Imigaqo yolawulo olusemthethweni yokulandela amapolisa esemthethweni ihleli ekudibaneni kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ukunyanzelisa umthetho, nokusebenza kwabemi. Mihla le, abaphathi-mikhosi kulo lonke elaseUnited States bagqiba ukuba baqalise okanye baqhubeke nokusukela ngokungxama okuphezulu. / imiqathango enokuba neziphumo ezinika ubomi ezithe zakrokra, abaphathi-mikhosi, kunye nabameli abamsulwa. Ukuqonda esi siseko sibalulekile kubalawuli bomthetho, abenzi bemithetho, kunye nabantu abasebenza kulo mmandla. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imimiselo, unomthetho, kunye nemithetho elawula imithetho elawulayo, inika imbono ebanzi yendlela yokubalandula ukukrokranywa ngayo kwemithetho erhaneyo kunye nemisebenzi emikhulu yokukhusela ubomi nempahla.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko nesiseko somthetho wamapolisa

Usukelo lwamapolisa luquka ukukhusela okuninzi komGaqo-siseko, okubaluleke kakhulu ekunqandeni kweSihlalo sesine sokuGawulayo esingaqiqinisiyo kunye nesiqinisekiso soMphengululo weshumi elinesine. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. imisele imizekelo engundoqo ephembelela urhulumente nemigaqo yasekuhlaleni. ukhanyela-. Harris [2007] [iNkubeko], iNkukholelwa ukuba ukuqikelelwa kwegosa, ukuzama kwegosa ipolisa eliyingozi elisongela ubomi babantu abangenatyala abangenatyala abangayiphuliyo ngokokuhlazimyo, kwanaxa kubangela ukusotywa kweso. Esi sigqibo siqinisekisa ukuba ukuthathsa, kuquka ukunyathelana kolwaphulo-mthetho nomngcipheko.

Imithetho elandelayo, enjenge Plumhoff v. Rickard (2014 kunye Kisela v. Hughes , icacisa ngokubhekele phaya imida yokuthintelwa okufanelekileyo ekuphunyezweni kwamalungelo abantu. Ezi meko zigxininisa ukuba abaphathi bakhuselwa kwityala xa besebenza ngokunengqiqo kukholoseko kumthetho okhoyo, nokokuba kamva iinkundla azivumelani nomgwebo wabo. Noko ke, izivumelwano-mthetho-mthetho zimisele imimiselo elandelela imigaqo efuna iimfuno zolwaniso ezongezelelweyo okanye iintambo.

Imithetho Karhulumente Ebanzi

Akukho mthetho ufanayo karhulumente olawula imisebenzi yamapolisa; endaweni yoko, urhulumente ngamnye ulawula isakhiwo sakhe somthetho. Amanye amazwe, njengoKhalifoniya, anemithetho echazayo efuna ukuba abameli bamkele iinkqubo ezibhaliweyo ezichaza imigaqo yokuqalisa, ukuphatha, ukuphelisa, kunye nokunika ingxelo. IKhalifoniya yeVhicle Code Declate Icandelo lama-197004.7, umzekelo, inikela ukhuseleko kumaqumrhu amkelayo alandela inkqubo yokusukela nokungathobeli. Amanye amazwe, anjengeTexas, abeka imigaqo engqongqo efuna ukusetyenziswa kwesebe kunye nemigaqo yomthetho esetyenziswa ngokubanziwayo.

Ubuncinane kumaphondo angama-30 anemithetho ethetha ngqo ngemiba yamapolisa, egquma iindawo ezifana: (1) iintlobo zetyala ezithethelela ukusukela (ngokufuthi zimisela iphulo kwizenzo zogonyamelo okanye ezo zibandakanya isisongelo); (2) iimfuno zolawulo oluphezulu (umz., umphathi kufuneka avumele ukuqhubekeka ngaphaya kwenqanaba elithile); kunye (3) nokuqokelelwa komthetho. Le mithetho yenza umsebenzi wemimiselo edityanisiweyo ekufuneka abameli bahambe ngayo, ngokufuthi ifuna abaphathi ukuba basebenzise imilinganiselo entsonkothileyo kwizigqibo zokwahlulo.

