Undoqo Wenkcazelo Engokwasemthethweni

Iinkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni zizintlukwano zomthetho kunye neenkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo. Zinika iintsingiselo ezisisigxina, ezinegunya kumagama kunye namabinzana ebeya kuhlala evulekile ukutolika. Ngaphandle kwezi nkcazelo, nawuphi na umthetho ubuya kuhlala uphantsi kwengxoxo engapheliyo kumda wawo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi-nkqubo. Iinkcazelo ezifakelweyo ziqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqela . /_iiiiyunithingi, abaqeqeshi bomthetho, abatshutshisi, amagqwetha, kunye nabagwebi () asebenzisa isiseko solwazi lokuqonda oko kuthethwa ligama kumbandela osemthethweni.

Iinkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni zisuka kwimithombo emininzi. Iinkcazelo zemithetho zibhalwe ngqo ngabamisi-mthetho. Iinkcazelo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo zivela kwiinkulungwane zezigqibo zomthetho. Iinkcazelo zolawulo zenziwa ngamasebe olawulo asebenza ngokuzalisekisa iimfuno zomthetho ezibanzi. Uhlobo ngalunye lunemithetho eyahlukeneyo kwaye luphantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo, kodwa kunye lubumba inkqubo ebanzi yomthetho.

Iinkcazelo zommiselo

Imimiselo emininzi yangoku iqala ngecandelo lenkcazelo elicacisa amagama angundoqo. Umzekelo, i-Guiated Substances Act ye-university ichaza “into elawulwayo” njenge“sixhobo seziyobisi okanye enye into, okanye imodeli ekhawulezileyo, equkwe kwisimiso, II, IV, okanye V.” Le nkcazelo ikhangeleka icacile, kodwa inkqubo yayo ifuna iinkcazelo ezithe rhoqo zocwangciso ngalunye. Inkundla kufuneka isebenzise iinkcazelo ezithile ezinokwenzeka ekusetyenzisweni kakubi, ukwamkelwa kwezamayeza, kunye nokhuseleko phantsi kolawulo lwezamayeza. ICornell Information Information Institutes iphawula ukuba iinkcazelo zomthetho zilawulwa ngokubanzi: inkundla kufuneka izisebenzise ngaphandle kokuba ikhokelele kwisiphumo esingacacanga.

  • Ikhowudi ephakathi: Iinkcazelo zolwaphulo-mthetho olufana “i-burgiasy,”“ aslault,” okanye “unyuso” kumiselwa ctus reus kunye [FLT] kunye [FLT] amens rea[ abatshutshisi mababonise ukungathandabuzi okusengqiqweni.
  • Umthetho obhaliweyo: Amagama afana “necangci,” kunye“ ne-majere” achazwa njengomthetho (njengekhowudi yezentengiso) okanye ngemizekelo yomthetho oqhelekileyo.
  • Umthetho oProfiki: Iinkcazelo ze “mpahla yokwenene,” "inkxwaleko,” kunye“ nokuba nento” imisela amalungelo neemfuno zabemi.

Iinkcazelo ezimiselayo zidla ngokuba ngumphumo wokulalanisa kwezobupolitika. Abameli bangakhetha ngabom ulwimi olubanzi okanye olumxinwa ukuze baphumeze injongo yomgaqo-nkqubo okanye ukwanelisa amaqela abantu abanomdla abakhuphisanayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwanenkcazelo elungiselelwe ngenyameko inokuba neziphumo ezingacetywanga, ezo iinkundla ezimele zithethe ngazo kamva ngokutolika.

Iinkcazelo Zomthetho Oqhelekileyo

Iinkcazelo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo ziguqula ngokwezigqibo zomthetho. Xa umthetho usebenzisa igama ungalichazi, okanye xa kuvela impikiswano phezu kwemida yenkcazelo, iinkundla zithatha inyathelo lokunika ingcaciso ecacileyo. Ezi nkcazelo zekomiti ngoko ziba yimodeli kumatyala azayo phantsi komgaqo we- presis [[FLT]]. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkcazo yomthetho eqhelekileyo isenokutshintsha ukubonakalisa utshintsho kwibutho labantu, ubugcisa, okanye ukuqonda.

