Indlu yabameli yaseUnited States isoloko ichazwa njengegumbi leBhunga elikufutshane nabantu. Ngezihlalo ezingama-435 zonyulo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, iyilelwe ukuba iphendule kakhulu ekuguqukeni kolu vo lukawonke-wonke. Umsebenzi ophambili walo mzimba ubumba imithetho elawula uhlanga. Ngoxa ingqiqo eqhelekileyo "ukubeka isiko" isandi esicacileyo, inkqubo elula kumgangatho weNdlu yeyobulumko, ebhalwe kakuhle, kwaye echubekileyo. Ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo xa impikiswano yendlu entsha ifuna ukususwa kwemigxobho yeekomiti, imithetho, kunye neekhothamenti zemithetho echaza ukuba isakhiwo sendlu sisebenza kakuhle.

Inyathelo Lokuqala Elibalulekileyo: Inkqubo yeKomiti

Phambi kokuba naliphi na ityala lifikelele kumgangatho weNdlu yengxoxo, kufuneka kuqala lisinde kwinkqubo yekomiti. Oku kulapho uninzi lwezindululo zowiso-mthetho (ngokufuthi zingaphezulu kwama-90%) nesiphelo sazo esithe cwaka. Imali engaphumeleliyo kwikomiti ife ngokunempumelelo, inamandla eyaziwa njenge "pigehoonling" inkqubo yekomiti yokuhamba-hamba kwendlu, kwaye luvavanyo lokuqala lokwenene lokusebenza kwemali.

Ukubuyiselwa koMkhosi nokuLahliwa

Xa ilungu lichaza ityala lerhafu, iSpeaker of the House liyibhekisa kwikomiti (okanye iikomiti) elawula umbandela wayo. Le komiti ilawulwa ngemithetho engqongqo echazwe kwiNdlu yeMithetho neSixhebo sikaJefferson. Umzekelo, umthetho ophathelele inkqubo yerhafu usiya kwiKomiti yeeGradisi neMathemati, ngoxa isiko eliphathelele imicimbi yomkhosi lisiya kwiKomiti yeeNkonzo ze-Admittery. Umthetho onzima ophathelele kwimimandla emininzi ungabhekiswa kwiikomiti eziliqela ngexesha elinye, inkqubo eyaziwayo njenge "umliplearelatel'."

Indlela Yokuva: Ukuqokelela Iinyaniso Nokwakha Ingxelo

Xa kuqalwa izivumelwano zamazwe kwikomiti, umsebenzi wokwenene. Ikomiti iza kuphendula. Ngexesha lala matyala, amalungu eeNgqungquthela, asenokuba ngababhali-mthetho, iintloko zezikomyutha, iingcali zezikomyutha, abangenisi-mali, kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo abachaphazelekayo abachatshazelwa ngumthetho ocetyiswayo. Ezi zicelo zisebenza iinjongo eziliqela: bafundisa amalungu akwi-intricasues zenkup, banika iqonga eliphezulu ukuze bafumane imvume yokulawula, kwaye bakha ingxelo esesikweni yemithetho enokuthi isetyenziswe kamva ukukhusela umthetho enkundleni. Isitulo sekomiti sisebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo apha, ogqiba ukungqina, umyalelo wokubuza, nokuba ngaba kuququlwa kuqulwe ukuva.

Uphawu: Ukumisela Umbhalo Womthetho

Eyona nqanaba libalulekileyo lomsebenzi wekomiti yi "marksup" intlanganiso. Eli lixesha xa ikomiti ihlala phantsi ngokoqobo "iphawula" umbhalo wemali. Amalungu ahlanganisana jikelele kwidais kwigumbi lokuphulaphula, kwaye isitulo sinika intlanganiso ucwangco. Abasebenzi abaninzi nabasebenzi abambalwa bazakuba balungiselele "uphawu lwe-cheairman" okanye "umva wesigqeba," yindawo yokuqala yengxoxo.

