Ukwazisa

Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini umi njengesiseko somthetho omnye eUnited States, okhutshelwe kwiSinyuso seFindre: “Kwaye nawuphi na umntu onokuthi abekwe engozini efanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yobomi okanye isifuba.” Oku kukhusela urhulumente kuthintela umntu ukuba anikezele okanye ohlwaye umntu ongaphezulu kanye kwityala elinye. Noko ke, iziganeko zolwaphulo-mthetho zale mihla zidla ngokubangela izityholo ezininzi – umzekelo, umntu omnye odakiweyo angakhokelela kwityala lokubulalana kwabantu, i-DUI, ukuqhuba ngokungakhathaleli, nokusilela ukuyeka. Ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo iingozi eziphindaphindidiweyo xa kuvela ityala elinye. Kodwa, iziganeko ezikhoyo zifuna ukuvavanywa okucacileyo ngoko “umthetho, ulwalamano oluphakathi, ulwalamano oluphakathi kunye nokungaphindwayo okungaphindwayo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sobungozi obuphindwe kabini

Igalelo elibini lengozi loMphetho wesihlanu weSiphendulo seNkqutyana se-Overship lisebenza ekumangaleleni ityala ngokweSicwangciso somthetho se-14th Sigqeba sika-Claus (] Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784]). Ukhuseleko xa ijaji inguqumrhu lifumbe ityala lejaji ligwetywa, okanye xa ingqina lokuqala lifungxelwe kwityala lebhentshi. Emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa, urhulumente akanakumvumela ummangalelwa ukuba aphinde agwebe, okanye angakwazi ukukhupha isohlwayo ngetyala elinye. Ingxelo isebenza iinjongo ezintathu: (1) ukukhusela abantu kwityala elininzi, (2) ukukhusela izigwebo ezigqibelo, kunye nokunqanda ekusebenziseni umntu omsulwa.

“Ukwalelwa komgaqo-siseko nxamnye nengozi ephindwe kabini kwayilelwe ukukhusela umntu ekubeni angazichanaphi kwiingozi zovavanyo kunye nokuqiniseka okunokwenzeka ngaphezu kwesihlandlo esinye ngenxa yetyala elicingwayo.” – Luluhlaza okwengca. United States, 355 U.S.1957]

Idibana nini i-"Appostardy"?

Ukuqonda ukuncamathela kubalulekileyo xa kuvela izityholo ezininzi kwisiganeko esinye. Ingozi ephindwe kabini ayiqhotyoshelwa ngenxa yokuba umntu ebanjiwe okanye ebekwe ityala. Incanyathiselwa kuphela emva kokuba ummangalelwa ebekwe kwingozi – oko kukuthi, xa ityala liqalisile. Ukuvavanywa kwejaji, oku kwenzeka xa abachopheli-mthetho bebekwa kwindawo yokuhlala kwaye befunwe. Xa ityala licinywa, kwenzeka xa ityala lebhentshi lithenjiwe. Ukuba ityala licinywa phambi kokuba ityala lithanjiwe phambi kokuba libotshelelwe (umz. umz., ngexesha lokuchola kwasekuqaleni), urhulumente udla ngokuphinda aphinde afake izityholo. Xa ityala, ukuvalwa, ukucinywa ngekhethe, okanye ukugwetywa ngetyala, okanye ukugwetyelwa kwemivalo.

Uvavanyo lwe-"I-Mblockburger

Umbuzo ongundoqo kumatyala eemali ezininzi ngukuba ngaba izityholo ezibini zibumba “ityala elifanayo.” Inkundla Ephakamileyo yaseka uvavanyo oluxhaphakileyo i-'stalburger v. United States, 284 U.S.29]. Phantsi kovavanyo lweBlockburger. Ityala lifana nale linye ukuba ityala lifuna ubungqina benyani yokuba enye ayifuni. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba iinkalo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezibini ziyafana, okanye ukuba enye iquka isisono esincinane, ngoko ke isohlwayo sinye kwaye ayinakohlwaywa ngokwahlukeneyo ngaphandle kokwenza iingozi eziphinda-phindeneyo.

