Umtshato ugqalwa ngokubanzi njengelungelo elingundoqo, elingundoqo kwinkululeko yobuqu, ukwakhiwa kweentsapho, kunye nokhuseleko olusemthethweni. Kwimeko ephawulayo Loveving v. Virginia (1967), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yokutshata lilungelo elibalulekileyo lobuqu elibalulekileyo ekuphunyezweni kolonwabo. Noko ke, loo nkululeko ayiphelelanga kubo bonke abantu. Iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho zisoloko zihlangabezana nemiqobo ekwamkeleni kwabo ukutshata okanye ukuchaphazela imiphumo esemthethweni yemitshatozo. Le miqathango yahluka kakhulu ngokomthetho, uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nesigaba solwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuqonda le mithetho ibalulekile kubantu ngabanye, kwiintsapho zabo, nakumasekela abaphathi-mthetho asebenza phantsi komthetho.

Eli nqaku lithetha ngendlela esemthethweni enxulumene namalungelo omtshato abantu abaneengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka imiqathango ephakathi kokubanjwa, ukulinganiselwa kwasemva kokubanjwa, kunye nempembelelo yengxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho enxulumene namalungelo omtshato. Likwahlola imigudu eqhubekayo yobugqwirha kwaye linika ukhokelo olusebenzisekayo lokuqhuba le miba

Ukuqonda Indlela Ebunjani Ngayo Umthetho

Umthetho womtshato eUnited States ulawulwa ngokuyintloko ngamaphondo athile, okuthetha ukuba imithetho echaphazela abantu abaneengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ingahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye. Nangona kungekho rhulumente othintelayo ukuba bonke abantu abaneengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho batshate, abaninzi bamisela imiqathango ekhethekileyo esekelwe kwindlela ekhoyo yetyala, isimo somntu (obebekelwe ityala okanye oxelelwe kwityala/okanye avavanywe ngetyala), okanye ixesha lomtshato. Umthetho weSizwe sikwanendima kwiimeko ezithile, njengeengenelo zobugcisa, inzuzo zorhulumente, kunye nomtshato phakathi kweenkqubo zentolongo zorhulumente.

Ngokwembali, bambi bathi umtshato wamabanjwa awuvumelekanga ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1960, iinkundla ziye zaqonda ngokungakumbi ukuba ukuvalelwa kwentolongo kuphela akukuthetheleli ukuvalwa komtshato ngokupheleleyo. u-hender v. Safley [1987], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yawuphelisa umthetho wentolongo wama-Missouri owawungawamkeli ngaphandle kwemvume kumphathi wentolongo, ibambe ukuba lo mthetho waphula ilungelo elisisiseko lokutshata. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba kwanamabanjwa agcine amalungelo omgaqo omthetho obalulekileyo, kunye nemiqathango yomtshato kufuneka ichazwe ngokusengqiqweni kwizilangazelelo ezisemthethweni.

Naphezu kwalo mthetho, amatyala asenendlela ekhethekileyo yokulawula imiqathango yomtshato kubantu abavalelweyo. Ngaphezu koko, imiqathango esetyenziswa emva kokukhululwa . njengabo bajoliswe kwizenzo zesini okanye ii-felon ezinogonyamelo .