Ngexesha lokunyusa, amalungu anganika izilungiso kwisivumelwano somthetho. Ezi zindululo ziyaphikiswana kwaye zivotelwa yikomiti. Imithetho elawula ukuchongwa kwamaqhosha ithe yaphelelwa kancinci kunemithetho yomgangatho, ivumela umthetho ohambelana ngakumbi (okanye ukulwa, kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo yezobupolitika). Ilungu linganikela utshintsho lokubetha icandelo, ukongeza ulungiselelo olutsha, okanye ukutshintsha amanqanaba emali. Isivumelwano ngasinye sixabana, ngokufuthi phantsi komthetho wemineminento efana nomgangatho, kwaye emva koko cotela. Emva kokuba zonke iintambo zifakwe kwikomiti engenanto, njengoko kunyuswe kwivoti. Ukuba kudlule, uxwebhu luye "ukhutshwa kwindlu epheleleyo" kunye nengxelo epheleleyo. Olu xwebhu luchaza iinjongo ezigxeko, kwaye luquka iimbono ezingongoma, iimbono ezingezombi.

Isibongozo: A Brand Hard

Ukuba ikomiti iyala ukwenza kwimali yetyala enenkxaso ebanzi, uninzi lwendlu lunganyanzelisa ukuba lungene phantsi lusebenzisa isicelo sokufaka isikhalazo esingu "ukukhupha imvume". Oku kufuna ukuba uninzi lweNdlu (218 usayino) lutyikitye isicelo sokukhupha ityala ezandleni zekomiti. Izibongozo zokukhupha izicelo zinqabile kwaye kunzima ukuziphumeza, njengoko zisoloko zijongwa njengokuchasana komyalelo oqhelekileyo kunye nocelomngeni kwigunya leetroli kunye nokhokelo lweqela.

Umgcini-sango: IKomiti Yendlu Elawulayo

Xa isibham sixeliwe kwikomiti yowiso-mthetho, asiyi kuhamba nje ihambele phantsi. Kufuneka kuqala idlule kwiKomiti ekwimithetho, ngokunokwenzeka ikomiti enamandla kwindlu. IKomiti yemithetho isebenza njenge "traffic cop" okanye "umgcini-mthetho" kumgangatho wendlu. Yikomiti "yesigqeba" engaphandle kwesakhiwo sekomiti eqhelekileyo, equlethwe yi-13 (9 ukusuka kuninzi, 4 ukusuka kwiqela elincinane) ephethwe nguSomlomo.

Umthetho: Isijongi seBhili kwiNqanawa

IKomiti yeMimiselo ikhupha u-"rule" kwimali-mali nganye engundoqo. Lo mthetho sisisombululo esilula sendlu esimisela amabinzana engxoxo. Luxwebhu olunye olubalulekileyo lweprocedual olulawula umlo womgangatho. Umthetho ucacisa ukuba:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ixesha lokuxambulisana jikelele: Ixesha elide kangakanani iNdlu epheleleyo izakuphikisana ngeli tyala ngokwalo. Elixesha lidla ngokwahlulwa ngokulinganayo phakathi koninzi namaqela amancinane ukuba alawulwa sisitulo kunye nelungu eliphezulu lekomiti enxulumeneyo.
  • Inkqubo yoHlaziyo: Le yinxenye ethanda ukuxabana yomthetho. Umthetho uthi yeyiphi inguquko, ukuba ikhona, inokunikelwa phantsi. Kukho iindidi ezininzi zemithetho: [
    • [[FLT:]] [4] Umthetho ovaliweyo:[[[FLT:]] Akukho tshintsho luvumelekileyo. Imali mayibolekwe okanye ezantsi kanye njengoko kuxelwe.
    • [[UMTL:0] Umthetho Ofinyelekileyo: kuphela, intengiso eshicilelwe kwangaphambili enikezelwe ngabaninzi ivumelekile.
    • [[UMTL:0] Umthetho okhutshiweyo:[[FT:1] Kuphela uluhlu lwezilungiso ezikhethwe kwangaphambili, ezinokuvela kuwo omabini amaqela, zivumelekile. Olu lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lomthetho wemithetho emikhulu.
    • [[Umthetho ovulekileyo:0] Umthetho ovulekileyo: nawuphi na ilungu linganika nasiphina isilungiso somjelo. Imithetho evulekileyo ngoku inqabile kwaye igcinelwe iindleko ezingekho ngqiqweni okanye ezisekelwe kwisivumelwano.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Indlu inemithetho emininzi echasene namalungiselelo asematyaleni (umz., izigunyaziso, iibhari, okanye umthetho wemali yentelekelelo). Umthetho usoloko uphazamisa la manqaku ocwangco, ukuvumela uxwebhu ukuba luqhubeke nokuba luphule imithetho yendlu.