Indima yomgaqo-nkqubo weSebe nesiCwangciso

Kwanalapho umthetho wesebe ungekho mthethweni, imigaqo-nkqubo ebhaliweyo yesebe isebenza njengomthombo oyintloko wokhokelo olusemthethweni kumagosa. Iinkundla zisoloko zikhangela kule migaqo ukumisela imigangatho yenkathalo ekumangaleleni kwamakhaya. Ukusilela kwesebe ukwamkela okanye ukulandela inkqubo esengqiqweni yokuzingela kungakhokelela kwityala likamasipala phantsi kwama-42.S.C. ngo1998, ukuba ukungaphumeleli kufikelela ekungakhathalini kwangamaqumrhu amalungelo abemi. Ngenxa yoko, inkoliso yamaziko agunyazisa umthetho agcina imithetho ebanzi ekwimigaqo echaza imigaqo-nkqubo, yokuqhuba imigaqo-nkqubo yonxibelelwano, imigaqo-nkqubo yonxibelelwano, imimiselo yonxibelelwano, kunye nemidalo.

Imigaqo Esisiseko Engokwasemthethweni: Ukuba Nengqiqo, Iyimfuneko Nokuthembeka

Uhlalutyo olusemthethweni lwayo nayiphi na iphulo lamapolisa lujika ekubeni izenzo zegosa zazisengqiqweni phantsi kweemeko. Lo mgangatho, othathwe kuMphetho wesine, ufuna ukulungelelanisa umdla karhulumente wokufumana abarhanelwayo ngokuchasene nendalo nobunjani bongenelelo lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Iinkundla ziqwalasela izinto ezifana nobunzulu bolwaphulo-mthetho oluphantsi, ukuziphatha komntu orhanelwayo, ubukho bamaqela angenatyala amathathu, nokuba ngaba akukho zikho ezinye iindlela ezifanelekileyo (ngokunjalo ziminxeba neGPS okanye ukulindela ukusolwa) zazinokufikeleleka.

Imfuneko nophuhliso

Usukelo kufuneka lube [ olufunekayo, oko kukuthi, igosa kufuneka libe nenjongo esemthethweni yokunyanzelisa umthetho engenakuphunyezwa ngezinye iindlela. Umzekelo, ukusukela umntu ongaphumeleliyo ukuphawula utshintsho lwendlela kunqabile ukuba athelekiswe kumngcipheko wokwenzakala kukhuphiswano oluphezulu. Ngoku imigaqo-nkqubo emininzi ngoku idibanisa uhlolo olucacileyo kulwaphulo-mthetho olubandakanya ugonyamelo, ukusebenzisa isixhobo esibulalayo, okanye inkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba ukrokrexo lubangela isisongelo esikufuphi kwabanye. Abanye abameli baye bamkela iinkqubo ezifaka engozini ezibubunzima phambi kokuba bavumele ukusukela.

Amaqhina Nokhuselo Lokholo Olufanelekileyo

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho akhuselwa kwingozi yabemi phantsi kwemfundiso yokuthintelwa komzimba, ukuba ihambo yawo ayiwaphuli mithetho ecacileyo okanye amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Kwizihlalo ezihlaziyiweyo, oku kuthetha ukuba ngaphandle kokuba isigqibo senkundla sangaphambili (esivela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo okanye kwinkundla yesiphaluka) sibekwe kwihambo ekhethekileyo engaphaya kwengxoxo, amagosa akhuselekile. Imithetho karhulumente isoloko inikela ukukhusela okungakumbi komthetho wokukhusela, njengoMthetho kaRhulumente waseCalifornia .

Noko ke, ezi zikhuselo aziphelelanga. Xa umphathi womkhosi ephula ngabom inkqubo ecacileyo (umz., uyaqhubeka nosukelo emva kokupheliswa kwemiyalelo yomphathi) okanye abandakanyeke kwihambo engalunganga (umz., esebenzisa iPIT uphatho ngesantya esigqithisileyo kwi-interstate), ikhaka lingagqolozwa. Umthetho womanyano uyaqhubeka uguqula, kwaye amaziko kufuneka ahlaziye rhoqo uqeqesho ukubonakalisa imida emitsha esemthethweni.