Umzekelo:

Masithi ummangalelwa uphanga ivenkile ngemipu exhobileyo. Urhulumente ummangalela ngokuphanga (ukuthatha impahla ngenkani okanye ngokusongela) kunye nokuhlasela ngesixhobo esibulalayo. Iziqalelo zokuphanga zifuna ukuthathwa, ngoxa ukuhlasela kufuna isenzo soyikisa ngeqhinga uloyiko lomonakalo. ] i-stickburger [ imiqathango, ulwaphulo-mthetho ngalunye lufuna ubungqina belungu elingathathi – ukuphanga, ukuhlasela kufuna uloyiko, okufuna uloyiko (okanye ingozi) olungadingi kuthatha. Ngoko, ukugwetyelwa kwezityholo zombini kwisiganeko esifanayo alwenzeki, njengoko zinjalo, njengoko zinjalo ezo zenzo zohlukene.

Izenzo zobubi ezincinane

Xa ulwaphulo-mthetho olunye luquka ulwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane oluquka ukubulalana komnye, iintsontela eziphinda-phindiweyo zokwahlula. Umzekelo, ukubulala kwesibini-degree kudityaniswa netyala elincinane lokubulala kokuqala komnye umntu kwimimandla emininzi. Ukuba ummangalelwa ukhululwe ekubulaweni kokuqala, akanakuphinda abekwe ityala lokubulala okwesibini ngokusekelwe ekubulaleni okufanayo, kuba ityala lesibini lisohlwayo esifanayo ngenxa yeenjongo eziphindiweyo eziphindiweyo. Ngokuphikisana noko, ukuba ugwetyelwe ngokubulala kokuqala, akanakubekwa ityala ngokubulala okwesibini kukufa okufanayo.

Izityholo ezininzi ezisuka kwingxaki enye: Ziyasebenziseka kwaye Azikho

Isiganeko esinye singabangela ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi olwahlukileyo. Umzekelo, ukuhlasela kunye kungabumba zombini ibhetri (ukuchukumisa okungekho mthethweni) kunye nokuhlasela (ukusongela kwengozi), nganye enezinto ezahlukeneyo. Abatshutshisi basoloko bekhalaza izihlandlo ezininzi ukugquma zonke iingcamango zetyala. Icandelo eliphindwe kabini alikuleli ukuqhelisa oku, logama nje ityala ngalinye liyityala elahlukileyo phantsi kovavanyo lwe Blockburger. Noko ke, imida yesiseko somthetho-siseko iyasebenza xa inyathelo elifanayo lisetyenziswa ukungqina izityholo ezohlukeneyo ezithi ngokwenene zisesona soni sinye.

Umzekelo: IDuI neVicural Homicide

Umqhubi ubetha aze abulale umntu ohamba ngenyawo ngoxa enxilile. Urhulumente usenokummangalela nge-DUI kunye nokubulalana ngemisipha. Phantsi kwe-Blockburger, i-DUI ifuna ubungqina bokunxila ngoxa isebenzisa imoto; ukubulalana ngemizimba kufuna ubungqina bokufa okubangelwa kukuqhuba kommangalelwa. Ulwaphulo-mthetho ngalunye lunento olunye olungafunekiyo: I-DuI ayifuni kufa, kwaye ukubulalana ngemizimba akufuni ukunxiba (kwimimandla emininzi, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo” lungabandakanya ukungakhathali) ngoko ke, ukwahlukana kwemiqathango yommangalelwa womabini kuyavunywa. Noko ke, ukuba i-mthetho ehloliweyo ayiceli i-DUI ukuba ibandakanya ityala elincinane lokubulala umntu xa i-DEhray, iziphumo zokufa.