Ingxoxo engomthetho ngokwawo yingxoxo eyahlukileyo, emfutshane emalunga neyure, elawulwa sisitulo seKomiti Yemithetho. Ukudlula komthetho kuluvavanyo olungundoqo lomanyano lweqela elikhulu. Ukuba umthetho ungaphumeleli, ityala lifile okwangoku, kwaye luloyiso olukhulu lwezopolitiko lweNkokeli kunye nokhokelo lweqela.

Ingxoxo KwiKomiti Yoluntu Lonke

Xa umthetho uthatyathwe yiNdlu, ingcaciso isiya phantsi ukwenzela ingxoxo eqhelekileyo kunye nenkqubo yokulungisa. Ukucinezela oku, le ndlu iziguqula ibe liqumrhu lepalamente elaziwa ngokuba yi "Committee yeNdlu Yonke kwiSizwe se-Union" (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"Committee of the Whole"").

Ubuchule Bempikiswano

IKomiti yeWonke sisixhobo seprocedal esivumela iNdlu ukuba ixoxwe nemfuneko esezantsi ye-quoleum. Endaweni yokufuna ukuba amalungu angama-218 abekho (inkoliso yeNdlu), iKomiti yeWonke ifuna amalungu ali-100 kuphela. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuqhuba ishishini ngokukhawuleza. USomlomo ushiya isitulo kwaye umisela ilungu leqela elininzi ukuba lisebenze njenge "Usihlalo seKomiti ye-Whome". I-Mace, uphawu lweGunya lendlu, lishukunyiselwa kumgangatho osezantsi.

Ingxoxo jikelele iqala phantsi kwemibandela yomthetho. Ixesha lidla ngokubekwa phantsi kwesitulo kunye nelungu eliphezulu lekomiti elixelileyo ityala. Banika amanye amalungu ixesha lokuthetha okanye ukuphikisa ityala. Olu "mthetho weyure" luthetha ukuba ilungu linokuthetha ukuya kwiyure, nangona lisebenza, ixesha libekwa ngaphandle kwisithuba esingu 5, 10, okanye ulwandiso lwemizuzu eyi15. Le yisigaba senkqubo apho amalungu enza khona izinto ezinkulu, ukudumisa iimpawu zomthetho okanye ukuchaza iimpazamo zalo.

Inkqubo yoHlaziyo: Umgangatho "Uphawu"

Emva kokuqukumbela ingxoxo eqhelekileyo, iKomiti yeYonke iya kwinkqubo yokulungisa, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-"marks" ephantsi. Kulapho intengo itshintshwa khona. Le nkqubo ikhokelwa ngokungqongqo ngumthetho nayimithetho yendlu enxulumene nokukhula kwentsholongwane.

Umthi Wokuhlaziywa

Indlu isebenza kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo ebizwa ngokuba ngumthi "wesilungisi". Eli liqela lezolawulo elinokubuyiselwa kulo kwaye ngawuphi ulandelelwano. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ilungu linganikela "lokuqala-degree ampement" kumbhalo womthetho. Elinye ilungu linganikela "umva wesibini" kwelo lokuqala elinobume bokulungisa. IKomiti yevoti kaWonke kwi-degree andexer indendment yokuqala, ngoko ke i-ederee andment (njengoko kunokwenzeka).

