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Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kumela olunye lwezona ngxaki zibalulekileyo esijongene nazo isijikelezi- langa namhlanje, kwaye iRhulumente Attorney General iphumele njengabameli abanamandla bezomthetho ekulweni ukucombulula iimpembelelo zayo. La magosa angokwasemthethweni anegunya elithe kratya asebenzisa ukusungula ukumangalela, ukunyanzelisa imigaqo yemekobume, kwaye agcina amaqumrhu orhulumente kunye neentlangano zabucala ziphendulela kwizenzo ezifak ’ isandla ekungcoliseni imekobume. Ngemigudu yezomthetho nentsebenziswano, uRhulumente Attorney jikelele ubumbano olusemthethweni wemeko-bume nemithetho yemekobume eMerika.

Ukuqonda Igunya LeeAthomo Eziqhelekileyo Zelizwe Kwimibandela Yemekobume

ISizwe iAttorney General iguqukele ekubeni abadlali ababalulekileyo benkqubo kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo kwimiba equka ukutshintsha kwemozulu, isebenza njengegqwetha eliyintloko kumaphondo abo ngegunya ukumisela umthetho kunye nokusungula iisuti kurhulumente. Le ndawo ikhethekileyo ibanika ukuma okusemthethweni ukusukela amatyala okusingqongileyo anokuba neziphumo eziphezulu zenkqubo yemozulu kuwo omabini amanqanaba esizwe nawamazwe.

Indima yeSizwe seAttorney jikelele ingaphezulu ngaphaya komthetho olula. Bangasukela izenzo ezixhasa umsebenzi worhulumente, kwaye kwakhona bazalise izithuba ezishiywe yimithetho karhulumente, kuquka ukukhusela imekobume yabemi babo xa urhulumente wezwe engayi kuba. Lo msebenzi wokuzalisa umsantsa ubaluleka ngokukhethekileyo ngexesha lokhuseleko lwemekobume lwamaqumrhu luye lwancitshiswa okanye lwajijwa.

ISizwe iAttorney General esebenzayo ekugcineni iinkampani ze-oyile negesi zijongene nengozi enxulumene nezombiso zelahleko yenye imisebenzi ebangela umgama ozaliseyo. Igunya labo liquka ukunyanzelisa imigaqo emininzi esemthethweni engokwasemthethweni, kuquka ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokukhusela abathengi, imimiselo, iintetheliso zenkathazo yoluntu, kunye neengcamango zemveliso. Le ndlela idibeneyo ivumela ukuhlangabezana notshintsho lwemozulu kwii-engile ezahlukeneyo ezisemthethweni, ukwandisa amathuba okuba neziphumo eziphumelelayo.

Utshintsho Olukhulu Lwemozulu Neengcamango Ezingokwasemthethweni

Imeko-Attorney Jikelele isebenzisa uludwe lwezicwangciso ezingokwasemthethweni kwimigudu yabo yokuguqula imozulu. Ezi ndlela ziguquke kwixesha njengeenkundla zigqibe kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene nemozulu kwaye njengokuba ubungqina obutsha buvelile malunga nolwazi lwenkampani lweziphumo zemozulu.

Ukhuseleko Lwabathengi Nezenzo Zorhwebo Ezikhohlisayo

Enye yeengcamango eziphambili ezisemthethweni ezisetyenziswa nguRhulumente Attorney General ibandakanya imithetho yokukhusela abantu. Iinkundla zifumanise ukuba inkcitho yomthetho esemthethweni ethetha ngokuqhatha kwabathengi phantsi kwemithetho enjengeMinnesota Eshephect Trade Practices neMinnesota Exoking Programment in Admittement. Ezi ngxelo zichaza ukuba iinkampani ze-aflypos ezibanda kuphulo lwamashumi eminyaka lokuqhatha ngemozulu yeemveliso zazo.

Indlela yokukhusela abathengi igxininisa kwizityholo zokuba iinkampani zilahlekise uluntu ngezibhengezo nangamazwi kawonke-wonke. Iinkampani zikhalaza zisithi nangona ubuncinane ukususela kwiminyaka yoo 1960 ziye zabona ukuba ukutshiswa kwezinto zokubasa kwamafutha enziwe ngemingxube yenyama kuya kufudumeza umhlaba kuze kuguqule imozulu, ziyayikhanyela okanye ziyijongela phantsi iinguqulelo yemozulu kwiingxelo zikawonke-wonke nakwezentengiso. Le ngcamango esemthethweni iye yangqinelana ukuba isebenza ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yokuba ixhomekeke kwimithetho ekhuselwe kakuhle yabathengi ekwimeko ephantse ikho kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ingxelo yokwalatha kukawonke-wonke nemveliso

Ngaphandle kokhuseleko lwabathengi, uState Attorney Jikelele uququzelela iingcebiso zenkathazo yoluntu kunye neengcamango zemveliso. Ikhalaza ithetha ukuba, ngenxa yokusilela kwabamangalelwa ukulumkisa ngeengozi zemozulu ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwemveliso yabo, amazwe anezimo ezizinzileyo kunye nomonakalo, kuquka nempahla karhulumente, izibonelelo zendalo. Ezi ngxelo zifuna ukusungula ukuba iinkampani ze-athom zinemsebenzi wokulumkisa abathengi kunye nabantu ngokubanzi ngeengozi ezibaziweyo zemveliso yabo.

Ingcamango yenkathazo kawonke wonke ithi imiphumo eqhubekayo yokukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu yegesi ibangela ukuphazamisana okungekho ngqiqweni namalungelo abantu, kuquka ilungelo lokuhlala kwimozulu ezinzileyo nemekobume entle. Ekubeni kunjalo, iziphumo zetyala zigxininisa ekusitheni kweenkampani ukunikela izilumkiso ezaneleyo ngengozi ezinokubonwa kwangaphambili ezinxulumene nokutsha kwamafutha enziwe kwioli.

Iindleko zomgaqo-nkqubo womanyano ezinzima

ISizwe iAttorney General sikwasebenza ngokutshayelela izenzo ezicel ’ umngeni zesizwe ezinciphisa ukhuseleko lwemekobume. Amazwe aye adibanisa ukuvavanywa kwamatyala okucel ’ umngeni amasebe karhulumente okuthoba imilinganiselo yempumelelo yezixhobo ezithile phantsi koMthetho we-Energy Policy ne-Conservation. Ezi zenzo zokuzikhusela zijolise ekulondolozeni ukhuseleko olukhoyo lwemekobume nokuthintela ukuphambuka kwinkqubela yemozulu.

Imibutho edibeneyo yamazwe amaninzi iye yayila ngokukhethekileyo ukucel ’ umngeni imithetho yemithetho elawulayo. Imingeni emininzi yemithetho yesebe iye yaphumela kwizigqibo ezifuna abameli ukuba benze izinto ezifunekayo ukuze izenzo zingabi nampembelelo ibalulekileyo kwimekobumebume okanye zibangele iingxelo zokuchaphazeleka kwemekobume. Ezi ngxelo zoloyiso zikhuthaza ukuba ukuqwalasela imekobume kuhlale kuyinxalenye yeenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo zezwe.