Uguqu-guquko olungundoqo

  • Imithetho yesizwe: Eminye imithetho, njenge Texas neFlorida, inemithetho ekhethekileyo efuna ukuba inkundla ivume umbanjwa ukuba atshate okanye ade agqibe izizathu zokuphelisa umtshato osekelwe kwimbali yolwaphulo-mthetho. Eminye, njenge New York, ivumela amabanjwa ukuba atshate ukuba umgcini-ntolongo uyamkeleka kwaye umbhiyozo uhambelana nemithetho yezakhiwo.
  • Inkqubo yeFOLT:0 : IFederal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) ivumela amabanjwa ukuba atshate, kodwa ifuna imvume evela kumgcini-mikhosi, esekelwe kwizinto ezinjengomgangatho wokhuseleko, uhlobo lwetyala, nokuba umtshato uza kubeka isisongelo kukhuseleko okanye kucwangco.
  • Ukuthelekisa kwezizwe ngezizwe: Amazwe amaninzi ngokufanayo ayawuthintela umtshato wamabanjwa okanye lowo uneengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu. Umzekelo, kuManyano, amabanjwa angatshata ngemvume evela kuNobhala weSizwe, ngelinye imimandla yaseOstreliya nase Canada imisela amaxesha okulinda okanye ifuna ukutyhilwa kwembali yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zingafaniyo kubalulekile kuba umtshato ofanelekileyo kwelinye ilizwe usenokujamelana nocelomngeni kwelinye, ngokukodwa xa kufikelelwa ekuvunyweni ngokusemthethweni ngeenjongo zokufumana ilifa, iingenelo, okanye ilungelo lokugcina umntwana.

Imiqathango Ngexesha Loxinezeleko

Kubantu ngabanye abakhonza ngexesha elithile entolongweni okanye entolongweni, amandla okutshata aphantsi kwemiqathango ebalulekileyo. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi- . Safley saqinisekisa ukuba amabanjwa agcine ilungelo elisisiseko lokutshata, kodwa avumela abalawuli bentolongo ukuba bamisele imimiselo esengqiqweni. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo nganye yolawulo yorhulumente inemigaqo yayo, esoloko iquka:

  • Imfuneko ye- efunekayo ye-appprotect:[ Amabanjwa kufuneka akhuphe isicelo esisemthethweni sokutshata, kwaye umphathi-majoni okanye umphathi-mikhosi omiselweyo uvavanya isicelo esisekelwe kukhuseleko, ukhuseleko, kunye nengxelo yenkxaso yebanjwa.
  • Imiqathango yeVT: 0 ingenzelwa kuphela phakathi kwesibonelelo, ngumfundisi okanye umfundisi ogunyazisiweyo, kwaye angazimisela kwimida yexesha okanye imiqathango yokubakho.
  • Izakhono ezisekelwe kwityala: Amanye amazwe azikhanyeli ngokupheleleyo izicelo zomtshato zamabanjwa agwetyelwe ukubulala, ukuhlasela ngokwesini, okanye ezinye izenzo zogonyamelo, ingakumbi ukuba iqabane elicetyiweyo lilixhoba okanye lingqina.
  • Amaxesha okulinda: Kwezinye iindawo, amabanjwa kufuneka alinde de kube lixesha elithile phambi kokuba akhululwe okanye de agqibe iinkqubo ezithile ngaphambi kokuba atshate.
  • Ukuzithethelela kunye nokutyhila: Iintolongo zingafuna ibanjwa ukuba lityhile imbali yalo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwiqabane elicetyiweyo, kwaye kwamanye amazwe, iqabane elingasetyenziswayo kufuneka liphinde lihlolwe.

Le miqathango ingenza imiqobo ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, ibanjwa elifuna ukutshata ixesha elide lingajamelana neminyaka yokulibaziseka okanye ukukhanyelwa ngokungqalileyo. Kwanaxa livunyiwe, umsitho ngokwawo ungaphelela kwisiganeko esifutshane, esingahambelaniyo, esinokuthi sichaphazele ixabiso lomtshato elingokweemvakalelo nelomfuziselo. Nangona le miqobo injalo, amabanjwa amaninzi ajonga umtshato njengempembelelo enika inkxaso eqinileyo ekwazi ukuxhasa ukuguquka nokuncitshiswa kwengxaki. Uphando lucebisa ukuba amaqhina omtshato omeleleyo, kuquka umtshato, unxulumene neziphumo ezingcono.