Ingcaphephe yepalamente kunye negcisa leqela inga "zalisa umthi". Ngokunika izilungisi ezithile ngolungelelwano olukhethekileyo, inkokeli enkulu ingavala zonke ezinye izilungiso ekunikelweni, ivala ngokunempumelelo amandla eqela lokutshintsha umthetho. Esi sisixhobo esinamandla esisetyenziselwa ukukhusela imveliso engundoqo yemithetho-mthetho yeqela.

Umthetho- OnguMququzeleli

Izinyusi zixutyushwa phantsi komthetho "oweminzuma emihlanu" Umxhasi wotshintsho ufumana imizuzu emihlanu yokuzichaza. Emva koko, ilungu elichasayo lifumana imizuzu emihlanu yokuthetha ngokuchasene nayo. Emva koko, ixesha lilawulwa sisihlalo sekomiti, enokuvumela amalungu anokunikezela okanye achasene nawo. Le nkonzo izakuqhubeka kangangeeyure ezintlanu, ivumela ukunyukela nzulu ukuya kumacandelo athile omthetho. Emva kokuqukunjelwa kwengxoxo, iKomiti yevoti kaWonke kuwo, idla ngokuvota ngelizwi.

Ukulwela Imveliso Edumileyo

Amavoti elizwi akhawulezile, kodwa akasixeleli indlela ilungu ngalinye elivota ngayo. Ukuba ilungu ngalinye elikhoyo lifuna ukuba livotelwe, ingabanjwa. KwiKomiti yeWonke, amavoti arekhodiweyo esetyenziswa kusini na, kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokuvota ye-elektroniki. Amalungu afaka amakhadi awo okuvota kwizitishi zokuvota kumgangatho, kwaye iziphumo ziboniswa kwibhodi enkulu egumbini. Le nkqubo ithatha malunga ne15 ukuya kwimizuzu engama-20. Isisongelo esingapheliyo sovota erekhodiweyo sigcina amalungu ephantsi kwaye anyanze ukuba ahlale kwimi ekhuphikiswayo.

Iphulo Lokugqibela: Ukunyuka Nokunikela Ingxelo

Emva kokuba zonke izilungiso zixoxwe kwaye zivotelwe, iKomiti yeQela eli-"Isuka". Ivota kwintshukumo yokubuyisela ityala kwiNdlu epheleleyo ngezixhobo ezamkelwe. USpenger uphinda aqalise isitulo, iMace inyuselwe phezulu ngokupheleleyo, kwaye iNdlu iphinde yamiswa.

Ingxolo Eza Kudlula Ekugqibeleni

Indlu ngoko ivota ekuvumeni ulungiso lwamatyala akhoyo kunye nokuvota kufunwa kwiKomiti yeQela Lonke (esoloko yenziwa "umbutho" okanye kwintshukumo enye) kwaye kudlulelwe okugqibela komthetho njengokulungiswa. Ivoti kwindinyana yokugqibela phantse isoloko iyivotelwa. Uninzi lwamalungu alula akhoyo navota ayafuneka ukuze adluliswe. Ukuba uvoti ibotshelelwe, uSithethi angavota ukwaphula ubophelelo, kodwa okuninzi, ukuvota kweqhina kuthetha ukuba ityala liphulwe.

Indima yomthetheli

Phambi kovoti yokugqibela, ilungu lingafuna "umnxeba osondeleyo" ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubuncinane bomGaqo-siseko wamalungu angama-218 bukhona. USithethi wenza indima ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi wesabhokhwe, esebenza ngeMajor Wip ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu akwimigangatho akwindawo ephantsi ukudlulisa ityala. Ukuba uvoti lokugqibela ikufuphi, uSomlomo uyakwazi ukubamba ukuvota kuvuleke imizuzu okanye iiyure zokujijala izixhobo kunye neengqondo eziguqukayo. Ngelixesha ivoti ye-elektroniki ibekwe ngokuqhelekileyo imizuzu eli-15, uSithethi unegunya lokuyivula ixesha elide ukukhusela iivoti ezifunekayo. Eli gunya likhokelele kwimpikiswano ebalulekileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

Kwenzeka Ntoni Emva Kokudla Ijelo Lendlu?