Ityala lophawu lwelizwe: Ukhokelo lwemozulu yeKhalifoniya

IKhalifoniya ivele njengenkokeli kwimo yezulu yomgangatho karhulumente, ithatha indawo yayo njengeyona inzima kwezoqoqosho zikarhulumente ukusukela inyathelo elinobundlobongela elingokwasemthethweni kwiinkampani ezinkulu ze-fosili. Indlela karhulumente iye yaba yimodeli yezinye imimandla ezicinga ukuba zi-ligigcing efanayo.

Imithetho ye-oyile Enkulu yaseKhalifoniya v.

NgoSeptemba 2023, uNjengele weKhalifoniya uRob Bonta wavakalisa ukubekwa kwetyala ngokuchasene nentlanu yeenkampani ezinkulu ze-oyile kunye negesi ehlabathini lonke.

Ngetyala, iKhalifoniya yaba yeyona ndawo inkulu yengingqi yelizwe kwaye eyona ininzi kwezoqoqosho ukuba ithathe iinkampani ezinkulu ze-oyile ukuya nazo enkundleni. Isikali sesenzo seKhalifoniya sathumela uphawu olunamandla kwamanye amazwe nakwishishini le-fosili yelahleko eyathi ixanduva yemozulu yafikelela kumlinganiselo omtsha wobukhulu nobuchule.

Njengoko kuchazwa ngokunzulu kwesi sikhalazo, iKhalifoniya ichithe amashumi ezigidi zeerandi ukuqhelanisa nokutshintsha kwemozulu nokulungisa umonakalo obangelwa yimozulu, kwaye imo iza kufuneka ichithe izihlandlo ezininzi kule minyaka iza kubakho. Ukumangalelwa kuzama ukuphinda kufumaneke ezi ndleko nokuseka iindlela zokuzimbuyekezo eziqhubekayo njengoko iziphumo zemozulu ziqhubeka zinyuka.

Ukuhlamba Nokuhlala Ukhohliswa

Ilixa lokuchana kweKhalifoniya liye lajika-jika lasingasingathwanga nje kukuqhatha okungokwembali kodwa lisenezenzo zokulahlekisa eziqhubekayo. Isikhalazo esihlaziyiweyo esikhutshelwe kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseSan Francisco siquka imizekelo eyongezelelekileyo yezibhengezo zobuxoki kunye nehambo yokuhlamba okuluhlaza okutsha kweenkampani ze-oyile, sichaza ukuba iinkampani ezibandakanyeke kwiphulo lokuqhatha ngamashumi eminyaka ngokuphathelele ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Oku kugxininisa kwizenzo zangoku komeleza ityala langoku ngokubonisa ukuba ihambo engafanelekanga ayiyo nje embalini kodwa iyaqhubeka nanamhlanje.

Ngokuzibandakanya "ukuhlamba okuluhlaza"", ngokuxoka okanye ngokuzikhohlisayo zichaza iimveliso zazo ze-athom zepetroli kwaye zona ngokwazo zizenza zibe luncedo kwimekobume okanye kwimozulu .le nkampani izibonisa njengenxalenye yesisombululo semozulu kunokuba ibe ngunobangela oyintloko wengxaki yemozulu, ngokuphindaphinda ukuba ezinye imveliso zinyukele ekulahlekiseni abantu baseKhalifoniya. Oku kuhlatywa komngxuma kohlaza koluvo olukhoyo oluthe lwazidityaniselwayo olunxulumene nothelekelelo lwemekobume yenkampani.

Ukufuna Ukunganeliseki Ngengeniso

Isikhalazo esilungisiweyo saseKhalifoniya siquka isicelo esingaphantsi kwe AB 1366, esivumela uNjengele-mikhosi weAthorney ukuba afune ukupheliswa kwengeniso efunyenwe ngokuchasene noMthetho wokhuphiswano noMthetho wokuTshenxiswa kobuxoki, ufuna abamangalelwa ukuba banikezele ingeniso efunyenweyo ngehambo engekho mthethweni. Oku kugqitha kumonakalo wesithethe kwaye kunenjongo yokususa iinkampani zeengenelo zemali ezithiwa zifunyenwe ngezenzo zobuqhetseba.

Ukungathobeli kumela inkqubo yomthetho etsha enokwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ingeniso yeenkampani ezimangalelwayo. Ukuba iyaphumelela, bekuya kumisela umzekelo wokuba iinkampani azinakufumana inzuzo kwihambo ephula ukhuseleko lwabathengi nemithetho yemekobume, kwanokuba loo ngeniso ifunyenwe kangangamashumi amaninzi eminyaka.

Ilinge lokufumana imimandla emininzi kunye nemigudu yolwahlulo

Eqonda ukuba imozulu itshintsha imida yemeko, uninzi lweziNtloko zeSizwe zibumbene ukukhuthaza impembelelo yazo nokusebenzisana ngezibonelelo. Le migudu incedisana iye yaba luphawu lwendlela yokulungisa imozulu.

Amandla Okwakha Imali

Izivumelwano ezibunjwe liSebe leMithetho yeSigwebo saseUnited States, amagqwetha aseburhulumenteni angama-26, amalungu eeNgqungquthela angaphezu kwe-100, kunye neengcaphephe zemfundo zibonisa ukuba inkxalabo ngeli thuba imozulu ibalulekile kwisizwe. Le mibutho ibanzi idibanisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo nobuncwane, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ngakumbi ngabamangalelwa ukukuphelisa ukutyholwa ngenxa yezopolitiko okanye ukungabikho koko kufanelekileyo okungokwasemthethweni.

Ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na ixesha kwimbali yase-U.S., amagqwetha asebenza kumacala omabini ekonsathi ukuqhubela phambili okanye ukuphazamisa iinjongo zolawulo, kunye neenkqubo zokusingqongileyo, ngokunjalo-ngakumbi ezo zinxulumene nokutshintsha kwemozulu/_imo yezulu) njengomzekelo oyintloko. Olu manyano luquka iindlela ezisemthethweni ezahlulweyo, imigudu yokufumanisa, kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo kuwonke-wonke nakwinkundla.

Ingqokelela yemibutho yamazwe amaninzi inikela iinzuzo ezininzi ezicwangcisiweyo. Idibanisa oovimba bemali kunye noorhulumente, ivumela amazwe anokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimeko ezintsonkothileyo. Kwakhona yenza isigqubuthelo sezobupolitika se-Attorney Jikelele enokuthi imelane nenkcaso yengingqi kwimozulu. Ngaphezu koko, ilungelelaniswe nezenzo zemimandla emininzi ithumela umqondiso onamandla kwiinkundla malunga nobunzulu nokwanda kobume bemiba ephakathi.

Inkxaso emfutshane neNkxaso ePhakamileyo yoMgaqo

U-Attorney Jikelele uBonta uxhase amazwe noomasipala abaye bafaka izikhalazo zabo ukuze bagcine iinkampani ezivelisa amafutha angaphantsi komhlaba zinoxanduva, ziqokelela imigudu emifutshane exhasa isixeko saseHonolulu, iphondo laseMaui, isixeko saseBaltimore, iphondo leRhode Island, neState of Minnesota. Ezi zingxele ze-amus zinika iimpikiswano ezisemthethweni kwaye zixhasa okomeleza amanye amatyala ngexa ulwakhiwo lweziko lombane loncedo phakathi kwemozulu.