Ngokomzekelo, ingcaciso “yokulindela umntu ukuba yedwa” ngokusengqiqweni ikhule kakhulu kwixesha lamanani. Katz v. United States [1967], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi umdla womntu wento yangasese udlulela ngaphaya kwetyala eliphathekayo ukuquka oko “bafuna ukukugcina kusese." Le nkcazelo ngoku ilawula uphando lweSine Sommemezelo kunye nohlalutyo-*ekunye kwimonkcazo ze-mosfecters angenakuzekethelekelela, njenge data yeselfowuni okanye uthungelwano lwe-imeyili.

Iinkcazelo Zolawulo

Amagosa olawulo adla ngokukhupha imimiselo echaza amagama asetyenziswa ekwenzeni imimiselo. Ezi nkcazelo zithwala amandla omthetho kodwa ziphantsi kohlolo lwezomthetho phantsi koMthetho [[FLT: 0] wolawulo lweProceduce Procedrect. Umzekelo obalaseleyo yinkcazelo yemekobume yokhuseleko lwe-Arhente ye-“gravity" phantsi kweNkcitho eqinileyo kunye ne-Revector Act. Le nkcazelo ithenjiwe kamashumi eminyaka, kunye neenkundla ezizama ukulungelelanisa ubuchule bobugcisa bombutho nxamnye nemfuneko ecacileyo, eqinisekileyo.

Iinkcazelo ezilawulayo zibaluleke kakhulu kumaziko obugcisa aphezulu afana namayeza, umthetho wokusingqongileyo, kunye nothungelwano ngekhompyutha. Zivumela abameli ukuba bazalise kwizithuba ezinokuthi iKhomishini ingakwazi ukuthetha ngokuchanekileyo. Noko ke, amaqumrhu kufuneka alandele iinkqubo zesaziso kunye nezomthetho kwaye akanakugqitha kwigunya lawo lomthetho. Xa ingcaciso icacile okanye ibanzi kakhulu, izinto ezikhoyo ezilawulwayo zingayicel ’ umngeni enkundleni, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphuculweni okuthe kratya.

Indlela Iinkcazelo Ezisetyenziswa Ngayo Kumthetho Onyanzeliswayo

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho axhomekeke kwiingcaciso ezingokwasemthethweni ngalo lonke ixesha ebamba, ephendla okanye esebenzisa amandla. Iinkcazelo ziguqula imilinganiselo engekho ngqiqweni ibe yimithetho esebenzayo. Ngaphandle kwayo, amagosa ebeya kushiywa eqagela kwimida yegunya lawo, nto leyo eya kwenza kube lula ukuphumelela nokuziphendulela.

Ukuchana Kwizinto Ezibanjwayo Nezingacingiyo

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwe- “assault” lungachazwa kwelinye icala “njengokuzama ukwenza ibhetri” kwaye kwenye injenge“sisongelo esibangela uloyiko olufanelekileyo lokwenzakalisa okusondeleyo.” Amagosa kufuneka azi ukuba yiyiphi ingcaciso esebenzayo ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba banokuba nesizathu sokubanjwa. Ngokufanayo, iinkcazelo ze-“ngeno engagunyaziswanga ngumthetho” okanye“indlela yokungena" iyahluka ngokobuzwe kwaye ichaphazela indlela abaphathi abasabela ngayo kwiingxabano zempahla.

Qwalasela ingcaciso ye- “exenil.” Kumaphondo amaninzi, ityala lichazwa ngesohlwayo esinokwenzeka (umz., ukuvalelwa entolongweni ngaphezu konyaka). Le nkcazelo yemicimbi yeenkqubo zokubanjwa (ukubanjwa kolwaphulo-mthetho isoloko ifuna isiqinisekiso ngaphandle kokuba iimeko ezizicaceleyo zikho) kunye neziphumo zokuzimela ezilandela ukunyanzeleka, njengokuphulukana namalungelo okuvota okanye ukulahlekelwa yimipu.

