Table of Contents

Abacholacholi bentatheli abasebenza kumhlaba ontsonkothileyo osemthethweni apho ukhuseleko olwahlukahlukeneyo lubenza bakwazi ukwenza indima yabo ebalulekileyo kwibutho labantu. Ezi migaqo zomthetho ziyimfuneko ukugcina umatshini wokushicilela ongenamatyala nokuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu luyakwazi ukufumana inkcazelo ebalulekileyo ngemisebenzi karhulumente, ihambo yenkampani, nemicimbi enomdla kubantu. Ukuqonda umgangatho kunye nokusikelwa umda kwezi zinto kubalulekile koondaba kunye nabantu abasebenza kubo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: Inkululeko yooRhulumente

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba eUnited States ikhuselwe ngokusemthethweni luHlaziyo lokuqala kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States. IsiHlanzi sokuQala sisithi: "ISindululo soMgaqo-siseko asisayi kwenza mthetho ngokuphathelele ukusekwa konqulo, okanye ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngenkululeko; okanye ukudambisa inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yamaphephandaba; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo."

Le nkululeko ikhusela ilungelo lokuqokelela inkcazelo nokuyixela kwabanye. Ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwenkcazelo ngo-1791, icandelo loshicilelo olungenazintlawulo elibhekiswa kumaphephandaba, ngoku lisebenza kuzo zonke iintlobo zokuqokelela iindaba nokunikela ingxelo, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-ethemission. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkululeko yamaphephandaba iquka umabonwakude, unomathotholo, iimpapasho ze-intanethi, ii-ibrorho, kunye neemigangatho yezentlalo-ndaba.

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba, ekhuselwe nguMphetho-mda wokuqala, ibaluleke kakhulu kulawulo-melo apho urhulumente amele aphendule khona ebantwini. Imisebenzi yamajelo eendaba ekhululekileyo njengenja enokuphanda nokuxela ububi bukarhulumente. Lo msebenzi wokujonga ubalulekile ukugcina ukubonakala nokuziphendulela kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Umlinganiselo Wenkululeko Yokucinezela

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba lilungelo elikhuselweyo lokupapasha ngokukhululekileyo unxibelelwano kunye neentetho zezimvo ngohlobo oluhlukeneyo lwezixhobo zokugcina ulwazi. Inkululeko yokucofa ilinganisela ulawulo okanye uphando lukarhulumente kumajelo-ndaba, ngaphandle kobona bungozi bokhuseleko lwesizwe. Olu khuselo alunwebi nje kuphela ekupapashweni kwenkcazelo kodwa lukwanabela kwinkqubo yokuqokelela iindaba ngokwayo.

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba ayikhuseli nje kuphela impapasho yesikhululo, kodwa ikwakuqokelelwa kweendaba. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ushicilelo lunamalungelo afanayo nawoluntu yaye alukwazi ukuhlasela ukhuseleko lwasese kwabanye. Noko ke, iintatheli zinamalungelo athile xa kufikelelwa ekufumaneni ulwazi nokukhusela imithombo yazo, esiza kuyihlolisisa ngokweenkcukacha.

Amaphephandaba awanelungelo lokufumana ukhuseleko olwahlukileyo olusemthethweni xa luthelekiswa nelungu eliqhelekileyo loluntu phantsi koMphetho-mvandedwa Wokuqala. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngoxa iintatheli zinokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko ngomsebenzi wazo, zisoloko zithobela imithetho efanayo nabemi abaqhelekileyo. Umahluko ongundoqo uxhomekeke kwimigaqo ethile emiselwe ukukhusela ijenali.

Ngubani Okufanelekelayo Ukuba Yintatheli?

Enye yeengxoxo eziqhubekayo kumthetho wenkululeko esasazwayo ezibonisa ukuba ufaneleke njengomcholacholi-ndaba onelungelo lokukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni. Uqhagamshelwano aluphelelanga kwiimpapasho zobugcisa okanye kwiintatheli kodwa lusebenza nakuluphi na uhlobo lomvakalisi. Ezinye iiprojekthi zelungelo zicuthene kwaye zisebenza kuphela kubasebenzi bexesha elizeleyo bezaphula-ndaba, ngoxa ezinye ziphangalele kwaye zidlulisela kubenzi bee-ofisi, abakhupheli bemifanekiso, abakhuthazi beencwadi, nabafundi ababhala iincwadi.

Kwaye kwawiswa umthetho okokuqala, yiNkundla yezibheno yeSinyuso sokuqala, ukuba umxhasi weblog unelungelo lokukhusela intetho ekhululekileyo njengentatheli kwaye akanakubekwa tyala lokutyholwa ngaphandle kokuba umbhexeshi uthathe inyathelo longakhathali. Kwisigqibo, inkundla yafumana iintatheli kunye nabaxhasi bebrorho ukuba bakhuseleke ngokufanayo phantsi kweSigqibo Sokuqala kuba "Izikhuseli Zokuqala ZomHlomelo aziguquki nokuba ummangalelwa wayeyintatheli oqeqeqeshiweyo, othelwe ngokusemthethweni, obandakanyekelwe kwizixhobo zesithethe seendaba, obandakanyekene neengxoxo ezidityaniswayo, ogqithe nje kwiincwadi zabanye, okanye azame ukufumana omabini amacala ebali."

Ukukhusela Imithetho: Ukukhusela Abo Bayimfihlelo

Phakathi kwezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezikhusela iintatheli zibalulekileyo yimithetho ekhuselayo, ekhusela iintatheli ekunyanzelweni ukuba zityhile imithombo yazo eyimfihlo okanye inkcazelo engapapashwanga. Ikhusela umthetho waseUnited States, nawuphi na umthetho okhusela iintatheli ekukhutshweni kwenkcazelo eyimfihlo enyanzelekileyo, kuquka ukukhutshwa kwemithombo yazo, okanye ukunyanzelelwa kokukhutshelwa kwezinto ezibhaliweyo eziqokelelwe ngexesha lokuqokelelwa kweendaba, njengamanqaku.