Icebo elifutshane le-amicu lisebenza iinjongo ezininzi. Libonisa iinkundla ukuba iingcamango zomthetho eziphuhliswayo zixhaswa kakhulu ziingcali zomthetho namagosa karhulumente. Kwakhona zinceda ekuphuculeni nasekucombululeni iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni kwiimeko ezininzi, njengoko iinkundla ezisemagunyeni ahlukeneyo ziqwalasela imibandela efanayo. Okokugqibela, zidala imvakalelo yokuqhubela phambili nokungathinteli ukuphendula kwemozulu.

Igasi ephambili neNkxaso yeNtlalo yoMmandla

Ngapha koko, uState Attorney Jikelele uxhase inyathelo lemo yengingqi ngesenzo somthetho. Ukubuyela eVirginia kwingingqi yeGreenhouse Gas Initive ibe yeyona nto iphambili kuMphathi uAgailgaberger kunye no-Attorney General Jay Jones, oye wobabini wathatha iofisi ngoJay 2026, nomthetho woqingqo-mali otsha nje ofuna ukubuyiselwa kwinkqubo. Lo mzekelo ubonisa indlela i-Attarney General angasebenzisa ngayo igunya labo elisemthethweni ukuxhasa iinjongo zemozulu ezibanzi ngobuchule bokuzinzisa nokusebenzisa i-paligamente-ji.

Ukwandisa umlinganiselo: IiNkcazo ezintsha zoMthetho kunye neZinga lokuThetha

Njengoko imozulu iye yatshintsha, uGeneral weSizwe kunye nabanye abavukeli baqalisa ukuphanda ngeengcamango ezintsha ezingokwasemthethweni ezidlulela ngaphaya kokhuseleko lwemekobume neyabathengi.

Ukufa Okuphosakeleyo Netyala Lobuqu

Umlinganiselo wemozulu wanda ngo-2025, ibhinqa elithile laseOregon limangalela ishishini le-oyile kunye negesi lokufakelwa kukufa kukanina ngexesha leliza lobushushu, kwaye abanini Washington bafaka ityala elibonakalisa imbali echasene ne-oli eyintloko bephikisa ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu lubangele iintlekele zendalo ezithe chatha, lukhokelela kwinkcitho ye-inshorensi. Ezi ngozi zobuqu nokufa okuphosakeleyo zimela ulwando oluphawulekayo lwemozulu ngaphaya kwe-actrantiff.

Imithetho ichaza amagama eenkampani ze-oyile kuquka i-ExxonMobil, i-BP ne-Chevron, ithetha ukuba kangangamashumi eminyaka ithetha ukuba izinto ezitshisa amandla e-oyile zitshintsha umoya omhlaba, okuphumela kwimozulu embi kakhulu nokulahleka kobomi babantu, kodwa kunokuba zilumkise uluntu, iinkampani ziqhatha abathengi ngeengozi. Ezi meko zizama ukusungula unxulumano olungqalileyo phakathi kwehambo yenkampani kunye nengozi yomntu ngamnye, zinokuvula amathuba amatsha okuphendula imozulu.

Umthetho Ophezulu Wemozulu

"Iindleko eziphezulu ezithenjiweyo" zenzelwe ukunyanzela iindleko zokukhupha amandla kubavelisi bezonyango lwemozulu, ezimiselwe kuphela eVermont naseNew York. La manyathelo owiso-mthetho, asoloko exhaswa nguRhulumente Attorney General, adala iindlela ezintsha zokubeka iinkampani zepetroli ezinokutyala ngemali ngenxa yomonakalo wemozulu.

NgoFebruwari 2025, amagqwetha angama-22 eRiphabliki agweba iNew York kumthetho wayo osandul' ukumiswa ofuna iinkampani ze-fosili zepetroli zihlawulela umonakalo onxulumene nemozulu obangelwa ziinkanyamba, i-heatwaves, kunye nokuphuphuma konxweme, ephikisa ukuba umthetho awuvumelani nomthetho wesizwe ngenxa yokuba uphelisa nawuphi na umthetho welizwe othetha umonakalo ekukhupheni kwegesi eshushu eshushu. Oku kucelw'iiiiingxaki esemthethweni ebalaselisa ukuhlasela kwemozulu eshushu kakhulu kunye nolwahlulo oluthiyo maxa wamazwe abonisa ukutshintshwa kwemozulu.

Ukuba iinkundla ziyavumelana nemithetho karhulumente ethintelwe ngumthetho wesizwe, ukumangalelwa kwe-DOJ kunokuthi kukhokelele "kwisikhuselo semeko-bume yelizwe lonke ngokuchasene nemingxube yemozulu kunye 'nesikhonkwane esiphezulu' soncedo," ngexa ukuphumelela kweNew York neVermont, "abavelisi bamandla besithethe bangajongana nokuchanabeka okungakhutyekiyo ekuvulekeni kwemeko yombuso," ngeziphumo ezichaphazela ubungozi bomngcipheko kunye necebo lokunqumla ixabiso lombane. Isigqibo sale micimbi siya kuba neziphumo ezinzulu kwikamva lenkqubo yemozulu yomgangatho karhulumente.

Ukungathembi Nobugqwetha

Izikhalazo zakutshanje ziye zangqinela phantsi koMthetho weSherman kunye noMthetho weClayton kunye naphantsi kwemithetho yesizwe echasene nokuthembeka, zifuna ukohlulwa koncedo nokuthotywa kwemiqathango, ukuhlaziywa, ukuhlaziywa kwengeniso, kunye neendleko zamagqwetha. Ezi ngcamango zichasene nentlawulo. Zithetha ukuba iinkampani ze-ascimpasss zepetroli zaceba ukukhohlisa uluntu ngemozulu, nto leyo enokuthi yaphula imithetho yokhuphiswano kwinkqubo.

Indlela yokungathembi imela ulwando lwengcamango yemozulu. Ngokubeka inkohliso yemozulu njengeqhinga phakathi kwabakhuphi, abathathi-nxaxheba bayakwazi ukufumana umonakalo ongaphezulu kunye neziyobisi ezikhoyo phantsi kwemigaqo echasene nokuthembeka. Le ngcamango ikwagxininisa ukulungelelaniswa kwenkohliso etyholwayo, icebisa ukuba iinkampani ngazinye zasebenzisa izivumelwano zorhwebo namanye amaqela oshishino.

Iimfazwe zelifa lemveli: iNkundla yeQumrhu

Enye yeemfazwe eziphambili eziqhubekayo kwimozulu ibandakanya umbuzo wokuba amatyala afanele aqhubeke na kwinkundla yephondo okanye yephondo. Lo mba wolawulo uneziphumo ezinzulu zokuphumelela kwemozulu.

Umlo Wokugcina Amatyala Kwinkundla Yetyala

Ibheri ephezulu yelizwe liza kubonisa ukuba iza kuthatha i-oyile kunye nomgudu wakutshanje woshishino lwegesi ukudubula iinkampani ezifuna ukutyala imali emalini ngenxa yexabiso lotshintsho lwemozulu, ngeExxon Mophil kunye neSuncor Energy icela abagwebi ukuba bafumane ukuba oorhulumente belizwe basekuhlaleni bafune ukukhululeka kwimozulu kwiinkundla zelizwe. Le nkundla iphakamileyo ijongene netyala elichanekileyo lemozulu.