IiParamitha zokuKhangela nokuSeicure

Umthetho wesine weSinyuso-Mpanzi-mthetho uchazwa ngokweenkcazelo. “Ukuphendla” kuchazwa njengokuphazamisa kukarhulumente ekulindeleni izinto ezingekho semthethweni.“ Intengiselwano” yempahla yenzeka xa kukho ukuphazamisana okunentsingiselo nomdla womntu othile. “Isizathu esifanelekileyo” sichazwa njengendlela ecacileyo enokwenzeka . Ngokusekelwe kwimo epheleleyo yemeko . "ukungangeni kwenqanawa okanye ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buza kufunyanwa. Ezi nkcazelo zikhokela ekufumaneni isiqinisekiso, ziqhuba iziphumo ezingenasiqinisekiso zokufuna isiganeko sokubanjwa, kwaye zisebenzisa imbono ecacileyo okanye iimeko ezingacacanga.

Xa iinkcazelo zididane, ukunyanzelisa kuguquguquka. Umzekelo, ingcaciso ye- “ukuvumela” ekufuneni imvume iye yaba yindawo yedabi. Iinkundla ziye zathi imvume kufuneka ibe yeyokuzithandela /hhayi imveliso yezigwebo okanye yenkani. Kodwa into edibanisa iintambo inokuhluka-hluka: ukubonakaliswa kwamandla, imiyalelo yamazwi, okanye ubukho bamagosa amaninzi anokuchaphazela ukuvuleka kwe-voluntari. Abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka baqeqeshwe kwiinkcazelo zejaji ezixhathileyo kwigunya labo ukunqanda ukucinezela ubungqina kunye netyala loluntu.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigangatho yomkhosi

Eyona nkcazelo ibalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni ekwinkqubo yamapolisa zezo zilawulayo ukusetyenziswa komkhosi. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Graham v.Connor (19989) (i-199) yaqinisekisa ukuba amandla agqithisileyo avavanywa phantsi komlinganiselo “wobungcathu”. Le nkcazelo ifuna abaphathi ukuba bavavanye imeko nganye ngokwembono yegosa elinobuchule kumboniso, ngaphandle koncedo lwamashumi amabini/20 olwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba ngaba ukrokrexo lubangela uso olukhawulezileyo, nokuba ngaba ukrokrela uyalwa ngokuchasa okanye uzama ukuphepha ukubamba.

Amatyala alandelayo asulungekile le nkcazelo. Umzekelo, iGarner (85) ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla abulalayo kwiimeko apho umphathi enokuthi akholelwe ukuba ukrokrela ubangela usongelo olubalulekileyo lokufa okanye umonakalo onzulu emzimbeni. Ngoku amaziko amapolisa afaka ezinkcazelo ekusetyenzisweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo ye-octive, uqeqesho, kunye novavanya ii-millics. Xa iinkcazelo zidibene kakhulu `amandla anokungaqondakali" xa kuyimfuneko, zinokufumana ukhokelo oluphikisanayo, nto leyo ikhokelela ekunyanzelweni komthetho nokungathembana kwabantu.

Indima Yezahlulelo - komiti Kumagama Achazayo

Iinkundla zisebenza njengeengcaciso eziphambili zeengcaciso ezingokwasemthethweni. Kwanaxa imimiselo inikela iinkcazelo ezicacileyo, ukutolikwa kwezomthetho kunokuyandisa, kucuthene, okanye kucacisa. Le nkqubo ingundoqo kwisithethe somthetho oqhelekileyo yaye iqinisekisa ukuba inkcazelo ihlala isebenza kwiimeko ezininzi eziziinyani.

Uqhelaniso neStar Decis

Xa inkundla ichaza ibinzana kuluvo olupapashiweyo, iinkundla ezisezantsi kummandla omnye zinyanzelekile ukuba zisebenzise loo nkcazelo. Oku kudala uzinzo nokuxelwa kwangaphambili. Umzekelo, ingcaciso “yokuhlolo-hlolo kwisenzo esikufuphi sokungathobeli mthetho” ukusuka Brandenburg v. [ [1994] [1] [1] isetyenziswe rhoqo kumatyala oMphengululi Wokuqala ukususela ngoko. Ngokufanayo, ingcaciso ye-“eta-ntelligate” kumatyala eemeko entolongo eyi-895, emiselwe ku Prevermer v. Bren [FLT][FLD:3] [1994], ihlala ingumgangatho wolawulo.