Isizathu Sokuba Imithetho Ithintelwe

Ngenxa yokuba abantu abanokunikela inkcazelo eyimfihlo okanye evakalayo kwiintatheli basenokungabi nalwazi olunzulu lokwenjenjalo ngaphandle kokuba zingaziwa, imithetho ekhuselayo ibalulekile kumsebenzi wobulindi bophando kwaye ngaloo ndlela ikho kwisixhobo sokushicilela esikhululekileyo. Abacholacholi baxhomekeke kwimithombo yokunikela iindaba abazipapashileyo, kwaye loo mithombo ayinakuhlanganyela inkcazelo evakalayo okanye egxekiweyo ecacileyo xa kungekho mntu ungaziwa, ngenxa yoloyiko lokuba baza kohlwaywa ngenxa yokuyabelana nayo. Ngoko ke amalungelo athe akhuselwa ekukhuseleni iintatheli, ngenxa yokuba kukho umdla kawonke ekukhuthazeni ulwazi olubalulekileyo.

Abaxhasi bemithetho yamakhakathi bathi xa oorhulumente besebenzisa oorhulumente abangaphantsi kwe-odoli ukusoyikisa abasemaphepheni, abacholacholi-ndaba bamele babe nelungelo lokukhusela imithombo yabo; kungenjalo, izibakala ezingorhwaphilizo zikarhulumente nezinye izinto ziya kupheliswa okanye zihlolwe, enyanisweni, ukuba azinakuchazwa. Ngaphandle kwezi zinto, abavumi belilo, iimpepho nemithombo efihlakeleyo bengayi kuba tyekeleliselwa phambili ngenkcazelo engobubi, ukunganyaniseki, okanye imicimbi yoncedo lukawonke-wonke.

Imithetho Ekhusela Urhulumente

Ngonyaka ka-2018, amaphondo angama-49 kunye neSithili saseColumbia sinikela uhlobo oluthile lokhuseleko lwamaphondo angamashumi amane (u-Gxt D.C.) adlulise imithetho yamakhaka. Amazwe angamashumi asibhozo kunye neSithili saseColumbia anemithetho yekhusi, kodwa ukhuseleko lwahluka ngokubanzi. Kuphela nguWyoming ongenawo omabini umthetho kunye nemizekelo yokukhusela ilungelo lentatheli.

Eminye imithetho ikhusela abantu kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni kodwa kungekhona kwizaphuli-mthetho. Eminye imithetho ikhusela iintatheli ekutyhileni imithombo eyimfihlo, kodwa hayi eminye inkcazelo. Umahluko kwimithetho yezokhuselo yeli lizwe ubangela ubuchule obuntsonkothileyo bokukhusela iintatheli ezimele zihambe kuxhomekeka kwindawo ezisebenza kuyo nakuphi na apho kuqhutyelwa khona ngokusemthethweni.

Amaphondo angamashumi amathathu anesine kunye neSithili saseColumbia samkela imithetho yezokhuselo enika amajelo eendaba amaqondo ahlukeneyo okukhusela kwii-polena. Eminye imithetho yezikhuselo ikhusela abacholacholi kwiindaba ekunyanzelweni ukuba bafumane imithombo yabo yeendaba efihlakeleyo, kodwa hayi yeminye imithetho engapapashwanga. Eminye imithetho inikela ukhuseleko olupheleleyo okanye olufanelekileyo ngokohlobo olusemthethweni lwenkqubela-phambili (i-vile okanye isigebenga) okanye indima yomchola-ndaba kwiqela lesithathu elihambayo (i-edendendi okanye elizimeleyo).

Ukulawulwa Komthetho Okhuselayo

Ngoku akukho mthetho welothe karhulumente. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwakho amatyala emithetho yezokhuselo kwiKhomishini yaseUnited States; noko ke, akukho nalinye kula matyala eliye lagqitha kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Ukungabikho kokhuseleko lukarhulumente kuthetha ukuba iintatheli zinokunyanzeleka ukuba zinikele ubungqina kwimicimbi karhulumente, yaye ukunqongophala kokhuseleko olufanayo kuye kwabangela ucelomngeni olukhulu kubachola-ndaba abasebenza kumabali esizwe.

Inkxalabo ephambili kwimigudu yakutshanje yokudlulisela umthetho wesikhuselo karhulumente ibiyinkxalabo ngokuvuza kwenkcazelo eyahluliweyo, ingakumbi inika amandla okuvuza ngolu hlobo akhoyo ukuze apapashwe kwi-intanethi jikelele ngabantu abangengomalungu esithethe, abangathi bakwi-WikiLeaks, abanokuthi babe "balawuli belizwe" phantsi komthetho wekhusi ongafanelekanga. Le ngxaki ibalaselisa uxinezeleko phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nenkululeko yokushicilela.

Ngonyaka wama-2019, ubuncinane iintatheli ezingama-22 ziye zavalelwa eUnited States ngenxa yokwala ukuthobela izicelo zokutyhila imithombo yenkcazelo. Ezinye iintatheli ezisixhenxe ziye zavalelwa zaza zahlawuliswa ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo. La manani abonisa imiphumo yokwenene ejamelene nayo iintatheli xa zikhusela imithombo yazo xa zingakhuselwanga ngurhulumente.

