwenene Wehlabathi

Impembelelo yefilibuster idlulela ngaphaya kwenkqubo yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso ``imo-bume''' ezinokuthi zibe ngumthetho nendlela ezimilise ngayo iingingqi zezobupolitika.

Iimfuno ZobuGcisa Ezibalaseleyo Ekuqheliseleni

KwiBhunga leNtlanganiso yanamhlanje, imiqathango emininzi ngoku ifuna amavoti angama-60 ngoku, ngaphandle kokuba umahluko othile uthintele ixesha lengxoxo. Oku kuyinyaniso kutshintsha ucwangciso lowiso-mthetho. IiBhili kufuneka zenzelwe ukutsala inkxaso ye-bipartisan, okanye kufuneka zifaneleke kwenye yeevoti ezingafaniyo nemveli.

Oku kuye kwakhokelela kucwangciso lomthetho, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kohlaziyo kohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olunyusiweyo kulwandiso-nkqubo olungundoqo kunye nokubekwa kwezinto ezininzi eziza kuqala kumthetho ongenakudluliswa nto enokuthi itsale amavoti ayimfuneko.

Indima Yengcamango

Ngasemva kwenkqubo esesikweni kukho ingxubusho ebanzi. Phantse yonke ingxubusho yophando nokuxoxa kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho iyenzeka ngaphandle kwengxelo ezintlanganisweni phakathi kwabasebenzi abasebenzela abaququzeleli nabameli, amalungu kawonke-wonke, abangenisi-mdla bengeniso namaziko angeyongeniso, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente.

Isisongelo se-fillbuster sibumba ezi ngxoxo, ngokufuthi phambi kokuba ityala livezwe. Abaxhasi kufuneka baqwalasele ukuba bangahlanganisa amavoti angama-60, kwaye ukuba akunjalo, nokuba bangalungisa izicelo zabo okanye balandele enye indlela yowiso-mthetho.

Iimpikiswano Zemali Nezichasene Nefilisi

Ityala lePilibuster

Abaxhasi be-nfilbuster baphikisa ngelithi ifeza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo. Ikhusela amalungelo amancinane ngokunqanda uninzi olungenabantu ekufuneni lungavumelani ngaphandle kokuphangalala. Ikhuthaza ucetyiswa nokulalanisa, inyanzelisa iqela ukuba lithethe nabambalwa lize lakhe imiqolo ebanzi.

I-filbuster ikwanika izinzo, ikwenza kube nzima ukwenza iinguqu eziphawulekayo zenkqubo ezinokutshintshwa xa ulawulo lwezandla zikarhulumente lutshintsha. Oku kungakhuthaza izicombululo ezihlala ixesha elide, ze-bipartis.

Abameli baphawula ukuba iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMalanga yayiyilelwe ukuba ibe ngumzimba ozimelayo kuneNdlu, enamagama amade kunye nomelo olulinganayo kumazwe kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngawaphi na abemi. I-Renbuster, baphikisa ngelithi, iqinisa olu phawu lwahlukileyo.

Ityala Lotshintsho Okanye Lokupheliswa

Abahlalutyi bathi i-filbuster iye yaba sisixhobo sokuthintela kunokuba icebise. Babonisa ukuba iyasetyenziswa ukuvala umthetho wamalungelo abantu kunye namanye amanyathelo athandwayo. Ulwando oluphawulekayo lokusetyenziswa kwe-nfilbuster kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, baphikisa ngokuthi, ivelise iqhina elithintela iNgqungquthela ekucombululeni iingxaki ezicinezelayo zesizwe.

Abanye abagxeki baphawula ukuba i-finbuster ayikhankanywa kumGaqo-siseko yaye ayiyonxalenye yemithetho yokuqala yeBhunga. Baphikisa ngelithi ukufuna inkcaso ephezulu yomthetho oqhelekileyo kuthoba isidima sokuphendula ngokwedemokhrasi ngokuvumela iqaqobana ukuba lithintele ukuthanda koninzi.

Izindululo zotshintsho zisuka ekususeni iPariabuster ngokupheleleyo ukuya kufuna "ukuthetha nabantwana abanqikaswe" apho abaququzeleli kufuneka babambe umgangatho, ukwenza iindidi ezithile zomthetho ezifana namalungelo okuvota okanye iindleko zamalungelo abantu.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Kubemi

Ukuqonda umgcini-sango kubalulekile kubemi abafuna ukungenelela ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Xa uqhagamshelana namaqumrhu akho malunga nomthetho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba nokuba uninzi lwamalungu endlu yowiso-mthetho luxhasa isiviwo, lusenokusilela ngaphandle kwamavoti angama-60.

Le nto isebenza ngendlela yokuyila. Ukwakha imiqolo emide enokutsala inkxaso ye-bipartisan kuba yeyona ibalulekileyo. Ukuqonda ukuba ziziphi izithuthi zomthetho ezikhusela i-filbuster(iindawo yokucwangcisa) -- ezifana noxolelwaniso loqingqo-mali okanye iinkcubeko ezithile .ukunceda abaxhasi baqonde ezona ndlela zisebenzayo kwizinto eziza kuqala.

I-finbuster ikwachaphazela ezonyulwayo. Abavota kufuneka baqonde ukuba kwanaxa elinye iqela lilawula ubungangamsha kunye namagumbi omabini eBhunga, umqobo ongamashumi amathandathu aneevoti kwiNdlu zeNdlu yeNtlanganiso ungathintela elo qela ekumiseleni icebo elipheleleyo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekunxunguphaleni xa iphulo lithembisa lingazalisekiswa, kodwa libonakalisa ukwenziwa kwangabom kweBhunga njengendlela yokuhlola amandla amaninzi.