Xa Kusibekelwa Imali Eninzi

Ityala eliphinda-phindiweyo lokubekwa esichengeni libanjwa kabini xa izityholo zisithi “ityala elifanayo” phantsi kweBlockburger. Umzekelo, Brown v.Ohio, 432 U.S. 16177), ummangalelwa wagwetywa okokuqala ngetyala lovuyo (ukuhamba ngemoto ngaphandle kwemvume) kwaye kamva wagwetywa ngokungekho mthethweni okusekelwe kwisiganeko esinye. Inkundla Ephakamileyo yathi uvuyo luquka ukusotywa kwetyala elincinane kwemoto (okufuna ukuba ityala elisisigxilo liphele). Ekubeni ityala lesibini labekwa icala liphindeke kabini. Ngokufanayo, ukuba umtshutshisi-Styheli uhliswe ngokurba, imeko ayinakumlinga ukuba ungenelela kwetyala elinye, ngenxa yetyala elincinane.

Imfundiso Yolongamo Olumanyeneyo

Ukwahlukana okungundoqo kwingozi ephindwe kabini yimfundiso yolawulo olumabini, evumela amatyala ahlukeneyo angoorhulumente abangoorhulumente abahlukeneyo (umz., oorhulumente borhulumente noorhulumente) ukwenzela isenzo esifanayo. Isizathu sikukuba umlawuli ngamnye unemithetho yakhe neenjongo zakhe; ukusohlwaywa okuchasene neUnited States akusososososo sono somthetho ochasene nesizwe, nokuba ihambo iyafana. Umzekelo, igosa lamapolisa elisebenzisa amandla agqithisileyo anokubekwa ityala ngokungqongqo ngurhulumente wohlaselo kwaye ngurhulumente olawulayo ngenxa yokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Inkundla ephakamileyo yaphinda yasiphinda yayisimangalelwa yisono esifanayo. [[FLT:].[FLD:]Gast.[FFF1:1] v., i- 1395, u-19666], ngoko ke, ityala elilandelelwayo.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo

Kwisiganeko esinye, izityholo zikarhulumente nezikarhulumente zingaqhubeka ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukudubulana kwabantu abaninzi kungakhokelela ekubulaweni kwetyala nokuthiywa kolwaphulo-mthetho olumanyeneyo okanye ukutyholwa ngemipu. Ummangalelwa akanakuzibeka engozini ephindwe kabini ukuvala ityala lesibini kuba abalawuli ababini baneenjongo ezahlukileyo ezisemthethweni. Amanye amazwe amisele imithetho ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwemida yawo, kodwa umthetho wesizwe uhleli.

Ezikhethekileyo kunye nenani elipheleleyo kuphando oluninzi

Ubungqina Obutsha Nobuxoki

Ubungozi obuphinda kabini abunakuphinda bubekwe emva komtshutshisi ophosakeleyo xa kukho “imfuneko enkulu” (umz., inkundla exhonyiweyo) okanye xa ummangalelwa ecela ukubekwa tyala ngempazamo. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ubungqina obutsha buvela emva kokugwetywa, urhulumente akanakumvumela umtshutshisi ukuba agwetyelwe isono esinye. Noko ke, ukuba izityholo ziyagxothwa phambi kokuba kukhuselwe ingozi, okanye ukuba ukuthembeka kuphendulwe ekubhexezweni ngenxa yempazamo (abubo ubungqina obunganele), ukuphinde abulawe kusoloko kuvunyelwa.

Amaxhoba Afanayo, Ahlukahlukeneyo

Xa isiganeko esinye siyingozi kumaxhoba amaninzi, ixhoba ngalinye linganyusa izityholo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ukuba ummangalelwa ukhupha abantu abathathu kwisenzo esinye, angabekwa ityala lamacala amathathu ngokuzama ukubulala okanye ukuhlasela. Ubalo ngalunye lusityala lokwahlukeneyo kuba ngalinye libandakanya ixhoba elahlukileyo, kwaye uvavanyo lwe Blockburger aluzidibanisi. Lo ngumthetho opheliswe kakuhle; ityala eliphindwe kabini alikuthinteli ukusohlwaywa okuphindaphindiweyo kwesenzo esifanayo xa amaxhoba amaninzi engxwelerheka.