Isigqibo SaseBranzburg

Ityala elibalaseleyo leNkundla Ephakamileyo elaguqula imbono esemthethweni yelungelo leentatheli yiBranzburg v. Hayes. EBranzburg v.Hayes (1972), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yawisa isigqibo (5/4), sokuba, nangona uLawulo Lokuqala Lokwenziwa kweMbewu lukhusela imisebenzi yobugcisa yeentatheli, alibaniki ukuthintelwa kwizikhulu zamatyala ezifuna ulwazi olunxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho okanye uphando lwamakhaya. Eli lungelo lingamiselwa kuphela ngomthetho, inkundla iphethe.

EBranzburg v. Hayes (1972), iNkundla yawisa umthetho ocacileyo wokuba umatshini wokushicilela awunalo ilungelo elikhethekileyo lokunqanda ubungqina obuqokelelwayo ngexesha unikela ingxelo yeendaba. Esi sigqibo sacacisa ukuba naliphi na ilungelo lentatheli kufuneka livele kumthetho-mthetho kunokuba lichazwe ngomgaqo-siseko.

Noko ke, uluvo oluphikisayo eBranzburg luye lwanempembelelo kwimithetho yokubumba amakhaka. Ngokutsho kukaStewart, kufanelekile ngokusemthethweni ukufuna inkcazelo eyimfihlo kwiintatheli kuphela ukuba (1) ulwazi lubaluleke kakhulu ekuphengululeni, (2) urhulumente unomdla onyanzelisayo nowongamileyo ekufumaneni ulwazi, kwaye (3) ulwazi alunakufunyanwa ngezinye iindlela. Imithetho emininzi yokhuselo ithathe olu vavanyo lwamacandelo amathathu.

Imida Nezinto Ezikhethekileyo Zokukhusela Imithetho

Noko ke, imithetho yezokhuselo ayiqiniseki ukuba ikhuselekile ngokupheleleyo, kodwa imigaqo yomthetho ekhuselayo ayiphelelanga. Abanye abagwebi baye bagqiba kwelokuba le mithetho ifanele ixhase ezinye iinjongo yaye ifanele isetyenziswe kuphela ukuze kukhuselwe iindidi zenkcazelo ezilinganiselweyo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo kuza kufuneka ukuba intatheli ityhile inkcazelo ekhethekileyo kuphela ukuba ifanelekile kwaye iphathekile kwaye ukuba ayifumaneki kwenye imvelaphi. Ezi ziqalelo zisekelwe ngokucacileyo ekungavumelaniniyo noMgwebi uSocileyo uStewart kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yeBranzburg v.Hayes.

Kwezinye iimeko, ilungelo lomcholacholi-ndaba ligqalwa njengelixoliweyo. Oku kunokwenzeka xa intatheli ngaphambili ikhupha inkcazelo okanye imvelaphi, ukuze ingabi likhutshelo. Ngamanye amaxesha ukuchaza inxalenye yenkcazelo eyimfihlo kusenokuliphazamisa ilungelo elibhekiselele kwinkcazelo. Kwakhona elo lungelo lingarhoxiswa ukuba umcholacholi-ndaba nomthombo angalufumani ulwalamano okanye ulwazi olufunyenweyo kuyo lungaba liyimfihlo.

Amanye amaphondo anikela iingxelo ezizizo, ezifana nemeko zokutyhola apho inkcazelo efunwayo iza kuvelisa ubungqina obunxulumene nokuba ummangalelwa wenza ngezenzo zobundlobongela. Oku kukhetha kuphawula ukuba abamangalelwa kwiimeko zokutyhilwa kobuxoki basenokufuna ukufikelela kulwazi malunga nemithombo ukuze bazikhusele ngokunempumelelo.

Ukukhusela Ukuchasa

Enye yezona ntaba - ndaba zibalulekileyo zikhusela ngokusemthethweni imibandela engokwasemthethweni ibandakanya umthetho ohlab ’ isidima, oye walungelelaniswa ukuze ulungelelanise amalungelo abantu ukuze ukhusele udumo lwabo kumntu onomdla onzulu ekunikeleni ingxelo ngemicimbi kawonke wonke.

Umgangatho wemalice

Ityala eliphawulayo elamisela ukukhusela okunamandla kwiintatheli ekutyholweni ngamatyala yiNew York Times Co. Sullivan (1964). INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba amalungelo omGaqo-siseko okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kunye namaphephandaba akhululekileyo anwenwela kwimpapasho yeengxelo zobuxoki okanye zokuxolisa amagosa karhulumente. INkundla yachaza ukuba intetho yokuqala engorhulumente nemicimbi kawonke wonke ibalulekile kukhuseleko lwethu lokuqala lweSinyuso-Mnyuselo.

Njengokuba iJaji Brennan yaphawula, "kungakhathali kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke kufuneka ungabi nakuzikhusela, ungomeleleyo kwaye uvuleleke. INkundla yeNew York Times yaseka nomlinganiselo ongqongqo wobungendawo ofunekayo kwizenzo zokukhulula nxamnye nezixhobo zokukhupha ulwazi kumajelo eendaba.

Phantsi komlinganiselo wobundlobongela, abasemagunyeni noorhulumente kufuneka bangqine ukuba intatheli epapasha inkcazelo ebubuxoki enolwazi lokuba yayibubuxoki okanye yayingakhathalelwanga ukuba yayiyinyani okanye yayibubuxoki. Oku ngumthwalo ongaphezulu kakhulu wobungqina kunonyanzelo oluqhelekileyo, kwaye kukhusela kakhulu iintatheli ezinikela ingxelo ngemicimbi yomdla woluntu.

