Iinkqubo zokhetho olungundoqo, ezibizwa ngokuba zithatha-anke okanye izibonelelo eziziintlobo-ntlobo, zisebenzisa amandla amakhulu kwinani kunye nokuziphatha kwamaqela ezobupolitika ngaphakathi kwedemokhrasi. Ezi nkqubo zithambekela ekunikeleni ingqalelo kwinkxaso ekhethekileyo kwimikhosi emibini elawulayo yezobupolitika, zikhuthaza urhulumente omnye ozinzileyo, kodwa ziyakwazi ukubeka umgangatho ophantsi wamaqela amancinci kwaye zibangele ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kuqwalaselo oluninzi loqwalaselo. Ukuqonda iindlela ezidityanisanayo nemithetho eluncedo yezopolitili kwimithetho elungelelanisayo kwimithetho elawulayo engundoqo neyo kulungele ukuqulungela ulawulo olwahlukileyo kunye nokuqwalasela utshintsho. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela ezinkulu ezilawula ngayo iziphelo-ziqu ezinamandla nezininzi, zihlola zombini iimngeni ezicacileyo zolawulo kunye nogcino-rhwebo oluquqululo.

Ziziphi Iinkqubo Zeerojanti?

Iinkqubo zokhetho eziqhelekileyo zenzelwe ukuvelisa umvuzo ocacileyo kwisithili ngasinye sonyulo. Umgaqo ongundoqo wabo ngowokuba umvoti okanye iqela lamkele olona voti luninzi (enokuba ngoyena uninzi okanye i-injinjinjisi engathethekiyo). Owona mahluko uqhelekileyo ngu Kuqala iPost (FPTP)[FLTP] [1], esetyenziswa kuManyano eUnited Kingdom, eUnited States, eCanada, naseIndiya, phakathi kwezinye. Phantsi kwe-FPTPP, uvotapute uvote ivote enye yomvotisi omnye womvotisi omnye kwi-consolect; umvotisi ngenkoliso yevotiso zifumana, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zifikelela kusini na kumashumi amahlanu eenunu.

Olunye uhlobo lobungangamsha lubanjwe phakathi kwabanyuki ababini (okanye abangaphezulu) kwisixokelelwano sesibini esijikelezayo[TLTS:1], esisetyenziswa eFransi kunyulo lomongameli kunye nomthetho. Ukuba akukho tshintsho lufumana uninzi olupheleleyo kwisangqa sokuqala, ukhuthuzo lubanjwe phakathi kwabanyuki ababini abaphezulu (okanye maxa wambi ngaphezulu). Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umnqophisi wesiphelo uxhaswa ngoninzi, noko kusuka kwabo bavota kwi-lotioff. Ezinye iiyantlukwano ziquka enye ivoti (AV), apho abavoti abaququzeleli besikhundla kunye nesingeniso sokugqibela basuswa de omnye abe noninzi. Zonke iinkqubo ezingundoqo zisabelanamdlalo oqhelekileyo: bathanda ukuxhasa iqela elikhulu elingaphantsi elingaphantsi kombutho kunye namaqela amancinane asasazezwe ngokubanzi.

Iinkqubo zoomasipala zithelekisa ngokuphandle nokumela i-PR, ezizabela izihlalo ngokuhambelana nesabelo sovoti yamaqela. I-PR idla ngokuvelisa izindlu zowiso-mthetho namaqela amaninzi, ngokufuthi ifuna oorhulumente abamanyeneyo. Ukhetho phakathi kwezi ntsapho zimbini zenkqubo zonyulo lolona zilandelayo zinezigqibo zilandelayo idemokhrasi enokwenziwa, iphembelela ngqo inani lamaqela aphilayo, uhlobo lobume bukarhulumente, kunye nokuzinziswa kwenkqubo yezobupolitika.

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba iinkqubo zeqela lombutho zibunjwe ngamandla, siphethukela kwingcamango emiselwe kakuhle kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika: umthetho weDuverger [, othe umgangatho wokuba imithetho eninzi ithambeke ngokuyiyo ivelisa kwaye ixhase inkqubo yecandelo elibini. Lo mthetho uneenkqubo ezimbini: isiphumo somatshini kunye nesiphumo sengqondo.