IMiqathango yoMtshato yasemva

Emva kokukhululwa, abantu abaneengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho basenokujamelana nemiqathango enxulumene nomtshato, ingakumbi ukuba bavavanywa okanye bagwetyelwa, okanye ukuba ukugwetywa kwabo kubandakanya amatyala athile. Le miqathango idla ngokuwela kwiindidi ezintathu: ukuvalwa kwemithetho ebhaliweyo, imiqathango esemthethweni ebekwe yinkundla okanye ibhodi egwebayo, kunye neemfuno ezinxulumene nokutyhilwa kwembali yolwaphulo-mthetho ngexesha lomsitho womtshato okanye isicelo sephepha-mvume lomtshato.

Ibhanki

Liqela elincinane lamaphondo anemithetho ekwalela ngokusisigxina ukutshata kwabantu abagwetyelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile, oludla ngokubekwa izityholo ezithile zesini. Ngokomzekelo, i-Oregon kunye neFlorida ngokwembali yayinemithetho eyalela ukutshata kwabathile abakrexezi besondo ababhalisiweyo, nangona le mithetho iye yacelw'ilwa yaza yatshintshwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Iinkundla ziye zaphelisa ukuvalwa komtshato kwabaphuli-mthetho ngokwesini ngokuchasene nelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata, kodwa imiqathango encinane yokufumana imvume yenkundla yokwazisa iqabane okanye ukutshata.

Imiqathango Yobulumko

Iziphumo kunye neemeko zokuvalwa kwetyala zisoloko ziquka amalungiselelo athintela ukunxibelelana nabantu abathile okanye afuna imvume kwiziganeko ezikhulu zobomi, kuquka nomtshato. Igosa elikhupha isigwebo lisenokungaluvumi uvumo-mvume ukuba liya kukholelwa ukuba umtshato uya kuba yingozi kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke okanye uphazamisane neemeko zolawulo. Ezi zigqibo zidla ngokwenziwa kwisiseko setyala, kodwa ukunqongophala kwemilinganiselo ecacileyo kunokubangela ukutshintshana kweziphumo ezizizinto ngamanye amaxesha.

Iimfuno zokuhlangula

Amanye amaphondo afuna ukuba abantu abaneengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho batyhile imbali yabo engqinelanayo njengenxalenye yesicelo somtshato. Ukungatyhilwa kwengxelo yesicelo somtshato kusenokuba sisizathu sokudityaniswa okanye kwanetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lokuqhatha. Nangona imigaqo enjalo ijoliswe ekuqinisekiseni imvume engokolwazi, basenokumjongela phantsi umntu lowo kwaye babangele umqobo emtshatweni. Kumaphondo anjengoLouisiana noVirginia, umtshato usenokulahlwa ukuba elinye iqabane lifihle ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho ebeya kuba nento enokuthi ngokwezinto isenzele isigqibo somtshato.

Impembelelo Yeengxelo Zezaphuli - mthetho Zokwamkelwa Komtshato Namalungelo

Kwanaxa umtshato usemthethweni, ingxelo yolwaphulo - mthetho inokuchaphazela amalungelo ahlukahlukeneyo asemthethweni neengenelo ezinxulumene nomtshato.

Iingenelo Ezingenakuthelekiswa Nanto

EUnited States, iingenelo ezininzi zinxulumene nesikhundla somtshato, kuquka iinzuzo zokhuseleko loluntu, iingenelo zamava, iinshorensi yempilo, namalungelo efa phantsi kwemithetho yokungakhulelwa. Ukuba umtshato ungeniswe phantsi kweemeko ezithi kamva ziphakamise imibuzo ngokusebenza kwawo . Ngokungathi kukusilela ukuchaza ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho ```urhulumente okanye umbutho wabucala ungakucel ’ umngeni ukufaneleka komtshato, mhlawumbi ukungenwa kwendlela yokufumana ezi nzuzo.