Lo mlinganiselo uyaqonda ukuba ezinye iimpazamo azinakuphepheka ekuqokelelweni kwendaba kwaye isisongelo sokunyeliswa sisenokugulisa ingxelo ebalulekileyo kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke. Ngokufuna ubungqina bokwenene bobungendawo, umthetho udala indawo yokuphefumla ukuba iintatheli zinike ingxelo ngogonyamelo kwimicimbi exhalabisa abantu ngaphandle kokoyika ukuba ityala leempazamo ezinyanisekileyo.

Inyaniso Ingumsindisi

Inyaniso ihlala ikhusela ngokupheleleyo kwimiba yokunyelisa. Ukuba intatheli iyakwazi ukubonisa ukuba inkcazelo epapashiweyo iyinyaniso kakhulu, ayinakubekwa tyala lokunyeliswa kungakhathaliseki ukuba inkcazelo ilonakalisa igama lomntu. Olu khuselo lukhuthaza ukunikela ingxelo echanileyo kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba iintatheli zinokupapasha inkcazelo eyinyaniso ngemicimbi yoluntu ngaphandle kokoyika iziphumo ezingomthetho.

Ukugqabaza Noluvo Olufanelekileyo

Iinkulisa ziyakhuselwa xa zichaza iimbono okanye amagqabaza afanelekileyo ngemicimbi yoluntu. Iingxelo zoluvo, ngokuchasene neengcamango zenyaniso, azinakuyila isiseko sengxelo yokunyelisa. Oku kukhusela kuvumela intatheli ukuba zibandakanyeke kuhlalutyo, ukugxeka, nokugqabaza ngemicimbi yoluntu, nto leyo ebaluleke kwindima yedemokhrasi kwibutho labantu abachophayo.

Ukufikelela kulwazi neengxelo zikawonke-wonke

Ukukwazi ukufumana inkcazelo karhulumente kungundoqo kwijenali. Imithetho eyahlukahlukeneyo kumgangatho karhulumente nokarhulumente inika iintatheli kunye noluntu amalungelo okufumana iingxelo nemicimbi karhulumente.

Inkululeko yolwazi (FOIA)

UMthetho we-Freedom of Information unika iprojekthi yokuba iintatheli namalungu abantu basekuhlaleni bacele ukufikelela kwiirekhodi zikarhulumente. UFOIA umisela ingcamango yokuba iingxelo zikarhulumente zifanele zifikeleleke kuluntu, zinokungahlawulwa ngokokwahlulwa kolwazi, ukuzifunela izinto zobuqu, iingxelo zokunyanzeliswa komthetho, nezinye iindidi ezichukumisiweyo.

Nangona iFOIA isebenza ngokufanayo kwiintatheli nakubemi abaqhelekileyo, iintatheli zisebenzisa izicelo zeFOIA njengesixhobo sokunikela ingxelo ngophando. Umthetho ufuna ukuba abameli baphendule izicelo ezikwimiboniso ethile yexesha elithile kwaye banikezele inkqubo yokukhanyela okunomtsalane kokungena. Amazwe amaninzi anemithetho efanayo evulekileyo esebenza kurhulumente nakwimibutho karhulumente.

Uvula Imithetho

Umanyano norhulumente uvula imithetho yeentlanganiso, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-"imithetho ekhankanyiweyo," ifuna ukuba iintlanganiso ezithile zikarhulumente zivuleke kuwonke-wonke nakumaziko eendaba. Le mithetho iyaqonda ukuba ukuvela kwengqiqo ekwenzeni izigqibo zikarhulumente kubalulekile ekuphenduleni idemokhrasi. Abacholacholi badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubekhoni kwezi ntlanganiso nasekunikeleni ingxelo ngemisebenzi karhulumente kubantu ngokubanzi.

Imithetho yokuvula iintlanganiso iquka iindleko zemicimbi ethile enzima, njengemiba yabasebenzi, igalelo elijongene nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Kodwa ke, inkcazo eqhelekileyo ixhasa ukuvuleka, kwaye amaqumrhu karhulumente kufuneka alandele iinkqubo ezithile xa evala iintlanganiso kuwonke-wonke.

Imvume yeNkundla

Amaphephandaba noluntu ngokubanzi banelungelo lokufumana isiHlamlo Sokuqala soMbeko. Eli lungelo lisekelwe kumgaqo wokuba ukuvavanywa kwetyala likawonke-wonke kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe intembelo kwinkqubo yogwebo nokuqinisekisa ukuba ityala lixhomekeke kumthetho. Ngoxa iinkundla zinokuvala iingxubusho ngokweemeko ezilinganiselweyo ukukhusela izilangazelelo ezinyanzelisayo ezifana nelungelo lommangalelwa lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo okanye ukhuseleko lwamangqina, ezo zivalwa zimele zilungiswe ngokucuthe shwa kwaye zigwetyelwe zizinto ezithile ezifunyenweyo.

Kwakhona iinkota ziyakwazi ukufikelela kwiingxelo zenkundla, nangona amanye amaxwebhu esenokuvalwa okanye afakwe iziqinisekiso zokukhusela izilangazelelo zobuqu, iimfihlo zorhwebo, okanye ezinye izinto ezifanelekileyo ezixhalabisayo. Noko ke, i-Program ixhasa ukufumaneka kwabantu kwimicimbi nengxelo yetyala.

Ukhuseleko ekuphandeni okungekho mthethweni

Ukhuseleko loMphetho-mda weSine ekuphandeni nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni lusebenza kwiintatheli nakwimibutho yamaphephandaba. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwale migaqo-nkqubo yokhuselo kumbandela wobujengalwazi kuye kwaba ngumbandela wengxoxo ephambili engokwasemthethweni nenkqubela.