Amanyathelo Okhuseleko Axhaswayo Kubomi Banamhlanje

Eyona ndlela ingcono yokuzikhusela esemthethweni nxamnye netyala yinkqubo yokuzibhokoxa nokusetyenziswa kakuhle ebeka ukhuseleko phambili. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo, abameli bomthetho baye bamkela uluhlu lwemilinganiselo yokhuseleko, ngokufuthi iphenjelelwa luphando oluvela kwimibutho efana neFLT yeSizwe yeJaji [ kunye ne ICP.

Uvavanyo lomngcipheko

Ngaphambi kokuba athathe inxaxheba, amagosa aqeqeshelwa ukuqwalasela izinto eziyingozi, eziquka:

  • Indalo kunye nobungozi bolwaphulo-mthetho olurhanelekayo (izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezixhokonxwayo.
  • Ixesha lemini, iimeko zemozulu, kunye nobunzima beendlela
  • Isantya sokusukela nokuqhuba kwerhalazelo
  • Ukufumaneka kwezinye iindlela zokoyika (umz., inkxaso yomoya, izixhobo zokuhla komoya, ukulandelela iGPS)
  • Ukwanda kwabemi abasengozini (imimandla yesikolo, iindawo zokwakha, abantu abahamba ngeenyawo)

Abameli abaninzi ngoku basebenzisa intelekelelo esesikweni [[FLT: 0] lirk-versus-matrix efuna umphathi ukuba agqibe ukuba imfuno ekhawulezileyo yokufumana ikrokrele idlula ubungozi obunokubonwa kwangaphambili kuluntu. Ukuba umlinganiselo wengcebiso kumngcipheko, inkqubo igunyazisa ukunqanda ukusukela.

Imithetho yokuziphatha yobulawuli obunamandla kunye nokuLaliswa

Imigaqo-nkqubo yale mihla ifuna umgcini-mathiriyeli wentsimi ukuba axelelwe okokuba usukelo luqala nokuqwalasela inkqubela phambili yakhe ngonxibelelwano lukanomathotholo kunye nokufumana iGPS yokwenene. Umphathi unegunya (/futhi ugunya lokuqeshwa/ukuyalelwa ukuba iimeko ziyawohloka. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • Ukunganxibelelani nemoto erhanelekayo
  • Isantya esigqitha ngokungenangqiqo kwimida ekhuselekileyo enikiweyo nendlela neemeko zeetrafiki
  • Ukungena kwiindawo eziphezulu ezinjengeminqamlezo exineneyo okanye iindawo zokwakha
  • Xa i-arhente isaziwa kwaye inokubanjwa kamva

Amanye amasebe, kuquka Isebe lamapolisa laseLus Angeles, liye lamkela imodeli “yokusukela" apho kuphela abaphathi abagunyazisiweyo abanokusukela phezulu. Oku kwenza izigqibo kunceda ukuthintela izenzo zequbuliso ezisekelwe kwi-adrenaline kunokuba baqiqe.

Iimfuno Zoqeqesho Neenkqubo Zobuchule

Imisebenzi ekhuselekileyo yokusukela ixhomekeke kuqeqesho oluqhubekayo, olusekelwe kwimifanekiso. Inkoliso yamatyala igunyazisa ukuba abaphathi-mikhosi bagqibe iEmergency Vehicle Operations Comse (EVOC) equka uqeqesho lwaseklasini kunye nemithambo yokuqhuba esebenzisekayo.