Ukugcinwa Kwabantwana Umthetho Nokutyelelwa

Xa umzali othe watshata netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, loo mtshato unokuzichaphazela izigqibo zokugcina umntwana ukuba iqabane ligqalwa njengelungu lemekobume yabantwana. Iinkundla zentsapho zigqala iinzuzo ezingcono zomntwana, kwaye umtshato womzali nomntu onembali enzulu yezaphuli-mthetho usenokujongwa njengongafanelekanga. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umtshato ozinzileyo unokubonwa njengonobangela ofanelekileyo. Ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho lomntu otshate naye isenokusetyenziswa nako ukulwa neembambano zokufumana ilungelo lokugcina umntwana, ingakumbi ukuba eso tyala sinxulumene nogonyamelo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, okanye ukuditya umntwana.

Iziphumo Zokufuduka

Kubantu abangengobantu abaneengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukutshata nommi wase-U.S. kusenokuba yindlela yokufumana imvume esemthethweni, kodwa kukwaneengozi. Ukugwetywa kwezaphuli-mthetho kungenza umntu angabi nangxaki okanye agxothwe, kwaye umtshato awuyinyangeli loo nto ngokobuqu. Kwezinye iimeko, umtshato usenokukhangelwa nge-sham okanye ubuqhophololo, ingakumbi ukuba ummi welizwe unamaqabane omtshato anengxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngaphezu koko, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile "l=" olufana nogonyamelo lwasekhaya okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho olungokokuziphatha okuhle"lluchaphaza ngqo kumandla omntu okuxhasa iqabane lakhe ukuze lifumane iingenelo.

Ilifa Nolawulo Lwesicaka

Amalungelo okuzuza ilifa anokuba nzima ukuba umtshato ucelw'ucelw'uvavanyo emva kokufa. Ukuba iqabane elisaphilayo linengxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye lingayixeleli inkundla yangaphambili ngaphambi komtshato, isenokuthatha inyathelo lokuqhawula umtshato, mhlawumbi lilahle iqabane elisele lihleli. Oku kuyimfuneko ngakumbi kumaphondo nge- “balm" torts okanye ukuvumela ukulahlwa kwenkohliso esekelwe ekungachazini isibakala sokuba izinto zikho.

Iingxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni Nemigudu Yokuzithethelela

Kumashumi eminyaka aliqela adluleyo, izigqibo zenkundla nokukhuliswa kwetyala ziye zawandisa ngokuthe ngcembe amalungelo abantu abanoonobangela bolwaphulo - mthetho, kodwa kusekho imiqobo ebalulekileyo.

I-American Liberties Union (ACLU) kunye neminye imibutho yamalungelo abantu iye yavavanya imiqathango yomtshato yamabanjwa kunye nabaphumi-mthetho besondo. Haller v. Safley, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka umyilo onamandla, kodwa iinkundla ezisezantsi azikhange zisoloko ziwusebenzisa rhoqo. Umzekelo, Andersson v. Der, ityala leNkundla yawisa umthetho wentolongo owawuvalayo umtshato wamabanjwa kwi-RGUPU, ifumanise ukungachatshazelwa ngokufanelekileyo kukhuseleko.

Abameli baphikisa ngelithi imiqathango yomtshato iyayichaphaza i-Cast Programme and Amement Clauss of the 14th Amendment. Bakwaphawula ukuba imiqathango enjalo isenokusingela phantsi inguquko. INgqungquthela yeSizwe yoMgaqo-siseko (NCSL) iye yaphengulula imiqathango yemithetho karhulumente, iphawula ukuba amazwe amaninzi aye avala okanye avala imiqathango yomtshato kwabaphuli-mthetho ngokwesini, ngoxa amanye eye ayigcina.

Imigudu yokuguqula umthetho igxininisa ekuthabatheni indawo ukuvalwa komthetho ngokuzenzekelayo ngeengqiniphotho zomntu ngamnye. Umzekelo, umthetho ocetyiweyo kwamanye amazwe uya kufuna ukuba kuthethwe inkundla ngaphambi kokungatshati nebanjwa okanye isigwebo, kunokuba avumele ukukhanyelwa ngokupheleleyo. Amaqela omthetho akwanyanzelela ukuqinisekisa ukuba imiqathango iyalungelelana kwaye ayisekelwanga kwizinto ezithelekelelwayo.