Ulwalamano Phakathi kweenkqubo zooMajoni kunye neenkqubo zecandelo lesibini

Umthetho we-Duverger, owenziwe yintlalo-ntle yamaFrentshi uMaurice Duverger kwii-1950, uchaza ukutsala ngamandla okutsala kwesixokelelwano sobugqeba kusini na. Isiphumo sobuchule [[FLT: 0] sobuchule sicacile: kwingingqi enye esebenzisa umthetho olula, kuphela umphezulu wokuvota wempumlo. Iqela elisoloko ligqiba isithathu okanye elisezantsi kwimimandla emininzi liya kuwina ukuba naziphi na izihlalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ivoti yayo iyabelana. Oku kudibaniselwa ekuvotini kwabo “kunye” kwiqela elincinane elingenakuphumelela, likhokelela kwimpembelelo ephezulu [[FOLD: FD] kuphela [F:] impembelelo ephambili ekhoyo encinane yemiqatha, i-votioctivesssssssssssss (iiiivote) ephambili kweziphumo esibini esiphambili sabanga esibini, kwaye uqhubene izigxhobono lwesithathu.

Isiphumo sokusekwa kolawulo-moya oluzinzileyo yinkqubo ezinzileyo yezahlulo ezimbini apho amaqela amabini amakhulu atshintshanayo egunya, ngamnye ekwaziyo ukwenza urhulumente omnye ngaphandle kokufuna umnqophiso. Olu miselo lusoloko lunconywa ngenxa yokucacisa nokuphendula kwayo: abavoti bazi kakuhle ukuba yeliphi iqela elinoxanduva lomthetho, kwaye unyulo lunika izigunyaziso ezicacileyo. I-United Kingdom ne-United States zingumzekelo ongundoqo we-udidi oluphezulu. Kwi-UK, amaqela eConservation kunye neLabourvement aye alawula ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, nangona unyulo kutshanje lubone ukunyuka kweLiberal Decrates kunye neScottist National Partiventine, ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yedevoluntrence kunye noxandulo lwase-onke.

Ubungqina Obuvela Kwimiqathango Echanekileyo

Ukukhangela kwi-UK, FPTP ngokwembali ivelise icandelo elinye lorhulumente. Ukususela ngo 1945, iqaqobana lonyulo liye laphumela kwipalamente exhonyweyo (ngoku kutsha nje ngo-2010, ekhokelela kwintsebenziswano phakathi kwe-Conservatives kunye ne Liberal Democrates. Lo mbutho wawuzinzile, kodwa wawungaphandle. Inkqubo ye-US ithwala olu qikelelo lude: ngokubhekele: i-Monicier ingumba-onke kwikhole ye-Eltal, kwaye isithilithi ye-collet itsalwa ukuvelisa izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo zeqela elinye. Iqela lesithathu labathathu elifana noRosso% 1 okanye uRalder alizange lifumane ivoti, kwaye lisoloko lisebenza njengeenqobo, liqokelela kunye neziphumo ezingundoqo.

IIndiya, eyona nkqubo yedemokhrasi inkulu ehlabathini, isebenzisa i-FPTP ngokunjalo, kodwa ayinayo inkqubo eqinileyo yecandelo lesizwe. Kutheni? Iindiya iyahlukahluka-hluka ngokweelwimi, ubuhlanga, indawo-mimandla----amaqela asekuhlaleni. Kumaphondo amaninzi, amaqela ephondo alawula, kwaye anxibelelana namaqela esizwe. Inkqubo yeqela lesizwe elinomgangatho ophezulu isuke kwiqela elinye elinobuhlanga (iConren) ukuya kukhuphiswano lwe-petrolitiki neBhariya Janiya Parti (BJP) kunye ne-Indiya-Sizwe saseIndiya njengeendiya izihlalo ezikhulu ezimbini, kodwa ezininzi zezinye izihlalo. Indiya ibonisa ukuba inkqubo enkulu yesizwe ayiqiniseki imo ecocekileyo xa icandelo elizinzileyo elinguququzene. I-okthtraties transtive, iluncedo kwiziphumo ezininzi, i-edinggcustove syntiagement.