Amagqwetha oshishino lwe-oyile aye aphikisa ukuba kukho imfazwe "ecacileyo neyamkelekileyo" yokuba umthetho wengingqi uthintela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ekumangaleleni abavelisi bezinto zelifa ukwenzela iziphumo ezithelekelelwayo zegesi ye-oyile yomhlaba wonke, ngelixa iBoulder, esuswe kwiinkampani ze-oyile, ithethrapials itheth'e ukuba amagosa amapolisa asoloko enegunya kwingozi yaserhulumenteni, ekhomba ukumangalelwa koooomatshini be-opiojoid kunye ne-asbesto. Le ngxoxo isekelwe kwimibuzo esisiseko yolawulo lukarhulumente.

Esi sicelo sivavanya isigqibo seColorado Ephakamileyo yeNkundla yephondo laseBoulder neBoulder County, sidibanise umbutho omkhulu oquka iSebe leMithetho yase-U.S., amagqwetha aseburhulumenteni angama-26, amalungu angaphezu kwekhulu eBhunga, kunye neengcali zemfundo, zibonisa ukuba inkxalabo yesizwe ibalulekile. Ububanzi balo mbutho bubonisa ukuba izithintelo eziphezulu ezibandakanyekileyo kumbuzo wegunyaziso.

Iingenelo ezicwangcisiweyo zeNkundla yeLizwe

ISizwe iAttorney General kunye nezinye iijaji zemozulu zikhetha inkundla yemo yezulu jikelele ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela ezicwangcisiweyo. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zivumela abalawuli abachaphazelekayo ukuba baqhubeke nokufuna izinto ezifunwa phantsi kokhuseleko lukarhulumente, inkathazo, kunye nemveliso yemithetho yetyala esenokungafumaneki kwinkundla yezomthetho. Iijaji zenkundla yezorhulumente zisenokuba novelwano ngakumbi kwiimeko zemozulu, ingakumbi kumaphondo aye afumana iziphumo ezimandunduva zemozulu. Ngaphezu koko, abagwebi benkundla yeli basenokuba baqhelene ngakumbi neengxelo zikarhulumente ezithenjiweyo kwaye batyekelel ’ ukuwa entweni ezikwimiqatha.

Ngokuchaseneyo, ushishino lwezibaso zelaphu lenziwe ngamafutha, lukhetha inkundla karhulumente, apho bekholelwa ukuba banamathuba angcono okugxothwa ngenxa yezizathu zokuba ukutshintsha kwemozulu ngumbuzo wezopolitiko ofuna izisombululo zelifa lesizwe kunokuba ube ziingxelo zenkundla yenkundla. Iinkundla zomanyano ngokwembali ziye zamkela ngakumbi iimpikiswano ezimalunga nokukhutshwa kwetyala kunye nemfuneko yenkqubo yesizwe efanayo kwimibandela enxulumene neengxaki zelinye icala.

Uphuhliso lwakutshanje

Ngenye imini emva kokuba iMichigan Attorney imangalele iNdlu yemikhosi yamanzi eMichigan ityhola ukuba abamangalelwa abaqhubi bezombane bebopheleleke kwiqhinga lokulibazisa ukuguqukela kwizithuthi kunye namandla asezantsi, inkundla yesithili yephondo yeNtshona yeMichigan yalahla ityala le-United States lokufuna ukuvala iRhulumente ekufuneni ityala kwiinkampani ze-athom. Oku kukhupha kumele oloyiso loyiso lwemozulu yomgangatho karhulumente kwaye kucebisa ukuba iinkundla zephondo zisenokuthandabuza ukuphazamisana nezenzo zomthetho.

NgoJanuwari 2025, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalwamkela umgudu weenkampani ze-oyile negesi wokuvala ityala lemozulu ebekwe nguHonolulu, yaye ngoMatshi abagwebi basilahla isicelo samagqwetha aseRiphabliki sokuzama ukunqanda ukumangalelwa kwemozulu okuqukwa ngamaphondo aquka iKhalifoniya, iConnecticut, iMinnesota kunye neRhode Island. Ezi zigwebo zeNkundla EziPhakamileyo, ngeli, zivumele inkundla yephondo ukuba iqhubeke kwaye zijongwe njengeziganeko ezilungileyo zemozulu ye-potlaff.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene NeeAttorneys Zelizwe Kwimozulu Engalawulekiyo

Phezu kwayo nje impumelelo yabo kunye nokwanda kwenkqubela, urhulumente Attorney jikelele ujongene nocelomngeni olukhulu ekulandeleni imozulu ekhatywayo. Ukuqonda le miqobo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuntsonkotha kwemigudu yokuphendula imozulu.

Inkcaso Yezobupolitika Nezantlukwano

Uhlaziyo lwemozulu luye lwaya lunyuka, neRiphabliki kunye neDemocratic Attroys General esoloko ethatha iindawo eziphikisanayo. Amagqwetha aseRiphabliki jikelele atyhalela phambili imiqathango yawo, namagqwetha angama-22 angamaRiphabliki eququzelelela iNew York umthetho karhulumente osandul' ukumiswa ofuna iinkampani ze-ascium zepetroli ukuhlawula iingozi ezinxulumene nemozulu. Olu lwahlulo lubangela ukuba kwenziwe imigudu yokwakha iminqonqothe ebanzi kwaye lungakhokelela ekungqubaniseni nomlinganiselo ongqubananonosheko noluthiso lwenkqubela phambili.

Uhlolo oluthe kratya lwenkqubo yeBloomberg ekhethekileyo kuMncedi we-Attorney Jikelele luvele, iNdlu yeQela yeSizwe iWisconsin iqalisa uphengululo kwiSebe loMasipala weSaji, kunye neNdlu yeNdlu ePhakamileyo nePhondo leKomiti yoHlaziyo yoHlaziyo yoRhulumente uJames Comer ebhengeza uphando olusesikweni kwiSiko Lezentelo-Nyuu soMthetho. Oku kuphengulula ukucutha imozulu ngokuncitshiswa kwemithombo yemali kunye neentshukumisa zamagqwethalwane ezisebenza kwezi meko.

Isithintelo esingokwasemthethweni nesenkqubo

Ukuhla kwemozulu kujongene neengxaki ezininzi zomthetho ngaphaya kwamadabi aphakamileyo. Iinkundla zifumanise ukuba ukutshintsha kwemozulu okuthe kwafunyaniswa ukuba ityala le-poltiff elinxulumene nengozi yemozulu alinelisi iimfuno ezikhoyo zokuhlaziywa nokubuyiselwa. Ukuseka unxulumano oluphakathi kwemisebenzi ethile yeshishini kunye nengozi ethile yemozulu kuselucelomngeni olucacileyo.

Iinkundla zigqibe kwelokuba i-SLAPP echasene ne-Slactick Ligic Againstruction) imithetho ayisebenzi kwizenzo zonyanzelo eziziswa ngu-Attorney jikelele. Ngeli xesha oku kumela uloyiso lwezenzo zonyanzelo lukarhulumente, abamangalelwa bayaqhubeka benyusa ukhuseleko lweprocedtura olunokuthi lulibazise amatyala kwaye lwandise iindleko zolwandiso.