Ukukhangela Igumbi Leendaba

Emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiZurcher v. Stanford Daily (1978), eyayinento yokuba amagumbi eendaba anokuphengululwa ngesiqinisekiso kwanaxa iintatheli zazingakrokrelelwanga ngesenzo solwaphulo-mthetho, iBhunga lawudlulisa uMthetho we-Amfiscial Protection ka-1980. Lo mthetho udla ngokulwalela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ekufuneni okanye ekuthabatheni imveliso okanye izixhobo zekhompyutha, ezinokungalinganiswa kweemeko ezibandakanya ukhuseleko lwesizwe okanye xa kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba intatheli yenze ulwaphulo-mthetho.

IAspen Protection Act inika iingcebiso ezibalulekileyo kubacholacholi-ndaba ngokufuna ukuba umthetho unyanzelise ukusebenzisa iipopu ezingaphantsi kunokuba ufune isiqinisekiso kwiimeko ezininzi. Oku kunika isaziso kunye nethuba lokucel ’ umngeni imfuneko yezinto zoncedo ngaphambi kokuba zibanjiswe, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhuseleni imithombo eyimfihlo kunye nenkcazelo engapapashwanga.

Izixhobo zombane nokhuseleko lwamanani

Ukunyuka kwesizwe sokhuseleko kunye nokwanda kobugcisa obutsha bokuhlola kuye kwadala ucelomngeni olutsha kwinkululeko yezixhobo zonxibelelwano. Yaye xa kujongwa izixhobo ezikhulayo zokuhlola, iintatheli kufuneka zithathe ixesha elitsha ukukhusela imithombo, kwaye, ngokongeza, ilungelo loluntu lokwazi.

Kwixesha lamanani, intatheli zijamelana nocelomngeni olutsha ekukhuseleni imithombo yazo kunye nolwazi kukhangelo lukarhulumente. Ii-imeyili, iirekhodi zefowuni, kunye neefayile zamanani zonke zingaba phantsi konikezelo lukarhulumente ngobuchule obuhlukeneyo obusemthethweni. Abacholacholi-ndaba kufuneka basebenzise ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo kunye namanye amanyathelo okhuseleko ukukhusela unxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo kwimithombo.

Ubuchule bukarhulumente bofumana iirekhodi zemfonomfono, ii-meta-data ze-imeyili, kunye nezinye iinkcukacha zamanani ziphakamise inkxalabo ebalulekileyo ngenkululeko yokucinezela. Ngelixesha kukho ukhuseleko olusemthethweni, indaleko ekhawulezileyo yobugcisa iye yadlula ukuphuhliswa kwemigangatho ecacileyo yomthetho kwiindawo ezininzi.

Ukukhusela ekubekeni Imilinganiselo

Enye yezona ntaba zininzi zikhuselayo kukungavunyelwa kwaphambi kokuba zithintelwe yinkqubo karhulumente ethintela ukupapashwa kwayo ngaphambi kokuba ivele. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqinisekisa ukuba ngaphambi kokuba kushicilelwe imiyalelo engqongqo ingomthetho ongekho mthethweni yaye inokugwetyelwa kuphela kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga.

Ityala lePentagon

Elinye lamatyala enkululeko yokufakelwa imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwimbali yase-U.S. leza ngexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam. Ngoo1970, iThe New York Times yapapasha iPentagon Papers — amaxwebhu abonisa ukuba urhulumente wase-United States ulahlekisile uluntu ngemfazwe. UMongameli Nixon wazama ukuvala impapasho, ephikisa ukuba isongela ukhuseleko lwesizwe. ITimes yaphikisa uwonke wonke ukuba unelungelo lokwazi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula iTime, iqinisekisa ukuba kwanolwazi oluchukumileyo lunokupapashwa ukuba lunokuzisa umdla kawonke wonke.

Isigqibo sePentagons Papers sasibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kuba sabonisa ukuba inkundla yayikulungele ukukhusela inkululeko yamaphephandaba ekuphazanyisweni yimimiselo yesizwe egunyazisa ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Amatyala abonisa ukuba uLawulo Lokuqala lwaye lwangavunyelwa ukuba lungalawulwa phantse zonke iimpapasho ngaphandle kwalawo ayesisisongelo esingqalileyo kwimisebenzi yomkhosi eqhubekayo, njengokubhengeza indawo okanye umbutho wamajoni, kodwa abagwebi abaliqela baphawula ukuba urhulumente akathintelwanga ekumangaleleni iintatheli ezilandelayo impapasho.

Eli tyala labonisa ukuba nangona urhulumente engenako ukuzithintela iimpapasho, iintatheli zisenokujamelana netyala lolwaphulo - mthetho emva kokupapashwa kweemeko ezithile.

Izixhobo Zokukhusela Ivuthuza Nenkululeko Ecinezelayo

Abaqhubi bajongene netyala phantsi kwemfazwe yehlabathi i-Esta Espione Act yokuvuza kumatshini wokushicilela kunomdla woluntu. Urhulumente usungule ukurhoxa okungakaze kubonwe ngabacuphi bempempe, abajongi bemibhobho ukuze bafumane imithombo yabo. Ukutshutshiswa kwabaqhubi bempempetha abanika ulwazi olubalulekileyo kwintatheli ezineziphumo ezibalulekileyo zokucinezela inkululeko, njengokuba inokuthintela imithombo ekuzeni phambili ngolwazi olungobungendawo bukarhulumente.