IKhanada inikezela ngenye imeko ebalulekileyo. IFPTP ivelise oorhulumente abaninzi abambalwa kutshanje, oorhulumente abancinci abakho nge 2019 kunye no-2021. Amaqela eengingqi afana ne-Bloc Québécois kunye neNew Democratic Party (NDP) ikhula kakuhle kwiinqaba zayo. Inkqubo yeqela laseCanada isoloko ichazwa njenge “2-acean-partly” okanye kwananjengo-mnul-party” kumgangatho wolawulo lwesizwe, nangona umthetho osisiseko wokhetho ungundoqo. Oku kubonisa ukuba umthetho kaDuverger ungumkhwa, hayi umthetho wentsimbi. Izibakala ezifana norhulumente, intlalo-ntle, kunye nezenzo zobugcubathal-age, kwaye ukuziphatha kobugcubathwano olungundoqo kuqhubekeka nokhuphindo oluphambili. Ngaphandle komphindo oluqhelekileyo, uNo.

Iingenelo ezizinzileyo zeenkqubo ezimbini ezingaphantsi kwemithetho yooMasipala

Abaxhasi beenkqubo zolawulo olukhulu, ingakumbi kwisithethe sama-Anglo-Melika, baphikisa ngokuthi inkqubo ephumayo eneenxenye ezimbini inika iingenelo ezicacileyo ngokwezizinzileyo zobupolitika. Eyona nzuzo isoloko ikhankanywe kukwenziwa koorhulumente abangoorhulumente abanabantu abambalwa abahlukeneyo]. Aba baninzi bangawudlulisa umthetho ngokukhawuleza, banokuphendula kubavoti, kwaye abafuni zivumelwano eziqinileyo ezinokuqhawuka phakathi kwexesha. Oku kuthintela kuxatyiswa ngokukodwa ngamaxesha obunzima, njengokudodobalaza kwezoqoqosho okanye ukusongela kokhuseleko lohlanga.

Okwesibini, iinkqubo ezingundoqo zidla ngokuvelisa izigunyaziso zokhetho olucacileyo. Abakhethi beqela banokukhetha iqela elineqonga elichaziweyo, kwaye elo qela lingagunyazisa ukuzalisekisa ucwangciso lwalo. Kwinkqubo yeqela elininzi, oorhulumente abalungelelanisiweyo basoloko bevelisa ukonakalisa imigaqo efihlwayo yezithembiso zantlandlolo, beyenza kube nzima kakhulu kubavoti ukuba banike ityala okanye basole ityala.

Okwesithathu, inkqubo yecandelo lesibini ikhetha umvoti. Endaweni yokuhamba ububanzi obudibeneyo bamaqela amancinane, abavoti bajongene nokhetho olubini (okanye ukhetho olunenye indlela enzulu). Oku kungandisa ukujika nokunciphisa umthwalo wokwazi kubemi, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo zokuqala zentsika apho “uvotelo" luba lula ngokuthelekisayo: vhota abancinane kwabaphambili ababini abatsha abatsha.

Ekugqibeleni, iinkqubo ezingundoqo zinxulumene nokwahlulwa-hlulwa okusezantsi korhulumente. IiNkqubano kwiinkqubo zePR zingangazinzi, ingakumbi xa ziquka amaqabane akude eengcamango. Ukuwa korhulumente ohlangeneyo kunokunyanzela unyulo olutsha, nto leyo ekhokelela kumaxesha okungaqiniseki kwezobupolitika. Phantsi kolawulo oluphambili, urhulumente ophulukana nevoti yentembelo angathathelwa indawo ngqo yinkcaso, okanye unyulo olutsha lungabuyisela umlinganiselo qhazelo, qho lungaphazanyiswa nokungaphindi kumphathi ophetheyo.

Ezi nzuzo zozinzo asinto ingenamsebenzi. Amazwe afana noManyano kunye ne-United States aye anandipha amaxesha amade karhulumente olawulayo ozinzileyo, enemigca ecacileyo yegunya. Noko ke, olo manyano luza ngexabiso eliphantsi: ukumela amazwi amancinane kunye nokuhlaliswa kwezilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo.