Imiphumo Yabemi Nabesaphuli - mthetho

Igalelo lengozi ephindwe kabini lisebenza kuphela kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, kungekhona kwiimeko zoburhulumente okanye zolawulo. Ngoko ke, umntu angajamelana nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokumangalelwa kwetyala elinye (umz., ukufa kwamakhaya okuphosakeleyo emva kokungavunyelwayo kokubulala). Ngaphezu koko, ukulahlwa kwemiqathango, ukuvalwa kwephepha, okanye ingqeqesho yobugcisa ayigqalwa “ngo“ukusohlwaywa” ngenxa yengozi ephindwe kabini kwiimeko ezininzi, nangona iNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba ityala libekelwe umda olinganiselweyo xa isohlwayo samakhaya singekho semthethweni. [ United States v. Halper, okanye ingqeqesho yobugcisa ayigqalwanga ukuba“ isohlwaywe ngeenjongo eziphindwe kabini kwiimeko ezininzi, 49, ekhutshwe ngomthetho kamva).

Iingcinga ezicwangcisiweyo zabakhuseli nabathathi-nxaxheba

Xa isiganeko esinye sikhokelela kwityala elininzi, isiluleko sokuzikhusela kufuneka sihlalutya ukuba naziphi na izityholo ezifanayo okanye ezincinci ziqukiwe phantsi kovavanyo lwe Blockburger. Ukuba kunjalo, intshukumo yokukhupha izityholo zokuphinda udlulise ityala kufuneka zigcinwe phambi kokuvavanywa. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ummangalelwa ukhululwe kwityala elikhulu, isiluleko masikhawuleze sivavanye ukuba zikho na izityholo ezincinane eziseleyo zihleli zize zifuduke ukuze zigxothwe.

Ukubopha nokugweba

Umngcipheko ophindwe kabini ungachaphazela izivumelwano zezicelo. Ummangalelwa akanakumangalela ngetyala elifana netyala awayengenatyala ngalo ngaphambili. Noko ke, urhulumente usoloko etyhola izicelo ezininzi zokuxhobisa ityala. Kwisigwebo, inkundla akufunekanga ifake isohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo kwityala elifanayo. Isohlwayo esinyukayo akufunekanga sigqithe kumlinganiselo ogunyazisiweyo wetyala elinye ukuba izityholo zifunyaniswe ukuba zifana nangaphantsi kweBlosterner.

Izibheno Nezibheno Eziqhelekileyo

Ukuba ummangalelwa ubanjwa kwityala eliphindaphindiweyo elichasene nengozi ephindwe kabini, unyango kukulahla ukunyanzeliswa kwetyala elongezelelekileyo. Kwezinye iimeko, inkundla ingadibanisa iinkolelo. Iinkundla zezicelo zisebenzisa uhlalutyo olufanayo lweBlockburger de novo. Ngaphezu koko, intelekelelo ephindwe kabini inganyuswa nge-habeas corpus ukuba ayigcinwanga ngokufanelekileyo xa kuxoxwa, nangona imithetho engagqibekanga ye-procedefal ingasebenza.