Uxanduva phakathi kwenkxalabo yokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nelungelo loluntu lokwazi luye lwakhula kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ngelixesha iintatheli ngokwazo zisoloko zibekwa ityala lokupapasha ulwazi lolwahlulo, ukutshutshiswa kobundlobongela kwemithombo yazo kusenokuba neziphumo ezimandundu kwingxelo yophando. Oku kugxininisa ukubaluleka kwemithetho yentetha-ndaba kunye nezinye izikhuseli ezivumela iintatheli ukuba zigcine imfihlelo yemithombo yazo.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngenkululeko Yokucinezela

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku ligxininisa kakhulu kukhuseleko olusemthethweni eUnited States, kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuba ukhuselo lwenkululeko lokucinezela lwahluka kakhulu ehlabathini lonke. ISibhengezo soMbutho Wezizwe ngezizwe sowe-1949 samaLungelo oluntu sithi: "Wonk ’ ubani unelungelo lenkululeko yoluvo nentetho; eli lungelo liquka inkululeko yokuba nembono ngaphandle kokuphazamisa, nokufuna, ukufumana, nokudlulisela ulwazi neengcamango kulo naliphi na ijelo-ndaba kungakhathaliseki igalelo".

Amazwe awahlukeneyo aye asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela inkululeko yamaphephandaba, ukusuka kwisiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko sokukhusela imigaqo yomthetho eqhelekileyo. Ukuqonda ezi zakhiwo zezizwe ngezizwe kunganika umongo obalulekileyo wokuvavanya ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yokushicilela eUnited States nokuchonga iindawo ezinokuphuculwa.

Iingxaki Neengxubakaxaka

Ukuchaza "Uluhlu Lomntu Ohlala Kumntu Ongathathi Nqanawa" Kwixesha lamanani

Ingxaki apha, yeyokuba uphuhliso lobugcisa luye lwayintsonkotha imigudu yokuchaza iintatheli kunye nobujoni. Ukwanda kwee-Web site, amajelo asekuhlaleni, kunye nobumejaji babemi kuye kwasithela imida engokwesithethe yokuba ubani ufanelekele ukuba abe ngumcholacholi-ndaba onelungelo lokukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni. Ngoxa iinkundla ziye zaqonda ngakumbi ukuba ukukhuselwa koMphetho wokuqala kusebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuba uphi na umsebenzi, ezinye izikhuseli zomthetho zichaza u-"junistna" ngeendlela ezisenokungadibaniselwa abaqokeleli beendaba abangeyo.

Olu celomngeni lunentsingiselo ebalulekileyo. Ukuba imithetho yekhasi kunye nezinye iintelekiso zilinganiselwe kwiintatheli zemveli, azisayi kukhusela ngokupheleleyo imisebenzi yokuqokelela iindaba eyenzeka kwisebe lamajelo eendaba. Kwelinye icala, ukuchaza "umbhali wemikhosi" ngokuphangaleleyo kunakho ukunikezela ngokhuseleko kubantu abangabandakanyekanga ngokwenene kumsebenzi wobuzwilakhe.

Ukulungelelanisa Inkululeko Ecinezelweyo Namanye Amalungelo

Inkululeko ephambili kufuneka ilungelelaniswe nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo, kuquka ukhuseleko lwesizwe, amalungelo afanelekileyo okuchotshelwa kwetyala, ukuzimela ngokobuqu nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Iinkundla kufuneka zisoloko zisebenzisa ezi njongo zikhuphisanayo, kwaye iziphumo zinokuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezithile zetyala ngalinye.

Ngokomzekelo, ngoxa iintatheli zinokhuseleko olunamandla ekunyeliseni amatyala xa zinikela ingxelo kumagosa oluntu, ezi zikhuseli mazilungelelaniswe kwimfuno ezifanelekileyo zabantu ekukhuseleni udumo lwabo. Ngokufanayo, ngelixa umatshini wokushicilela unelungelo lokufikelela kwinkundla, eli lungelo maxa wambi lingangqubana nelungelo lommangalelwa ekumangalelweni ngokusesikweni okanye ilungelo lexhoba lokuba lizimele.

Impikiswano Ngamalungelo Akhethekileyo

Abachasi bathi imithetho yokukhusela inika iintatheli amalungelo awongezelelekileyo yaye akukho mmi ufanele angakwazi ukutyeshela inkundla ephantsi kwenkundla. Abachasi bakwakhankanya iingxaki zokuchaza ukuba ngubani ogqalwa njengomcholacholi weendaba okanye umntu ongazo, baze baphawule ukuba ukuba iintatheli zifumana inkxaso ekhethekileyo kurhulumente, ngoko ke zifumana iingenelo ezikhethekileyo kurhulumente kunokuba zizimele.

Le ngxoxo iphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko ngendima yamaphephandaba kwibutho lolawulo-mpuku. Abaxhasi bokhuselo olunamandla loondaba baphikisa ngelithi ubundixesha busebenza umsebenzi okhethekileyo kawonke-wonke othethelela ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo olusemthethweni. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi ukwenza amalungelo akhethekileyo eentatheli akuvisisani nemigaqo yokulingana phambi komthetho kwaye kusenokukuphazamisa ukuzimela kwamajelo eendaba.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Neengxaki Ezimandundu

Ngo-2022, i-U.S. yabekwa kwindawo yama-42 kwi-Areports Without Borders' Press Freedom Index. Eli candelo licebisa ukuba phezu kwazo nje izikhuseli zomGaqo-siseko ezinamandla, zicinezela inkululeko eUnited States ijongene neengxaki eziqhubekayo. Inkqubela zakutshanje zibalaselise zombini izisongelo zokucinezela inkululeko nemigudu yokomeleza ukhuseleko lweentatheli.

Imigudu yokuphumelela ekukhuseleni imithetho

I-Device Reporters kuMthetho we-Odshistentive State Juncision (PRESS) ijolise ukugcwalisa umsantsa womthetho wesizwe wesikhuselo ngokunika iingxube zokhuseleko ezimbini kwiintatheli. Imigudu yokukhupha umthetho wezokhuselo iyaqhubeka, nangona bejamelene nemiqobo enxulumene nokhuseleko lwesizwe nenkcazo yokuba ngabafaneleki njengentatheli.