  • Isantya esiphezulu somngxuma kunye nobuchule bokwaleka
  • Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule bokungahambi kakuhle (PIT) ngesantya esivunyiweyo
  • Unxibelelwano olusebenzayo lukanomathotholo kunye nomanyano
  • Uhlaziyo olusemthethweni kwiimeko zomthetho notshintsho lomthetho

Ukongeza, abameli abaninzi ngoku badibanisa uqeqesho lokuhambisa isantya kwizifundo zesikolo, begxininisa ukuba ukusukela kuyinto ezenzekeleyo yimeko ekhulayo kwaye abaphathi kufuneka basoloko beqwalasela ukuba ukuqhubeka kusesona sicingiso sikhuselekileyo na. Abanye abathumeli bololiwe baqaphele xa imeko yemvakalelo yomfowumbi isenokuphazamisana nesizathu nokukhumbuza abaphathi-nkqubo ngexesha lokwenene.

Izixhobo zokhuseleko lobuxhakaxhaka-buxhaka

Uphuhliso lobugcisa luye lwanika iindlela ezintsha zokunciphisa iingozi zosukelo. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Izixhobo zokufumana i-PS ezinokuthunyelwa kwinqwelo-mafutha ejikelezayo ukuze zilandele isithuthi esibalekayo kwimigama ekhuselekileyo
  • Indawo ezenzekelayo yesithuthi (AVL) iinkqubo ezivumela abalawuli babonise isantya sokwenza umsebenzi kunye nendawo ekwimaphu yamanani
  • Iikhamera ezikwibhodi (iidashcam kunye neekhamera zomzimba) ezirekhoda sonke isiganeko sohlolo lwamva kunye neenjongo ezicacileyo
  • Izixhobo zokukhukuliseka kwenqanawa (imicu ye-spike) ezinokubekwa ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo ukunqanda isithuthi esibalekayo ngaphandle kongqubano

Ezi zixhobo aziphuculi kuphela umphathi kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kodwa zikwayila irekhodi ebhaliweyo enokusetyenziswa kwiingxoxo ezisemthethweni ukubonisa ukuba usukelo luqhutywa ngokuhambelana nomgaqo-nkqubo.

Uqokelelo logcino-lwazi, ukuphendula nokuHlaziywa

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando oluthe lwandiswa kuluntu lwemijelo yamapolisa luqhube izicelo zokubonisa okucace kakhulu kunye neziguqulo zedata eziqhutywayo. Inani leemeko ngoku lifuna ukuba abameli bomthetho banike iingxelo zogcino-lwazi oluneenkcukacha kwiqumrhu elisembindini, kuquka ulwazi ngesizathu sokusukela, isantya esiphezulu, ixesha, ukonakala, kunye nomonakalo wempahla. Le nkcazelo isetyenziswa ukuchonga iipateni, uvavanyo lwenkqubo olusebenzayo, kunye notshintsho lwemithetho.

Imigangatho yesizwe nezenzo ezizizo

Ngeli xesha kungekho mgangatho mnye wesizwe, imibutho emininzi inika imigaqo-nkqubo yemodeli. International of Shirds of Police (IACP) inikela inkqubo yokusukela imodeli efunyenwe ngokubanzi. Incomela ukulinganisela usukelo kwiimeko apho ukrokrelo luzisa ukhuseleko olukhawulezileyo kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, olufuna abalawuli bogunyaziso, kunye nokulungisa uhlolo lwexesha ngalinye lokusukela. Ngokufanayo, izibhexeshi zezifo nothintelo zipapashe ugcino-lwazi olunxibelelanisa ukusukelana kokhuseleko olunxulumene nomngcipheko othile, oluthi ngokujika luye lwazincomela ukhuseleko.

Umatshini onokuphendula

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokusukela iprojekthi ilungile kuphela njengoko isebenza. Iimeko zidla ngokusebenzisa ulawulo olulayishiweyo oluneengxelo ezininzi:

  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlolo lweNtloko: Usukelo ngalunye luhlolisiswa ngumphathi kwaye, kumasebe amaninzi, ngebhodi yempindo enziwe ngabasebenzi bomyalelo kunye nabaququzeleli bomthetho.
  • Iinkqubo ezilumkisayo zokuqala: Iphinda-phindwa inxaxheba kwimisebenzi (ingakumbi ezo ziphumela kwiziphumo ezingalunganga) zibangela uhlolo lwepateni kunye nokuziqeqesha okanye uqeqesho olunokwenzeka.
  • Ulawulo lweCivilian: Amanye amagunya aneebhodi ezizimeleyo zohlolo lwasekuhlaleni ezihlola iziganeko zokulandela kwaye zincomela utshintsho lwenkqubo.
  • Ingxelo yePublic yoNyaka ye-data ephunyeziweyo ipapashwa ukukhuthaza ukuthembana koluntu nokukhuthaza iingxoxo zenkqubo yokwazisa.