Ukudlula kuloo Home kuyinto enkulu, kodwa sisahluko esinye nje sebali lowiso - mthetho.

Inkcitho neBhunga

Xa ityala lidlula kwindlu, ngu "engrosed" — umbhalo osemthethweni ushicilelwa ngazo zonke iinguquko ezamkelweyo. Le kopi ithe gqolo ithunyelwa kwiBhunga ngesigidimi esisemthethweni. Indlu yerhamente inemithetho yayo ekhethekileyo (kuquka i-parester), kwaye ingawudlulisa lo mthetho njenge-is, yiphelise, okanye ingawuhoyi. Ukuba iBhunga lidlulisela uhlobo olwahlukileyo lomthetho, amagumbi amabini kufuneka alungise ukungaboni ngasonye.

IKomiti yeNgqungquthela

Ukusombulula umahluko phakathi kweNdlu yendlu neBhunga leBhunga, ikomiti "yesivumelwano" isekwa. Le yikomiti yexeshana eqanjwe ngamalungu ambalwa (abizwa ngokuba "zii-songceds") kwigumbi ngalinye, etyunjwe nguMthetheli-Sithethi kunye neNkokeli ye-Cathenarity. Abaququzeleli badibana emva kweengcango ezivaliweyo ukunyusa uhlobo lomthetho. Le ngxelo yengqungquthela ithunyelwa emva kwegumbi lokuvo ephezulu okanye engekho mvumelwaniso. Isivumelwano esisusa ikomiti yengqungquthela ukuba ibe ngumthetho.

Isenzo soMongameli

Emva kokudlulisa omabini amaziko akwimo efanayo, ireyithi yeyokuba "isongwe" kwaye inikwe uMongameli. UMongameli uneentsuku ezilishumi (ufake iiCawa) ukutyikitya uxwebhu kumthetho, luphinde luwubuyisele kwiBhunga, okanye uliyeke libe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino. Ukuba uMongameli uvika uxwebhu, iBhunga linokuyikhupha indawo engaphezulu ngekota ezimbini zovota abantu kwindlu nakwiNdlu.

Inyaniso Yengxoxo Yanamhlanje Ngezindlu

Inkqubo echazwe apha yi "ulungelelwano oluqhelekileyo". Isiko, iNdlu yangoku isebenza ngokunempumelelo egqithisileyo eqhutywa lukhokelo lweqela. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho evaliweyo necwangcisiweyo kwanda ngokuphawulekayo, kunciphisa amandla okulungisa amancinane. Ubungakanani boninzi bulawula isantya somthetho; uninzi lungagqithisa iindleko ngokukhawuleza, ngexa uninzi lufuna ukubetha okunzima nokunxibelelana kwivoti nganye.

Ingxoxo ekwiNdlu asiyongxoxo yobuSocara ejolise ekufumaneni inyaniso. Lukhuphiswano olubalulekileyo, olunobuhlanga, oludla ngokukhuphiswana kwimidlalo yemidlalo ukuze kunikwe igunya. Abaninzi bafuna ukudlula kucwangciso lwabo, abambalwa bafuna ukuyimisa okanye ukunyanzela amavoti ayingozi ngokwezobupolitika, kwaye imithetho yemithetho yepalamente zizixhobo kunye namakhakathalo asetyenziswa kweli dabi lemihla ngemihla. Ukuqonda le nkqubo, ukusuka kwikomiti eva isibhengezo sokugqibela, kubalulekile ukuze urhulumente waseUnited States aqonde.