Umthetho wesikhuselo wesizwe wawuza kulungiselela ukhuseleko olufanayo kubacholacholi bemiba yelizwe yaye wawuza kunceda ekuthetheni ngesixhobo sangoku sokhuseleko lukarhulumente. Noko ke, ukuyila umthetho okhusela ngokufanelekileyo inkululeko ngoxa uthetha ngenkxalabo esemthethweni ngokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nobungakanani belungelo kuselucelomngeni olubalulekileyo.

Iingxaki Zeminyaka Yamanani

Ukutshintshwa kobuzwilakhe kubangele iingxaki ezintsha zomthetho nokungaqiniseki. Iingxoxo ezifana nokukhusela unxibelelwano lwamanani, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yelothe kwiintatheli ze-intanethi, nokukwazi kukarhulumente ukufikelela kwiirekhodi ze-elektroniki konke kufuna uphuhliso nocaciso oluqhubekayo olungokwasemthethweni.

Iindawo zonxibelelwano zezentlalo zenza amajelo eendaba abaluleke kakhulu, kodwa ukukhusela okusemthethweni okusebenza kwizithethe zoondaba kusenokungasoloko kufikelela kumaziko eendaba. IiNkundla nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ziyaqhubeka zixhathisa ukusebenzisa imigaqo yenkululeko yokushicilela kwimiba yamanani.

Izisongelo Kubachola - choli Beendaba

Izisongelo ezingokwasemzimbeni kwiintatheli, eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe, zihlala zixhalabisa kakhulu. Nangona ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lubalulekile, abanakukwazi ukuzilungisa ngokupheleleyo iingozi ezikhoyo xa benikela ingxelo ngemibandela eyingozi okanye kwiindawo ezingezizo ezonakeleyo. Ukhuseleko lweentatheli lubalulekile ekunyanzeleni inkululeko, kwaye ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lumele lupheleliswe ngamanyathelo asebenzisekayo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lweentatheli.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zeendaba

Ukuqonda ukukhusela okusemthethweni kubalulekile ukuze intatheli zenza umsebenzi wazo ngokunempumelelo ngoxa zinciphisa iingozi ezingokwasemthethweni. Nazi ezinye izinto eziluncedo:

Yazi Imithetho Ekhuselayo Karhulumente Wakho

Abacholacholi-ndaba kufuneka baziqhelanise nomthetho welo tyala kwilizwe labo, kuquka umntu ogqunyweyo, inkcazelo ekhuselweyo, noko kungasetyenziswayo. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zokukhusela kunokukunceda iintatheli zenze izigqibo ezithenjiswe imfihlelo kwimithombo nokusabela kwimiba ephantsi kwephondo.

Bonisa inkqubela yakho yokuqokelela iindaba

Ukugcina iingxelo zocoselelo lobundaba kusenokuba luncedo ekukhuseleni ukuhlab ’ amadlala nokubonisa ukuba ingxelo yenziwe ngendlela efanelekileyo. Ukwenziwa kwemigudu yokuqinisekisa inkcazelo, imithombo yoqhagamshelwano nokufuna amagqabaza kwimibandela yamabali kunganika ubungqina obubalulekileyo bokuba ngabacholacholi-ndaba.

Ukuqonda Imida Yokuzikhusela

Abacholacholi-ndaba bafanele baqonde ukuba ukhuseleko olusemthethweni aluphelelanga ngokupheleleyo nokuba ukuthembisa imfihlelo kwimvelaphi kusenokubeka ityala elingokwasemthethweni. Kwezinye iimeko, iintatheli zisenokunyanzeleka ukuba zityhile imithombo okanye zijongene nezo zigwebo zokudelelwa. Ukuqonda ezi ngozi kubalulekile ekwenzeni izigqibo ezithelekelelwayo ngezivumelwano zemfihlelo.

Funa Icebiso Elingokwasemthethweni

Xa kuthethwa ngeendaba, kuthethwa ngezomthetho, okanye kucetyiswa ezinye iingxelo, iintatheli zifanele zifune icebiso kumagqwetha asemagqabini. Imibutho emininzi yamajelo eendaba ineziluleko ezisemthethweni ezifumanekayo ukuze icebise iintatheli, yaye imibutho eyahlukahlukeneyo ixhasa ngokusemthethweni iintatheli ezingenamali yokuzifunela icebiso labucala.

Sebenzisa Iindlela Zonxibelelwano Ezikhuselekileyo

Kwixesha lamanani, ukukhusela unxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo kufuna ukuba kusetyenziswe iindlela zonxibelelwano ezikhuselekileyo ezifana nokuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo. Abacholacholi-ndaba bafanele baqhelane nezixhobo kunye nobuchule bokukhusela unxibelelwano lwamanani kwaye kufuneka balukhusele xa benxibelelana nomthombo ofihlakeleyo.

Imithombo yeendaba

Imibutho emininzi inikela ubuncwane, inkxaso engokwasemthethweni, nokuxhasa inkululeko yokuzinzisa nokukhusela iintatheli:

  • IKomiti yezibhengezo zenkululeko ye-Press: inika ulawulo olusemthethweni, kuquka isikhokelo esibanzi kwilungelo leentatheli kwiphondo ngalinye, kwaye inika uncedo olusemthethweni kwiintatheli.
  • Inkululeko yengingqi yeMelika (ACLU): Abameli benkululeko yokucinezela nokunika umelo olusemthethweni kwiimeko ezibandakanya amalungelo oQala LoMthetho wokuHlaziya.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Umgangatho weeNtoli zeNjongo zeMali eziPhawulweyo: Inika ubuncwane kumthetho we-media nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nabameli benkululeko yokushicilela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhommittee ukukhusela iintatheli: Ukujolisa ingqalelo kwinkululeko ecinezelweyo ehlabathini lonke kwaye inika ubuncwane kukhuseleko lwentatheli nokhuseleko olusemthethweni.
  • IsiHlaliso soMgqibo soQoqo-siseko : Abameli borhulumente ovulekileyo kwaye banika ubuncwane bokufikelela kwiirekhodi zikawonke-wonke neentlanganiso.
  • News Media Alliance: imela abavakalisi beendaba nabameli bemigaqo exhasa ubujongo kunye nokucinezela inkululeko.