Ukuqulunqa Imibandela Engokwasemthethweni Neenkqubano Zexesha Elizayo

Imigaqo-nkqubo esemthethweni yokusukela amapolisa ayimi ndawonye.

Izixhobo zokutsala kunye nobuxhakaxhaka obukude

Iinkqubo ze-elkyl (ii-drones) ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ukulandelela izikrokreli ezibalekayo, zinika enye indlela ephepha ukusukela okuyingozi kwezithuthi. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kuphakamisa imibuzo yeSine Sonyuso malunga nokuhlola inqwelo-moya kunye nexesha lokulandelela i-oyile. Iinkundla ziyakufuna ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zobuqu zabakrokreli nxamnye neengenelo zokhuseleko lukawonke wonke. Amanye amazwe sele edlulisele enike imithetho evumela ukusetyenziswa okungenasiqinisekiso kwiimeko zongxamiseko, kuquka nezinto ezifunwayo.

Ukwahluka ngokweentlalo nezoqoqosho

Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukusukela amapolisa ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kubandakanya ukukrokra okuncinane nokubangelwa yimimandla ehlwempuzekileyo, nto leyo ephumela kumlinganiselo ophezulu wokwenzakala nokubhengezwa komthetho. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho utshintsho oluthetha ikhethe elicacileyo ekulandeleni nasekusebenziseni izigqibo zokunyanzelisa. Imingeni yomthetho phantsi koKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus inqabile kodwa isenokukhula njengoko ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kuphucula.

Impembelelo Yeinshorensi Eluncedo

Inani elandayo lamacala amangalelwayo liphumele ekuhlalweni kwabantu abaninzi okanye kwisigqibo esinxamnye namaqumrhu oonorhulumente ukwenzela ukwenzakala okunxulumene nokulandela. Abanye oomasipala bafuna ukuba amasebe abo amapolisa athwale i-inshorensi yetyala ekwalathiswa ukuthobela imithetho evunyiweyo yokulandela. Abafaki-mali bangaqhuba ii-akhawulezi zexesha kunye nokungahoywa ukuba amasebe angayifikeleli imigangatho encinane yokhuseleko. Olu xinzelelo lwentengiso lungaqhuba ukusetyenziswa ngokulinganayo koqheliselo lomngcipheko.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wenkqubo yokulandela amapolisa uluqikelelo oluntsonkothileyo lomthetho wezomGaqo-siseko, imimiselo karhulumente, imimiselo yamasebe, kunye noqheliselo olugqwethekileyo. Embilinini yayo, ifuna ukuba amagosa omthetho enze izahlulelo ezibini ezidityanisiweyo ezibonisa ukuhlonela umsebenzi wokufumana iimvavanyo eziyingozi kunye nembopheleleko yokukhusela ubomi bomntu. Ngokuzinzisa imigaqo ecacileyo yokuqalisa, ulawulo olunamandla, uqeqesho olubanzi, kunye neenkqubo zokuphendula, amasebe anokufeza umsebenzi wawo ngelixa ukunciphisa iziphumo ezimandundumasi ezinokuvela xa uqhushululu luqhubeka. Njengokuba ubugcisa nemilinganiselo engomthetho iqhubeka inguno kusenziwa, ngoko kufuneka imigaqo ekhokelela kulawulo olunobuchule, ulawulo olunzulu, ubuchule, kunye nolknalo lweziphelo, lunganyaniseluvo oluqinile, xa ulawulo luqhubeka.