Kwimeko-bume, 2025 yaphawula omnye unyaka ogqunywe kukulahlekelwa okusemthethweni nokugxekwa okusasazekileyo, nengxelo yasenkundleni ebonisa ukuba iphulo lemozulu liyalahleka. Ngelixesha olu phawu luvela kwimithombo yoshishino, lubonakalisa inyaniso yokuba imozulu ijinga-jinga ngokubalulekileyo kwimimoya yentloko kwimimandla emininzi kwaye impumelelo ayiqinisekiswanga.

Iindleko zokudityaniswa kwezibonelelo kunye nokuhlaziywa

Uhlaziyo lwemozulu lubiza kakhulu kwaye lungenisa izibonelelo. Ii-ofisi ze-Attorney zesizwe kufuneka zilungelelanise amatyala emozulu nxamnye nezinye izinto eziphambili kubathengi, kuquka ukhuseleko lokhuseleko, ukulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho, ukubhena, nokukhusela amaziko karhulumente afumana amafutha. Ushishino lwerhafu, kunye nobuncwane obuninzi bemali, lungaqesha amaqela amakhulu amagqwetha kunye neengcali zokukhusela imozulu, ezinokuwaxhathisa kakhulu ama-AG eeofisi e-omatilathi.

Ukunikela ingqalelo kwizithintelo zezibonelelo, ezinye iiAttorney zeSizwe jikelele ziye zasebenzisana neefemu zomthetho wabucala kwisiseko somrhumo okanye zamkela uncedo oluvela kwimibutho engafumani ngeniso nakumaziko emfundo. Noko ke, la malungiselelo ngokwawo aye aba ngamaxhoba okugxekwa nophando, njengoko kuphawulwe ngasentla, ukuvelisa imingeni eyongezelelekileyo kwimozulu.

Ukuntsonkotha Komngeni Nomonakalo

Olunye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kwimozulu lubandakanya ukubala umonakalo kunye nokunika iingozi ezithile kubamangalelwa abathile. Uqikelelo lubonisa ukuba umonakalo ukwinani lamashumi ezigidi ukuya kumawaka ezigidi zeerandi ekuqhubekeni komonakalo oqhubekayo, kufune ukuba iingcali kunye nezazinzulu zijonge ukudluliswa komonakalo owahlukileyo kubamangalelwa abahlukeneyo kunye nokuncinwa kwento ethile, okuya kuthatha ixesha kwaye kufuna ubungqina obungakumbi nolwazi ngekhondo lokumangalelwa. Oku kubangela amathuba okuba abamangalelwa bacelw ’ umngeni wokuvavanya iziphumo zenzululwazi zomonakalo nokuphikisa ukuba umonakalo uthandabuzeka okanye ungayiqinisekisi ityala elingokwasemthethweni.

Indima Yobungqina Benzululwazi Nobungqina Obubalaseleyo

Ubungqina obungokwenzululwazi bumisela isiseko semozulu ekhankanyiweyo, kwaye iState Attorney General kufuneka iququzelele ubugcisa obuntsonkothileyo benzululwazi ukuxhasa oko bakuthethayo. Umgangatho kunye nokunikelwa kobungqina benzululwazi kunokwenza okanye kwaphule imozulu.

Ukwandiswa kwenzululwazi nemozulu

Inzululwazi--indawo edibanisa iziganeko ezithile zemozulu okanye iziphumo zemozulu kutshintsho lwemozulu olubangelwa ngumntu,--------yihambele phambili ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Uhlolisiso olukhawulezileyo olukhutshweyo emva kweentsuku ezingama-2021 ze-Pasifiki ubushushu bentshonantshonalanga lufumanise ukuba esi siganeko besingenakuba nokwenzeka ngaphandle kotshintsho lwemozulu olubangelwa ngabantu. Olu hlolisiso lunika ubungqina obubalulekileyo obunxulumene notshintsho lwemozulu kwiingozi ezithile eziye zabangelwa ngamajelo.

Ukufuzisela imozulu kukwanendima ephambili ekuchaphazeleni. Izazinzulu zase-Exxon zazibonisa ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside ekhathazayo ngaphandle kokunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwelaphu le-aftoxin. Amaxwebhu enkampani yangaphakathi abonisa ukuba iinkampani ze-astrafic projekti zixela kwangaphambili ukuba imozulu yangoku inika ubungqina obunamandla bolwazi lwenkampani kunye nokubonwa kwangaphambili.

Ulwazi Olungokwembali

I-oyile kunye nezixhobo ezilawula igesi ziye zazi kangangamashumi eminyaka ngeengozi zelahleko zelahleko eziyivelisayo, ngeengxelo ezikhutshiweyo zoshishino zinxulumanisa ngokuthe ngqo ukusetyenziswa kwemingxube ye-oyile kunyuso nomonakalo womoya, umhlaba namanzi, kodwa iinkampani ze-oyile aziyifuni ngempazamo into yokuba inkcazelo evela kubenzi benkqubo yoluntu neyokukhusela ingeniso, ukuchitha amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ukuchitha intsingiselo yotshintsho kwimozulu. Olu lwazi lwembali luyila isiseko sokuqhatha kwaye lwahlula imozulu kwityala lemveliso eqhelekileyo.

Iinkampani zazisazi kwiminyaka engama - 50, 60, 70 eyadlulayo ukuba izinto zazo ezincedayo kwizinto zelahleko ezazithengiswa zadala iinguqulelo zemozulu, ziqiqa ngokuqiniseka apho siya kuba sikho namhlanje, neziganeko zemozulu ezimaxongo.

Uhlolisiso Olunemiphumo Ezoqoqosho

Uphando lweZiko loMgangatho weStemo Tree Trial lwabonisa ukuba iLos Angeles County iyodwa ijongene neendleko ezingamawaka ali-5,5,5,41 zemali ngo-2041 ukukhusela abemi nenkxaso kwiziphumo zemozulu ezikwi-14 zemozulu, kuquka malunga ne-R34 bhiliyoni yezigidi zezigidi ze-R3 ngenxa yemililo yelanga. Olu hlolisiso lwezezoqoqosho lunikela amanani axhasa iinkundla nobuchule bokonzakalisa imozulu kunye nemali ebandakanye nemali ebandakanyekileyo ekutshisweni kwemililo.

Iingcali zezoqoqosho kufuneka ziphendule imibuzo entsonkothileyo malunga nomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo womonakalo wexesha elizayo, ukwabiwa koxanduva phakathi kwabamangalelwa abaninzi, nokwahlulwa komonakalo onxulumene nemozulu kwezinye izinto ezifak ’ isandla ekonakaleni kwemekobume nezoqoqosho. Le mibuzo yobugcisa ingongezelela ngokuphawulekayo umonakalo opheleleyo ofunyanwa kwiimeko eziphumelelayo.

Iimpendulo zoshishino kunye nobuchule obuchaseneyo

Ishishini leoli elisebenza ngeoli liye lavelisa iindlela ezintsonkothileyo zokukhusela imozulu nokutshintsha iingxelo zalo xa kutshintsha imozulu.