Uxanduva lwangaphandle lokufundwa luquka:

Indlela Yokudibanisa Imithetho Yomtshato Nengxelo Yezaphuli - mthetho

Kubantu abanoonobangela bolwaphulo - mthetho abanqwenela ukutshata, amanyathelo okuzibhokoxa anokubanceda baphephe imigibe engokwasemthethweni:

Khangela Iathorney

Ngenxa yokuba imithetho karhulumente yahlukile, igqwetha elinamava kumthetho wentsapho okanye kulwaphulo - mthetho linokucacisa enoba kukho imiqathango esebenzayo kuwe.

Yazi Imiqathango Yokuthintela

Ngaphambi kokuba utshate, fumanisa ukuba imo yakho ifuna ukutyhilwa imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho njengenxalenye yesicelo somtshato. Nokuba akufunwa ngumthetho, ukutyhila iqabane lakho ngokuzithandela kunokuthintela ukuqhatha kamva. Amanye amazwe avumela isivumelwano sangaphambi kwesivumelwano ukuba sicombulule iingxaki.

Iimvume Ezifunekayo Zokhuseleko

Ukuba uvavanywa okanye ukhutshelwa, fumana imvume ebhaliweyo kwigosa lakho elijongene nokutshata ngaphambi kokuba utshate, njengokuba ukwaphula iimeko kusenokukhokelela ekurhoxisweni kweso sicelo. Entolongweni, sebenza nomfundisi wesi sigodlele okanye umncedi wezentlalo ukuba akhuphe isicelo esisemthethweni.

Khawucinge Ngexesha Elifanelekileyo

Ukuba uza kukhululwa, kusenokuba bubulumko ukulibazisa umtshato de emva kokuba ukhululekile, xa imiqathango incinci isebenza. Noko ke, oku kufuneka kulungelelaniswe nomnqweno wokomeleza ulwalamano lwakho ngenxa yezizathu ezingokweemvakalelo nezoncedo.

Yenza Uxwebhu Ngomtshato

Gcina imibhalo yawo onke amaxwebhu afanelekileyo, kuquka isatifiketi somtshato, nayiphi na imiyalelo yenkundla ephathelele imvume, kunye nokubhalelana namagosa okulungisa. Le ngxelo inokuba luncedo ukuba umtshato kamva ucelw ’ umngeni.

Isiphelo

Ilungelo lokutshata lisiseko senkululeko yobuqu, kodwa kubantu abaneengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, elo lungelo lisoloko linemiqathango nelingaphelelanga. Imiqathango yomthetho iyahluka-hluka ngokwemeko, idala ugcino-mthetho oluntsonkothileyo olunokubambisa abantu ekungaqiniseki okusemthethweni. Nangona iinkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba amabanjwa anelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata, aye avumela imithetho esengqiqweni enokuthi maxa wambi ibe yimiqobo. Imithetho yeposi, ingakumbi abo bajolise kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zesini, ihlala iphikisana kwaye iyaqhubeka ikho.

Njengoko imigudu yokuzimela iinguqu iqhubeka kwaye iimbono zoluntu ngokubuyiselwa kwezinto ziguquka, kukho ithemba lokuphathwa ngokuzinzileyo nangokusesikweni. Umtshato ufanele ugwetywe ngokweempazamo zawo, kungekhona kwiimpazamo zeqabane elinye. Ukuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo omtshato kubo bonke abantu, kuquka lawo aneengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni isidima sabantu, ukuzinza kwentsapho, kunye nokuzinza okuphumelelayo kwibutho labantu.

Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi ngemithetho yomtshato echaphazela abantu abaneengxelo zolwaphulo - mthetho, abafundi banokukhangela izinto kwiACLU, kwiNCSL nakwiAmerican Bar Association.