Ukukhangela Phambili: Ikamva Lenyamakazi

Ikamva le-finbuster lihlala lingaqiniseki. Ixesha ngalinye iNdlu yeQembu itshintsha izandla, iingxoxo ngokutshintsha okanye ukuyiphelisa ziphinda zibuye. Ukukhukuliseka okuthe ngcembe kwe-finbuster kunika ingcebiso yokuba utshintsho oluthe vetshe lunokwenzeka, ingakumbi ukuba i-Rhonational iyaqhubeka ikhula.

Abanye abajongi baqikelela ukuba umgcini-mthetho omiselwe umthetho ekugqibeleni uza kupheliswa, alandele umzekelo obekwe ukwenzela ukutyunjwa. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba abaququzeleli baya kuyilondoloza ekugqibeleni, beqonda ukuba ngenye imini basenokuba ngabambalwa kwaye bafuna ukukhuselwa yiyo.

Into ebonakala icacile kukuba ingxoxo nge-filibuster iza kuqhubeka ingundoqo kwingxubusho emalunga nendlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi yaseMerika. Uxanduva phakathi kolawulo oluninzi namalungelo amancinane, phakathi kobuchule nokucinga, phakathi kotshintsho kunye nozinzo .le mibuzo ingundoqo iza kuqhubeka ibumba ingxoxo ye-fillbuster kwiminyaka ezayo.

Amaziko Aphambili Okuqonda Inkqubo Yomthetho

Iingongoma eziliqela ezibalulekileyo zivela kolu hlolo lwendlela eyenziwe ngayo imithetho kunye nendima ye-filibuster:

  • Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibandakanya amacandelo amaninzi, ukusuka ekuhlolweni kwemali ngentsebenzo yeekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, ukudlula ngamagumbi amabini, nokuthatha inyathelo lomongameli
  • IBhunga lisebenza phantsi kwemithetho ekhethekileyo evumela impikiswano ebanzi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho
  • Ukuphelisa i-nlybuster ngehlwili kufuna amavoti angama-60 kwiimeko ezininzi, ukwenza i-de methomajongg efunekayo kumthetho omkhulu
  • Umahluko obalulekileyo ukho, kuquka uhlaziyo lohlaziyo kunye nokutyunjwa, okunokuqhubekeka ngevoti ezininzi eziqhelekileyo
  • I-filbuster iguqukile ukusuka ekufuneni iintetho ezinyusiweyo ukuvumela "ii-firebuster" ezisekelwe kwisisongelo nje sesithintelo
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwe-filbuster kunyuke ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, nto leyo enegalelo ekuvuselelweni kwe-grid
  • I-finbuster iquka uxinzeleko olusisiseko kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika phakathi kolawulo oluninzi namalungelo amancinane
  • Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kubalulekile ukuze urhulumente aphumelele ekuthembiseni urhulumente yaye ulindele izinto ezinokuphunyezwa

Oovimba Obona Baninzi Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunye ne-filbuster, kukho oovimba abaninzi abasemagqabini. Iwebhsayithi yeNdlu yeQela esemthethweni ye-U.S. inikela iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha malunga nee-filiusbuster kunye ne-drives, kuquka umongo wembali kunye neenkqubo zangoku.

I ISibonelelo seNgqungquthela inika izikhokelo ezibanzi kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kuquka iingcaciso zevidiyo kunye noxwebhu olunenkcukacha. IZiko leBrennan yeJaji [ inika uhlalutyo lwembali ye-filibbuster kunye nempembelelo yedemokhrasi.

IKhomishini.gov ivumela abemi ukuba balandele umthetho wangoku, babone indlela abameli babo abavota ngayo, nokufumana yonke imibhalo yamatyala nemithetho. Ukusebenzisa ezi zinto kungenza uqonde ngakumbi indlela idemokhrasi yaseMerika esebenza ngayo.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo apho amatyala eba yimithetho eUnited States intsonkothile, ibandakanya ii-checks ezininzi kunye nezikali ukuqinisekisa ukuqiqa ngokucokisekileyo nokuvumelana okubanzi. I-filbuster imela enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwezi zikhangelo, inika iBhunga amandla amancinane anamandla okuphembelela okanye okuvala umthetho.

Nokuba ujongwa njengokhuselo olubalulekileyo lwamalungelo amancinane okanye umqobo ochasene nedemokhrasi wokuqhubela phambili, ngokungathandabuzekiyo umqobo owenziwe ngomthetho waseMelika ngendlela enzulu. Umda wawo wama-60-awuhlukeneyo uchaphazela okokuba anokudlula ngantoni amatyala, indlela amaqhina adibana ngayo, noko kunyanzelekile ngayo. Ukuqonda imvelibuster kubalulekile ngoko ke ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi yaseMelika, ngokuchasene nendlela enokwenziwa ngayo kwiingcamango.

Njengoko iingxoxo ngekamva le-finbuster ziqhubeka, abemi abanolwazi bangafak' isandla kwingxubusho engokulungelelanisa amaxabiso akhuphisanayo omthetho omninzi, amalungelo amancinane, ucwangciso, kunye nolawulo olunempumelelo. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kuquka i-monilbuster, ekugqibeleni ibonakalisa ukhetho malunga nohlobo lwedemokhrasi esifuna ukuba nalo.