Ucelomngeni lweenkqubo zecandelo elininzi phantsi kwemithetho yooMasipala

Xa inkqubo yabavoti-ntloko isetyenziswa kwibutho labantu elinezininzi, ii-cleavage ezingapheliyo zokwenza uvotelo lwesizwe, lolwimi, okanye ulwahlulo lonqulo, iziphumo zingaba yingxaki. Ucelomngeni lokuqala olungundoqo luyi- umelo olungenakulinganiswayo [[. Iindawo ezifumana isabelo esibalulekileyo sovota-sizwe kodwa ukungabikho komdla womhlaba ngaphantsi kwe-mpuma. UK Phondo lungaphumelela kakhulu. Umzekelo, iLiberral Democrates eUK isoloko iwina malunga ne 10-15% yevoti yesizwe kodwa ifumana izihlalo ezimbalwa kuphela. Kunyaka wama-2015, unyulo jikelele (UIP) u-UP) ufumana i-votiko lwe-votiko ye-Foff, umgangatho we-Ost - 0,7% weSizwe lonke, i-U.

Okwesibini, imithetho engundoqo ingayibeka intlukwano yezopolitiko zobupolitika. Ngokubohlwaya amaqela amancinci, banciphisa imbono ezahlukahlukeneyo zengqiqo ezimelwe kwipalamente. Oku kungakhokelela kwinkqubo yezobupolitika engaphumeleliyo ukuhlangabezana nenkxalabo yamaqela amancinane abalulekileyo, ukusuka kumaqela esizwe ukuya kumalungu emeko-meko- bume ukuya kutsho kwizixhobo ezichasene nokuqalisa kwepropuliti. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amaqela asusiweyo angajika ajikele kwimibhiyo edileyo okanye kwanogonyamelo, nto leyo ebangela uzinzo olude luye.

Okwesithathu, iinkqubo ezingundoqo zingaba negalelo elinamandla kumaqela akhoyo kulwamkelo olusuka kumphakathi wenqanawa. Xa kuvela amaqela amabini anokuphumelela, asoloko esebenzisa i-adversarial, zero-sum iindlela. Oku kuphumelela kuthatha onke amaqela asebenzayo ukukhuthaza isiseko sawo kunokufuna uvumelwano olubanzi, olukhokelela kwi-gridlock kunye ne-round ekrand , njengoko kubonwa kutshanje kwezobupolitika zase-US. Oku kuqukuqelelela kungenza urhulumente ube nempumelelo encinane, phezu kwako nje ukuzinziswa komthetho omnye.

Okwesine, imibutho emininzi edibanisa abantu abahlukeneyo eyenza phantsi kwemithetho engundoqo, ngokuqhelekileyo idityaniswe njengoorhulumente abambalwa okanye njengemibutho esesikweni emva kwepalamente exhomileyo . "ithenjiwe] ukuba ingazinzi . Ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yonyulo ayizange iyiyile, idityaniswe ngaphandle kwemfuneko kunesithethe. ECanada, oorhulumente abambalwa baqhelene kodwa bahlala ixesha elifutshane, elihlala unyaka okanye amabini phambi kokuba imikhosi echasayo inyuse unyulo olutsha. KwiUK, i-202020 kancinci umbutho odityaniswe ngokugqithisileyo ofunekayo, yaye ugcinwe kunye ngenxa yexesha elipheleleyo, kodwa ikhuselwe ngokwesithethe.

Imeko zeMajonitarianism ezineecandelo elininzi

Ulawulo-melo oluzinzileyo oluninzi lusebenzisa iinkqubo ezingundoqo kodwa luneenkqubo ezininzi. Ukuhlolisisa umsebenzi wazo kukhanyisa ungquzulwano phakathi kwemithetho yonyulo nozinzo lwezobupolitika.

I-Canada inenkqubo karhulumente ene-FPP. Ilizwe libona amaqela amane okanye amahlanu anyulwe ePalamente: iLiberals, iConservatives, NDP, iBloc Québébécois, kunye neGreents. Ukususela ngo-2004, lonke unyulo lwezwe luvelise iqaqo okanye urhulumente weqela, ngaphandle kowama-2010, xa iipalamente zifumene uninzi. Iimeko ezincinane zikhokelele koorhulumente abahlala ixesha elifutshane, kunye ne-compulate iminyaka emalunga ne-1. Oku kungazinziswa kwengcamango yokuba urhulumente omkhulu uphuhliso-RGenegamenti ivelisa urhulumente ozinzileyo. Noko ke, iKhanadale neya i-othelela nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na i-yo inktom yemithetho ekhoyo ekhoyo.