Inkcazo

NgoJanuwari 2025, iExxon Monil sued California Attorney General Rob Bonta kwinkundla yesizwe, ukuqinisekisa uBonta kunye namaqela emekobume abandakanyeke kwiphulo "lokubhiyozela i-steornate" ngokuchasene nenkampani, kunye nesuti yokunyelisa ityala likaBonta's ngokuchasene no-Exxon Mollil ngenxa yentelo yobuxoki ngokuphinda kujijekwe kweplastiki. Ezi zidibanisi zizimisele ukusoyikisa i-Attarney General kwaye zenze eminye imithwalo yokuzidiza enokuthi idibanise ithinte iziganeko zemozulu.

Icebo lokuhlambela limela ukusabela ngogonyamelo kwimozulu ezama ukuphelisa ingxoxo yokungaphikiswa kwemicimbi yequmrhu ukuya kwinkululeko yokuthetha nodumo oluhle. Ngokuqokelela ii-aclaims, ii-fosili ze-afs ezinyanzela uRhulumente Attorneys ukuba akhusele ihambo neengxelo zazo, nto leyo enokuthi ibangele ukuba izinto ezikhoyo zitshintshe imozulu.

Ulwalamano Lwabantu Bonke kunye Nomyalezo

Abameli bezoshishino baye baphawula imozulu njengelixa lokuzingisa, elilungelelanisiweyo lokuhlawula ityala elingenaxabiso, elingekho semthethweni ngokuchasene noshishino lwesiseko saseMelika kunye nabasebenzi bayo "nakuchitha imali eninzi kakhulu kwimali ehlawulwayo yerhafu yaseKhalifoniya." Le njongo yokuthumela iileta iguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke nxamnye nokucinezelwa kwemozulu ngokugxininisa inkxalabo yezoqoqosho nokubonisa amatyala njengohlaselo olubangelwa kwezobupolitika kushishino lwaseMelika.

Abameli beqokobhe baye bathi inkampani iyavuma ukuba iinguqulelo zemozulu zifuna ukuqwalaselwa, kodwa kufuneka kwenziwe ngokuncedisana hayi ngesenzo somthetho, besithi "Asikholelwa ukuba inkundla yenkundla yenkundla yindawo elungileyo yokulungisa imozulu, kodwa inkqubo elungileyo evela kurhulumente nakwizenzo ezivela kuwo onke amacandelo yindlela efanelekileyo yokufikelela izisombululo kunye nokuqhuba inkqubela. Le migudu izama ukubeka ushishino njengolufanelekileyo nolunobuchule lobuchule lokwenza utshintsho lo gama lusenza ukuba lusebenze njengengeniso.

Iindlela zokhuselo lweprojekthi

Ngaphandle kokhuseleko oluncinci, ushishino lwemichiza yepetroli lusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zokuzilibazisa nokubangela ukuba imeko-bume ibe nzima. Ezi ziquka ukuthatha inyathelo elisekelwe kwintlalo-ntle yorhulumente, imingeni esekelwe kwimithetho yobuqu, iimpikiswano ngemfundiso yezobupolitika, kunye nemigudu yokususa amatyala kwinkundla yesizwe.

Abameli baye baphikisa ngelithi ukuhlala okuqhubekayo kuyimfuneko ngenxa yokuhamba ngemiqathango ejongene nayo, bephikisa ngelithi isigqibo semiqathango ethile singalahla amatyala kwaye iinkundla kufuneka zilinde de iinkundla zisombulule iinkundla ezinxulumene nokumangalelwa kwe-ogxamesi. Ezi ndlela zolibaziseko zijolise phambili ukuvavanywa nokufunyanwa ixesha elide kangangoko kunokwenzeka, benethemba lokuba iinguqu zezobupolitika okanye inkqubela engokwasemthethweni ekugqibeleni zinokubaxhasa abamangalelwa.

Ukudibana Kwemozulu Nokusesikweni Kwemeko - bume

Ukuvela kwemozulu kuya kuchaphazela imekobume, kuba kubangela ukuba abantu abafumana imithombo ephantsi nemibala engafaniyo bachaphazele imozulu.

Iziphumo eziDibanisayo kwiMibutho eBalulekileyo

IKhalifoniya i-AG yangenelela yaza yanceda ekuzinziseni utshintsho kumsebenzi woshishino owawulindeleke ukuba wandise iilori zedizili kummandla ohlala abantu abaninzi eLatino. Oku kubonisa indlela iSizwe iAttorney General esinokusebenzisa ngayo igunya laso ukucombulula imicimbi yemekobume enxulumene nemozulu.

IWashington yaluphelisa ngokuzithandela upheliso lwayo lokumangalelwa kwetyala lokuncitshiswa kwemali uRhulumente athi "ixhomekeke ekuncedeni abantu abachaphazelekayo kwiziphumo ezingalunganga zemozulu etshintshayo. Le meko ibalaselisa ukubaluleka kokuxhaswa kwenkxaso yemozulu kuluntu olubuthathaka kunye nendima kaRhulumente uSosiba Jikelele ekulweni ukukhusela iinkqubo ezinjalo.

Iintlanga Zesizwe Namalungelo Esizwe

Isibini samazwe esizwe eWashington samangalelana ekupheleni kowama-2023, sichaza iindleko zokufudukela kumazwe aphezulu njengoko amanqanaba olwandle enyukayo esongela abantu balapho, kunye nabaxhasi bemekobume besithi ukungena kwezizwe `iimeko-bume ezijamelene neziphumo ezimbi zemozulu eguqukileyo---------------yinkqubela emkelekileyo ekulweni okusemthethweni. Ukuthathi-nxaxheba kwezizwe kwimozulu kuzisa iingcamango ezikhethekileyo ezisekelwe kumalungelo ekwabelaneni, kwakunye neengxelo ezinyanzelelayo ezingeminye yemibutho ejongene neengxaki ezibangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu.

ILizwe laseWashington langenelela laza lafaka amaphondo amaninzi iAmicus Briefs etyala elalibekwe lityala libekwe i-Indiya yaseMelika ngokuchasene nenkampani yokunyibilikisa iinkonkxa zelaseKhanada engcolisa uMlambo iColumbia neLake Roosevelt. Le nkxaso ibonisa indlela iState Attorney General anokuwanceda ngayo amazwe ekunyanzeleni ungcoliso lwemekobume ethetha ngokucombulula inkcitho nenkxalabo yemozulu.

Ukuguquka Kwemozulu Yolutsha

INkundla yeSithili yaseMontana yanika intlawulo yabahlali abaselula ababelawula utshintsho lwemozulu olusekelwe kwiMontana ithetha ngokuchasene noMgaqo-siseko waseMontana ngaphezu kweedola ezingama-20,8 ezigidi kwintlawulo yamagqwetha kwaye phantse iindleko zolutsha ezizii-R3 000 000.

La matyala olutsha adla ngokuyila utshintsho lwemozulu njengombandela wokuzalwa kobulungisa, ephikisa ngelithi iinkqubo zangoku kunye nezenzo zoshishino lumisela umthwalo ongalawulekiyo kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Ngelixesha iState Attorney General ibingasoloko ikhokela kwiimeko zemozulu zolutsha, maxa wambi aye agcina inkxaso encinane okanye angenelele ekukhuseleni imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu evavanywe ngolo hlobo.

Khangela Kwikamva: Ikamva Lemozulu Enelizwe Elinemeko - bume

Njengokuba imozulu iqhubeka iguquka, intsingiselo nenkqubela-phambili ezininzi zisenokuyibumba indlela yayo yexesha elizayo.