Ukukhula Kwembali Neengxoxo Zanamhlanje

Ingxelo yengozi ephindwe kabini inemvelaphi enzulu kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, apho isibongozo se- samkela umgaqo-siseko, kodwa isicelo sawo sokukhulula ityala kwisiganeko esinye sivele kakhulu. [[FLT:]] umlawuli wetyala [, iNkundla ejolise iliso kwiziqalelo zomthetho. Umthetho-U-U.S. wamkela umgaqo-siseko, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwawo kwityala elininzi kwisiganeko esinye kuvele kakhulu. [[FLT:]] i-'imburgr, ijolise izicwangciso-mphicondo, uvavanyo oluthiweyo abagxeki abathiweyo banokuvumela urhulumente ukuba usebenzise ulwaphulo-mthetho omnye kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezincinane. Umzekelo omnye, ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi, kunye, kunye, kunye nokusasazwa, kunye, kunye nozungu.

Abanye abaphengululi abangokwasemthethweni baye baxhasa “ihambo efanayo” kunokuba bazame“amalungu afanayo” ukunqanda urhulumente ukuba axhathiswe. Grady v. Corbin, 495 U.S.508.1990), iNkundla yamkela ngokufutshane“ihambo enye”, kodwa yalawula kakhulu kwiminyaka emithathu kamva kwi-United States v. Dixon[FLT], 509], U.S. 688 93). [FLT:] [FLT] Isigqibo sokubuyiselwa iBMDibralderburg njengendlela yokuqinisekisa iinjongo ezimbini, iqhubekeka, impikiswano enkulu, iqhubeka kwimicimbi engakumbi, apho ityala elininzi.

Uguqu-guquko Lwemeko

Amazwana azimeleyo akhululekile ukunikezela ngokhuseleko olungaphezulu oluyingozi kunemfuneko yomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Amanye amaphondo amkele “uvavanyo ololololo” okanye“ uvavanyo olulololo”, olukhusela kakhulu kuno-Blockburger. Umzekelo, iNkundla yezibheno yaseNew York isebenzisa umgaqo-siseko ongqongqo "wokuthengiselana” phantsi komgaqo-siseko wayo, isoloko ifuna ukuba zonke izityholo ezivela kuthengiselwano lolwaphulo-mthetho luphinde luzanywe kunye. Ngokufanayo, iinkundla zaseCalifornia zisebenzise“ umgangatho ofanayo” kumongomo womo woko. Abaxhasi kufuneka balumkele ukhuseleko olungqongqo lwemeko xa bemela abamangalelwa-mthetho abavela kwityala elininzi.

Umzekelo: Umthetho Owodwa WaseOregon

Umthetho we-Oregon ophindiweyo wengozi (owenziwe ngokusuka kumthetho wesizwe kunye nomthetho) udla ngokunqanda ukutyholwa okuninzi kwesenzo esinye solwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba izityholo zinamasuntswana ahlukeneyo. Statet v. I-Weist, 89 P.3d 1179 (Or. 2004), iNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-Oregon ibibambe ukuba izityholo ezibini zokuhlasela ezisuka kwisenzo esinye solwaphulo-mthetho zaphulwa ngokuphindwe kabini, njengokuba urhulumente engazange aphumelele ukubonisa ingozi eyahlukileyo yetyala ngalinye. Oku kugqitha kuhlolo lomthetho.

Umzekelo osebenzayo: Ukuphangwa Nokuhlaselwa

Qwalasela ummangalelwa ongena kwivenkile eluncedo, ofaka isitshetshe, afune imali, aze ahlabe umabhalane xa umabhalane exhathisa, ebangela intlungu enzulu. Esi siganeko sikhupha izityholo ezininzi: ukuphanga, ukuzama ukubulala ngeqondo lokuqala (ukubulala ngesiqu), ukuhlasela ngeqondo lokuqala (ukungxwelerha kakhulu ngesixhobo esibulalayo), ukuba nesixhobo solwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokusongela (ukubeka omnye ngoloyiko). Phantsi kovavanyo lweBlockburger, ityala ngalinye linezinto ezicacileyo:

  • [[UMTHLO:0] I-Robbery: ukuthatha impahla ngamandla okanye isisongelo sokunyanzelisa.
  • Ithenjiwe ukubulala: Ukufuna ukubulala kunye nenyathelo elingqalileyo elikhokelela ekubulaleni.
  • Assault kuqala: uzimisele ukwenzakala okunzulu emzimbeni okanye ukuba nenxaxheba kwimeko ebangela umonakalo onjalo ngesixhobo esibulalayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] ukuba neWeaton: ngokunokwazi ukuba nesixhobo sompu okanye isixhobo esiyingozi.
  • Utshintsho oluthe tye: Ngenjongo ukubeka omnye ngokoyika ukwenzakala okunzulu okukufuphi.