Iindiya[[FFLT:1] isothusa kakhulu. Ukususela ngo 1989, oorhulumente abadibeneyo bebesoloko beqhelekile kumgangatho karhulumente, ngokufuthi bebandakanya ishumi elinesibini okanye ngaphezulu amaqela. Uninzi lwe-BJP luphumelele ngo-2014 lwaba ngowokuqala ngeqela elinye ukususela ngowe1988. Inkqubo ye-FPPPP ivelise iziphumo ezingaqhelekanga; umzekelo, ngo-2014, i-BJP iphumelele 31% yevoti kodwa 52% yezihlalo. Ngexesha imisonto yaseIndiya ibizinziwa izinzile, i-18. 1999-2004, urhulumente we-DDDermocratic Alcel Alcean uyaqhubeka ngeligggnethies, idibe idityaniswe yinkqubo ye-oventinal elungele ukukhula, kodwa ivumela inkqubo yezothonga elingu-Plademoc, ikhokele kakhulu kumaqela amaqela asebenzayo e-Smosmocracracralius, ngokubhekiselelal, ngokusuka, ngokubhekiselele

isebenzisa inkqubo yezobunkokeli engqukuva ezimbini kwiNdibano yeSizwe. Le nkqubo idla ngokuvelisa uninzi olucacileyo lwesizwe esinye, kodwa ingenza ipalamente eyahlukeneyo xa kungekho lunye oluzinzileyo. Unyulo lwama-2022 luphumele kwipalamente eneziqendu ezintathu ze-Pultyds, i-NUP, kunye ne-acesterist National RFly-inone. Urhulumente ophumeleyo kufuneka aqhube umgaqo ngamnye, akhokelela kwi-gript nemithetho elawulayo. Imithetho ye-Projinithelt-preidism idibanisa ukuntyongeza, njengoko umongameli emyalela ulawulo kodwa efuna i-RGrounity. Oku kubonisa ukuba inkqubo engundoqo yesizwe ayiqiniseki, xa kuthenwa i-Rocentine, i-Prentine, i-Primentine, inguququance.

Ukulungelelanisa ukuma nokumela: Utshintsho kunye nezona zinto

Ingxoxo phakathi kwesixokelelwano solawulo oluphambili nolwahlula-hlula isoloko ifunyaniswe njengorhwebo olungaphandle phakathi kozinzo (urhulumente ocacileyo) kunye nomelo (ukwenziwa kweembono ezahlukeneyo). Noko ke, ukwenziwa kolungiselelo kunganciphisa amacala asezantsi obuhandiba bobugcisa ngeli lixa kugcinwa ezinye zeengenelo zabo. Utshintsho oluninzi lucetyisiwe okanye luphunyezwe kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

Isixokelelwano esidityanisiweyo-lungu lesikhulu esingundoqo (MMMM), esisetyenziswa eJapan, eMzantsi Korea, nase Mexico, sidibanisa imimandla enamalungu anye kunye necomplatation okanye ithala leesihlalo ezihambelanayo. Kwimo yayo elinganayo (MMMM), ulwahlulo lolwahlulo-manani alulungisi umgangatho wesithili-athom-alusebenzi, ngoko ke inkqubo isavumela amaqela amakhulu. Kodwa ivumela amaqela amancinane ukuba aphumelele ezinye izihlalo, anike umelo olungakumbi. Inkqubo yeMMM, eyaziswa ngo-1994, ikhokelela kukhuphikiswano olungakumbi olufanayo lwe-linye i-demokhrasi kunye ne-democratic, kodwa namaqela amathathu asele ekhoyo.

i-Altern division votion yinkqubo engundoqo esebenzisa iibhola ezicuthiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba uphumelele uxhaso oluninzi. Isetyenziswa eAustralia kwiNdlu yabameli. Inciphisa uvotelo kwaye ikhuthaza abatshayeli ukuba babhenele ngaphaya kwesiseko sabo, abanokuthambisa ukwenziwa kwencam yomhlaba. I-Australia igcine inkqubo ezinzileyo yecandelo ezimbini ezilawulwa yi-Liberal-Monal umanyano kunye neQela leMsebenzi, kunye neGreenterss iphethe izihlalo ezimbalwa. I-AV isoloko ibonwa njengenkqubo yolwahlulo olungundoqo elungileyo kune-FTPP, nangona isephantsi kosasazelo.