Inkundla Ephakamileyo Esenokungenelela

Ukukhangela phambili ku-2026, ezakuphawula unyaka weshumi elinesithandathu kwiphulo elitsaliweyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. inethuba elibalulekileyo lokuphelisa iphulo lonikezelo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kumbuzo wolawulo okanye eminye imibandela engundoqo ingayiguqula ngokuphawulekayo imo yezulu, mhlawumbi ngokuvumela amatyala enkundla yenkundla esizwe ukuba aqhubeke okanye ngokuseka ukucinywa kwetyala lamazwe anokuphelisa ngoku ngokuphumelelayo ukukhutshwa kweminye imibandela.

Inkundla ayizange ivume imigudu efanayo kabini ngo-2025 kodwa iinkampani zamandla ezinika amandla zaphumelela ngokumxinwa ekunikezeleni ngo-2021, ngokuxhasa ulawulo lweTrump isicelo soomatshini be-oyile, inyusa amathuba ayo okuviwa ngabagwebi. Isigqibo esipheleleyo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sokuba iphulaphule la matyala nokuba iza kuthini na ukuba ibe neziphumo ezinzulu zolawulo lukarhulumente, urhulumente osingqongileyo, kunye nokuphendula kwemozulu.

Ulwando Kwabameli Abatsha Neengcebiso

Njengoko imozulu iqhubeka iwohloka, abaxhasi bezopolitiko baye bazama ukwandisa ukuhlasela kwabo kwiinkampani zamandla ngokuzama ngeengcamango ezintsha zomthetho, ngeplastiki eziqhutywa nguNjengele waseKhalifoniya uRob Bonta kunye neNGOs ekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yemozulu ukuze kubekwe ixhoba elitsha. Olu lwando lubonisa ukuba imozulu iya kuqhubeka iguquka ize ilungelelanise, ijolise amashishini amatsha kwaye isebenzise iingcamango ezintsha ezisemthethweni njengemithetho yeenkundla kwiimeko ezikhoyo.

Emva kweminyaka yokubhena nokulibaziseka okusemthethweni, ezinye iinkampani ze-oyile zimiselwe ukuba zimela ityala emangalweni eziswa ngurhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngenxa yomonakalo owenziwe yimozulu, njengoko oorhulumente abaninzi bezisa amatyala amatsha ngokuchasene noshishino lwefosili, kunye namatyala okuya kwiindawo ezingakumbi kusetyenziswa iingcamango ezingakumbi ezingokwasemthethweni ukuze iinkampani ziphendulwe. Oku kugxininisa ukuba imozulu iya kuhlala ingumqondiso obalulekileyo wemo yezulu osemthethweni kwiminyaka ezayo

Indima Yomgaqo - siseko Wemozulu

UTrump uqalisile ukuphelisa iinkqubo zamandla avuselelwayo kunye neeprojekthi ze-oyile negesi ezikhawulezayo, namagqwetha esizwe elindele ukuba afeze indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni abemi kwiingozi zongcoliso kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ulwalamano phakathi komgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu kunye norhulumente worhulumente luza kuqhubeka luguquka lusekelwe ekuthi kuphi iqela elilawula urhulumente wesizwe kunye nakweziphi iinkqubo ezilandelwayo kumgangatho karhulumente.

Njengokuba ulawulo lweTrump luphinda luhlahlela izinto eziphambili, ukuthengwa kwabathengi kunye "nomthetho ongquzulwano" igqwetha jikelele lisenokukhula ukukhuthaza ingqibelelo ngokubhekiselele kwintelekelelo yemozulu ejongene nentiyo yengingqi yemo yezulu. Le ntshukumo icebisa ukuba ukuhlahlela kwemozulu yomgangatho wombuso kusebenza njengokungalingani nokuhambelani nenkqubo yorhulumente, nge State Attorney General ezalisa iziqwenga zokubophelela ezishiywe ngurhulumente okanye umqulu.

Imilinganiselo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku libhekisa kwiAttorney General yeSizwe sase-United States, ukuhlaziywa kwemozulu kuyinto yehlabathi lonke. Iinkundla kwamanye amazwe ziye zakhupha izigqibo ezisekelwe kwilizwe ezifuna oorhulumente kunye neenkampani ukuba benze imozulu ezomeleleyo. Ezi nkqubela-mazwe ngamazwe zingaphembelela i-U.S. ngokunika imizekelo engokwasemthethweni, ubungqina benzululwazi, kunye nengqiqo ezilungelelanisiweyo ezinokutshintshwa kumongomthetho waseMerika.

ISizwe iAttorney General ingakhangela ngokukhulayo kwimo yezulu yehlabathi lonke ukuvuselelwa nokuxhaswa. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukukhutshelwa kwempumelelo komgangatho karhulumente wase-U.S. kungakhuthaza imigudu efanayo kwamanye amazwe ngesixokelelwano sorhulumente apho oorhulumente bezizwe ngezizwe banegunya elibalulekileyo lokunyanzelisa.

Izicelo ezisebenzisekayo zooshishino nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo

Ukuvela kwemozulu ekhokelwa nguRhulumente Oyintloko uninzi lwamazwe ahlala ethatyathwe imozulu kuchaphazela amashishini, abenzi bemithetho nabanye ababhexeshileyo.

Ukhupho lwemozulu olunxulumene nemozulu kunye nolawulo lomngcipheko

Iinkampani kuwo onke amacandelo kufuneka ngoku ziqwalasele umngcipheko wemozulu njengenxalenye yolawulo lwazo lomngcipheko woshishino. Oku kuquka ukuvavanya ukuchanabeka kwingxelo esekelwe kwiingxelo zembali ezimalunga nemozulu, urhwebo lwangoku kunye nemisebenzi yokubhengeza, kunye neziphumo zemozulu yemveliso nemisebenzi yazo. Iinkampani kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba inkcazo ezinxulumene nemozulu zichanile, ziqinisekisiwe, kwaye zingqubana kuzo zonke iingxoxo.

Imeko zimela ukutshintsha kokujongwa kwinkqubela yekharbon exhomekeke kuyo iinkampani kunye nomgangatho weenkampani zolwazi ekulindeleke ukuba zibe nawo malunga nezo misebenzi, iinkampani zinqwenela ukunciphisa ukuchanabeka okufunekayo kwimisebenzi yenkcitho efuna ingcelele yenkcitho yekharbon ephuma kumthombo wetyala okanye intengo eziyithengayo ukuze ixhase imozulu. Olu hlolisiso lunyukileyo luthetha ukuba iinkampani zimele zikulungele ukuqinisekisa nakuphi na ukuthengiswa kwemekobume ngobungqina obunamandla.

Uphando lwe-inshorensi

I-inshorensi ye-inshorensi ye-inshorensi ye-inshorensi yodidi ibekek'ityala lokunyuka kwexabiso le-inshorensi kushishino lwamandla e-U. ngokukhokelwa yifekta yomthetho esele ilahlekelwe kwimozulu yangaphambili kwaye ijongene novavanyo lwayo olusemthethweni. Ishishini le-inshorensi lijongene neengxaki ezahlukeneyo ezisuka kwimozulu ekhankanyiweyo, zombini njengabamangalelwa kwiimeko zokokuba utshintsho lwemozulu luye lwabangela ukuba iindleko ze-inshorensi ze-afrescirensis kwaye njengabaxhasi beenkampani ze-afcurensi ezijongenetyala yemozulu.