Ulwazi oluninzi ngenkululeko yokushicilela kunye noMphetho-mda wokuqala, tyelela iKomiti yeZibhengezo zenkululeko ye-Press kunye ne 's Freedom of the Press transfer.

Ikamva Lokhuseleko Lwezinto Ezicinezelayo

Umthetho okhusela oomatshini uyaqhubeka utshintsha ngenxa yeenguqu zobugcisa, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, nokutshintsha kwendlela abantu abacinga ngayo ngamajelo eendaba.

Ubugcisa nokukhowuda

Njengoko ubugcisa bokubhala ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo busiba buntsonkothile, iingxoxo ngobuchule bukarhulumente bokufikelela kunxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo ziza kukhula. Abacholacholi baxhomekeke ngokungakumbi ekukhutshelweni kwekhowudi efihlakeleyo ukukhusela imithombo eyimfihlo, kodwa abameli bomthetho baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo kungaphazamisa uphando olusemthethweni. Ukufumana umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo phakathi kwezi njongo zikhuphisanayo kuya kuba lucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Umgangatho wokuchana kwembali nomlinganiselo wokuqulathiweyo

Indima yamaqonga osasazo lwezentlalo-ntle ekusasazeni iindaba kunye nolwazi iphakamisa imibuzo emitsha malunga nenkululeko yokucinezela kunye nolwaneliseko. Ngoxa amaqonga esoloko ekhuselwe kwityala lomxholo ofakelwe kumsebenzisi phantsi koMthetho woNxibelelwano wama- 230 woMthetho woKhuseleko, iingxoxo ngokulungelelanisa iqonga kunye notshintsho olunokwenzeka kwicandelo 230 zinokuba neziphumo ezibalulekileyo zobuhlalundshe be-intanethi.

Inkululeko Yokucinezela Ehlabathini Lonke

Inkululeko yokucinezela isesisongelo kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathi, kwaye indlela ye-United States yokucinezela ukhuseleko ingaphembelela izithethe zehlabathi lonke. Ukuqinisa ukhuseleko lomatshini emakhaya nokuxhasa inkululeko yokushicilela engundoqo kubaluleke kakhulu zweni lonke ukuze kulondolozwe imekobume yomhlaba wonke eyomeleleyo ukwenzela ubudadi.

Ukuzinziswa kwezoqoqosho

Nangona kungeyombambano engokwasemthethweni ngokungqongqo, ukulondolozwa kobujoni ngokwezoqoqosho kuchaphazela inkululeko yokuzifunela ushishino. Ukuba imibutho yamajelo eendaba ayinako ukuzixhasa ngokwasemalini, imigaqo esemthethweni ayinakuqinisekisa ukuba kukho umatshini ophambili. Imithetho exhasa ukufaneleka koondaba, ngoxa ibhekisele kwinkululeko yomhleli, isenokufuneka ukugcina ijelo-ndaba elikhululekileyo.

Isiphelo

Ukukhusela okusemthethweni kweentatheli kubalulekile ekulondolozeni umatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu luyakwazi ukufumana inkcazelo ngemicimbi ebalulekileyo yoluntu. Ezi zikhuseli ziquka iziqinisekiso zomGaqo-siseko zenkululeko yokushicilela, imithetho ekhusela imithombo eyimfihlo, imilinganiselo yokunyelisa enika ithuba lokuphefumla elinamandla, kunye nemithetho yokufikelela ukuze intatheli ikwazi ukuqokelela ulwazi ngemisebenzi karhulumente.

Noko ke, ezi nkuselo aziphelelanga kwaye kufuneka zilungelelaniswe nezinye izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo. Umhlaba osemthethweni uyaqhubeka uguquka ngenxa yeenguqu zobugcisa, ukuxhalatyiswa kwesizwe, nokusoloko kuphikisana ngendima yamaphephandaba kwibutho lobudemokhrasi. Ukuqonda ezi nqanaba kunye nemiqathango yazo kubalulekile ukuze iintatheli zenze umsebenzi wazo ngokunempumelelo kwaye abantu baqonde indima ebalulekileyo ephunyezwa kukukhusela okusemthethweni ekulondolozeni inkululeko yokushicilela.

Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka buguqula ubundixesha kunye nocelomngeni olutsha lokunyanzelisa inkululeko, kuya kufuneka ukuphaphazela nokukhuselwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kulondolozwe kuze komelezwe ngokusemthethweni iintatheli. Ikamva lenkululeko yokushicilela lixhomekeke kungekuphela nje ekukhuseleni okusemthethweni kodwa nasekuxhaseni uluntu ngenkxaso yoomatshini boomatshini nokuqonda indima ebalulekileyo ephunyezwa ngamajelo eendaba ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi.

Kulwazi olongezelelekileyo ngamalungelo omhleli kunye nokucofa inkululeko, uphando lwezibonelelo ukusuka kwi ISikhundla soondaba abangoochwepheshe, Commettee ukukhusela iintatheli[, kunye ne-Freedom Forum Institute.