Ngenxa yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho ngalunye lufuna ubungqina bento engafunwayo ngabanye (umz., ukuthatha icebo lokuphanga, ukubulala ukuzama ukubulala, ukuphatha izixhobo zesixhobo), zonke izityholo ezintlanu zohlukene ngokweenjongo eziphindiweyo, nangona zonke zivela kwisiganeko esinye. Ummangalelwa angabanjwa ngaphandle kokwaphula iSinyusi sesihlanu. Noko ke, ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ifuna ukuba ibe ngumthetho omncinci oquka ukusohlwaya komnye (umz. umz., isisongelo sinokuba sincinane ekuphangweni ukuba kuxanduva kuphela okukhoyo), inkundla mayibophelele okanye ingabi nakuchasana nokugwetywa.

Isiphelo

Umgaqo-nkqubo ophindwe kabini wengozi lukhuseleko olubalulekileyo lomgaqo-siseko, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwawo kwizityholo ezininzi ezivela kwisiganeko esinye kukude kulula. Uvavanyo lweziqalelo zeBlockburger luhlala lusisixhobo esingundoqo sokuqinisekisa ukuba ityala ngalinye lisityala elinye. Izityholo ezininzi zivunyelwe ukuba nganye iqulethe isiqalelo esisodwa kwaye indlu yowiso-mthetho inenjongo yokuba zikwahlule. Imfundiso yolawulo edibeneyo ivumela ukubekwa izityholo zomthetho kunye nezombuso, kwaye izityholo ezibandakanya amaxhoba amaninzi zisoloko zahlukile. Amagqwetha kufuneka ahlolisise ngenyameko ukubekwa kwetyala ngalinye ngobungqina kunye nezinto ezinokukhatywa nako okuphinda kabini. Njengoko iNkuNkulwano ePhakakhulu igxininisa ityala, umgaqo-siseko awukwaleli urhulumente ekuziseni izityholo ezininzi zezenzo ezahlukeneyo ezisekelwe kwindlela efanayo – ukwalela urhulumente ekuzahlulele umntu omnye.

Iqhosha lokuthatha izinto:

  • Ingozi ephindwe kabini isalatha - tyala xa inkundla yabachopheli - tyala ifukwa (okanye ingqina lokuqala kwityala lesihlalo).
  • Iblockburger uvavanyo (“izinto ezifanayo”) ilawula ukuba izityholo ezibini zisohlulo esinye na.
  • Uphatho ngeento ezahlukeneyo, kwanakwisiganeko esinye, luvumelekile jikelele.
  • Ityala elincinane laliquka ityala alinakohlwaywa ngokwahlukileyo emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa.
  • Ulawulo olubini luvumela urhulumente owahlukeneyo okanye atshutshiswe.
  • Imithetho karhulumente isenokunikela ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo.
  • Ulwaphulo - mthetho ngalunye olubandakanya ixhoba elahlukeneyo lusisono esahlukileyo.

Kwabo bafuna ukufunda okubhekele phaya, bhekisa kwi iCornell Information compulution ye-, i-'Promocture's Crevenment Resource Linements kumngcipheko ophindwe kabini[, kunye ne Constition [iSincoko esicatshuliweyo] kwisiHlathi seFind Remente[. Njengesiqhelo, iimeko ezithile zifuna icebiso kwigqwetha elifanelekileyo lokukhusela izigwebi.