Iinkampani ze-inshorensi kufuneka ziluhlolisise ngenyameko ukhuseleko lwazo kwimiqathango yemozulu ziqwalasele enoba iinkqubo zazo zigquma inkcitho yemozulu enxulumene nezokhuselo-zulu nakokungagwetywa kwemiqathango.

Isicwangciso sikaRhulumente noRhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ukuhlaziywa kwemozulu kumela ithuba kunye nocelomngeni. Ukuphumelela kwengxelo yemozulu kunganikezela ngemali ebalulekileyo yokulungisa imozulu kunye nemigudu yokuzinzisa. Kodwa ke, ukuhlahlela kubiza imali eninzi, kunika ixesha, kwaye akuqinisekanga. Oorhulumente kufuneka bahlolisise ngenyameko iingenelo ezinokwenzeka kwiindleko kunye nomngcipheko wokusukela iimeko zemozulu.

Urhulumente kufuneka aqwalasele indlela imozulu ehambelana ngayo neqhinga lawo elibanzi lemozulu. Ukuhlahlela kufuneka kungathathi nxaxheba, kungathathi nxaxheba, imigaqo yemozulu eqhubekayo, ucwangciso, kunye nemigudu yokulungisa. Eyona ndlela isebenzayo ibandakanya ukudityaniswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo, ukunyanzeliswa komgaqo-siseko, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yezobugcisa.

Iindawo eziphambili zokuthatha inxaxheba kunye nokuqwalaselwa

IState Attorney General ivela njengabadlali abasembindini kwimigudu yokuziphendulela kwimozulu, isebenzisa igunya labo elikhethekileyo elingokwasemthethweni ukusukela amatyala anokuphinda afumane imigaqo-nkqubo efuna ingeniso yemo yezulu nokubonelela ngemali ukwenzela ukumanyika kwemozulu. Iindlela zabo ziquka iintelekelelo zokhuseleko lwabathengi, iingcamango zenkathazo kawonke-wonke, izenzo zetyala lemveliso, kunye nocelomngeni kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente eziqengqeshiweyo. Iminqongo yemibutho emininzi yamazwe iye yanyusa impembelelo kunye nobuncwane bawo.

Amatyala amakhulu, ingakumbi amatyala eKhalifoniya anxamnye neenkampani ezinkulu ze-oyile, amisele imizekelo ebalulekileyo kwaye abonakalisa ukusebenziseka kwemozulu yomgangatho karhulumente. Ezi meko zidibene nokuqhatha kwamashumi eminyaka kwenkohliso yezentengiso yemozulu ngenzululwazi yemozulu kwaye zifuna ukuphinda zifumaneke iibhiliyoni zeerandi kwingozi ezinxulumene nemozulu. Iligiga yongezelelwe ukuquka iingcamango ezincinane ezifana nokufa okuphosakeleyo kunye nomthetho wemozulu ophezulu.

Kusekho imingeni ebalulekileyo, kuquka amadabi alawulayo amalunga nokuba amatyala asenkundleni karhulumente okanye karhulumente, inkcaso yezobupolitika kunye nolwahlulo lobuhlanga, imiqathango yoovimba, nokuntsonkotha kokungqina ukusetyenziswa koncedo nomonakalo wokonzakalisa. Ushishino lwelahleko luye lwandisa ukhuseleko olunamandla, kuquka imingeni ekhuthaza unxulumano noluntu, kunye nentlebendwane yokuthelekisa ii-astcam.

Ikamva lemozulu liya kuxonxwa kukungenelela kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, ulwandiso lweengcamango zomthetho nabamangalelwa, utshintsho kwinkqubo yemozulu karhulumente, kunye nokuqhubekeka kophuhliso lonikezelo lwenzululwazi kunye neziphumo zezoqoqosho. Urhulumente Attorney jikelele unakho ukuhlala ekhuthele kule ndawo, ingakumbi xa inkqubo yemozulu karhulumente ibuthathaka okanye ibuyela phambili.

Kushishino, ukunyuka kwemozulu kubangela ukuba kufuneke uphakamiso olucokisekileyo kwinkcazelo yemozulu enxulumene nemozulu, uqheliselo lorhwebo, kunye nolawulo lomngcipheko. Kubenzi bomgaqo-siseko, ukuhlaziywa kwemozulu kumela isixhobo esinye phakathi kwabaninzi ekusingatheni imozulu, esinempumelelo xa kudityaniswa nenkqubo yemozulu ebanzi kunye nokucwangciselwa kwayo. Kuwonke-wonke, ezi meko zimela inkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuziphendulela nokufumana kwemali yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwimimandla esele ifumene iziphumo zemozulu.

Oovimba Nokufunda Ngokungakumbi

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngemozulu kunye nendima yemeko-bume ye-Attorney General, oovimba abaninzi banika utyumbo oluqhubekayo kunye nohlalutyo. Iziko leSabin lokutshintsha umgaqo wemo yezulu kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia ligcina ugcino-lwazi olubanzi lwemozulu ehlabathini lonke kwaye likhupha uhlaziyo oluthe rhoqo kwiimeko ezintsha kunye nophuhliso. Isikhungo semeko yemozulu yemfezeko [[FLT]] inikezela ugcino-mali kunye nenkxaso yoluntu olufuna ukuphendula imozulu.

Iiofisi zeState Attorney eziphambili zipapasha ukhupho kunye nerekhodi ezisemthethweni ezinxulumene neemeko zemozulu kwii-webhsayithi zazo ezisemthethweni. Ngokulandela ezi mithombo isemthethweni inikela ukufumaneka okungqalileyo kwiimpikiswano ezisemthethweni kunye nobungqina obunikelwa kwiimeko ezinkulu. Amajelo eAcademic athetha ngomthetho wemekobume kunye nenkqubo yemozulu apapasha rhoqo amanqaku ahlalutya imozulu neziphumo zayo.

Imibutho esemthethweni neyomthetho kwiingingqi zezobupolitika inika iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwimozulu ephitheneyo. Amaqela okusingqongileyo axhasa ukuchanabeka kwemozulu enobundlobongela njengesixhobo esiyimfuneko sokuphendula, ngelixa iitanki kunye neenkampani zoshishino ezikhululekileyo zisoloko zigxeka ukuhlahlela okunjalo njengokungancedi nto kwaye okuyingozi ngokwezoqoqosho. Iziphumo zokuhlola kwiimbono ezininzi zinika uluvo olupheleleyo lwengxoxo ejikeleze imozulu.

Njengokuba imozulu iqhubeka iguquka, ukuhlala waziwa ngamatyala amatsha, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye nophuhliso lomthetho kuya kuba yimfuneko kuye nabani na onomdla kwinkqubo yemozulu, kumthetho wemekobume, okanye kulawulo lwequmrhu. Izenzo zeState Attorney General kwesi sithuba ziya kuphembelela inkqubo yemozulu kunye nehambo yenkampani kangangeminyaka ezayo, ukwenza lo mmandla ujonge abenzi benkqubo, iinkokeli zezoshishino, abaxhasi, kunye nabemi abaxhalabileyo ngokufanayo.