Imiqobo ekhoyo kwiinkqubo zePR ingalinganisela inani lamaqela, ukuphucula ulawulo. IJamani inomda oziipesenti eziyi 5 kuBundestag, ogcine amaqela aphezulu nasekhohlo kamashumi eminyaka (Awona anokungeniswa kweJamani anqamleze loo mqobo ngo-2017).

Olunye utshintsho luyi- izithethe zolawulo lobugxwayiba. Naphantsi kwemithetho emikhulu, amazwe angamkela uqheliselo olubangela ukuba oorhulumente abambalwa okanye abasebenzisanayo bazinze. Umzekelo, izivumelwano ezicwangcisiweyo ezicwangcisiweyo, abalungiseleli abakhokelayo abanoxanduva olucacileyo, kunye neevoti ezakhayo zokungaqiniseki (zifuna omnye urhulumente ukuba akulungele) zinganciphisa umngcipheko wokuwa kukarhulumente. IK i Canada kunye neUK zingamkela iindlela ezinjalo zokuphucula uzinzo xa kungekho qela elinomvuzo lilo.

Ukhetho olugqibeleleyo lwenkqubo yokhetho luxhomekeke kumongo welizwe, intlalo-ntle, kunye nenkcubeko yezobupolitika. Akukho nanye ingeniso-yonke. Njengenzululwazi yezobupolitika u-Arend Lijphart engqinwe iipateni zedemokhrasi, ivumelanisa ulawulo-demokhrasi (ngokufuthi kusetyenziswa i-PR) luthambeka ngokuba nemisebenzi equkayo, enobubele, ngexesha i-Westminsternberg igxininisa ulawulo-democracyism kunye nokuphendulela. Uzinzo lwenkqubo alusebenzi ngokupheleleyo kwimithetho yayo ekhethayo; kwakhona luxhomekeke kulwalamano phakathi kwamaqela, amandla abantu bentlalo, kunye nomthetho womthetho wentlalo.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo zinempembelelo enkulu kuzinzo lweenkqubo zeqela. Zikhuthaza kakhulu ukuvela kweenkqubo ezimbini eziyinxalenye, ezinokuvelisa ulawulo olucacileyo, olunoxanduva, kunye nolugqibekileyo lolawulo. Olu ziko lusoloko lukhankanywe njengoncedo oluphambili lwemodeli yeWestminster kunye ne-US Congress. Noko ke, iinkqubo ezifanayo zingadala imingeni ebalulekileyo xa zisetyenziswa kwintlalo ezinzulu okanye ezinqumlayo. Iinkqubo ezininzi ezisebenza phantsi kwemithetho emikhulu zisoloko zifumana umelo olulungileyo, uqhagamshelwano olungelulo, udidi olulungileyo lwevoti, udidi olubiso olubi, kunye nemibutho ethambileyo ekhuhliweyo ekhutshiweyo.

Imizekelo evela kwi UK, e-US, e-Indiya, naseFransi ibonisa ukuba ulwalamano phakathi kwemixokelelwano yonyulo kunye nozinzo aluthinteleki. Iziphumo zixhomekeke kwinani kunye nobuchule bentlalo, ukujongwa kwendawo yenkxaso yeqela, kunye nempucuko yesizwe. Iinguquko ezifana neqela elixubeneyo lenkqubo zobukhakhakhakha-khaba okanye enye inkqubo yokuvota ingenza ulungelelwano logcino-mali nomelo. Njengoko idemokhrasi, abakhi bomthetho kunye nabemi kufuneka bavavanye ngonono, basoloko bekhumbula ukuba imithetho yorhwebo ayithathi calatho-calulo-calucalu-calulo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwesihloko, izibonelelo ezisuka ku iqumrhu loTshintsho , i i-Exchange Lynect Ulwazir', kunye ne [[FLT]] ye-IMEA[[FLT:]] ye-FLT] enika ugcino-lwazi olubanzi kunye nohlalutyo lwenkqubo yonyulo kunye neziphumo zayo. [Actadetic] iimfundiso zoqobo ze-'Actom's'''' ezinje i-liggctal's''s'' [[FLT:] iiparts zolungiso ze-thelo lwezopolitiki [FLT]][FLT][FLT:][FL:9]][FLC]]