Noko ke, umzekelo awungowokwexesha elide. Iinkundla zingazilawula iinkcazelo zangaphambili xa zingasasebenzi okanye xa ukuqonda okungagqibekanga kutshintshile. Ukuvuselelwa komtshato kweNkundla Ephakamileyo obergefell v. Hodges [2011] ngumzekelo ophawulekayo. Inkundla yathi ukuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo nenkuselo elinganayo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo kufuna ukuba umelo nokuqaphela iqhina elinye, ngokunempumelelo ukuphinda kusetyenziswe igama ebeliqondwa njengeqhina phakathi komntu nomfazi.

Amajelo okuchaza

Abagwebi basebenzisa iqela lezixhobo zokuchaza `encwadi zokwakha'' ezaziwayo njengeencwadi ezisesikweni zolwakhiwo---ukusombulula iinkcazelo ezizizo. Ezi mithetho ziquka umthetho ocacileyo othetha (amagama amele anikwe intsingiselo yawo eqhelekileyo), umthetho we-oyile (imithetho engokwasemthethweni kufuneka ichazwe ngokuxhasa umtshutshisi), kwaye umthetho wobusela (amaqumrhu afanele aqwalasele ingxaki enzelwe ukulungisa). Ukhetho lwencwadi yencwadi yemifanekiso lungachaphazela iziphumo.

Ngokomzekelo, ithetha ingeniso okanye i-ligiss [United States v. Santos [2008], iNkundla Ephakamileyo yazama ukuchaza intsingiselo ye-“proces” phantsi komthetho wemali. Ngaba “igunya” lithetha ingeniso okanye i-gimplate? INkundla eyahlulweyo, ngokusebenzisa umthetho wento eninzi ukubambelela ekubambeleleni kwingeniso, okanye intsingiselo ebalulekileyo yendlela umthetho onokuthi unyanzeleke ngayo. Kwimpendulo, Congress Congress Directors yawuda ummiselo wokuchaza “iproces" njengempahla efunyenwe okanye efunyenweyo okanye egciniweyo, ngqo okanye egciniweyo, okanye ngokungekho mthethweni."

Iingxaki Neengxubusho Kwinkcazelo Engokwasemthethweni

Ukuthanda ukungxengxezela, ukungqongqo nokunganyaniseki kunokulwenza buthathaka usukelo lokucacisa nokusesikweni intsingiselo elungiselelwe ukukunikela.

Ukungavisisani Nokugqithisa

Umthetho uphuthile ngenxa yokungacaci ukuba awuphumeleli ukunika umntu oqhelekileyo onobulumko isaziso esisesikweni sendlela yokuziphatha ekwalelwe ngayo. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo ngummiselo ongohlwaya “ukurhwaphiliza” okanye“ukurhwaphiliza” ngaphandle kwengcaciso ebhekele phaya. Lamagama amema ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ogqithileyo kwaye asoloko ebethelelwa phantsi kwe-ST Procession Clause. Ngokufanayo, iinkcazelo ezigqithisileyo zitshayela kwihambo ekhuselweyo, intetho eyothusayo okanye ukuziphatha okungazenziwa yindlu yowiso.

Qwalasela impikiswano enxulumene “nento yokwenza nento ezicacisiweyo” iinkcazelo ezichasene nemithetho echasene ne-gang. Ezinye izichaza ukuba “iqela lemigulukudu ekwisitrato” libanzi kangangokuba lingaquka amaqela abahlobo abenza ulwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane kunye. Amagosa omthetho angababiza abantu njengamalungu eqela elisekelwe kunyibiliko, kwimpahla, okanye kwimbumba, kwanokuba abakhange bagwetyelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho olunxulumene neqela. Ezi nkcazelo zingakhokelela ekunyuseni izigwebo, iimfuno zobhaliso, kwanakwahlulwa kwanokungabikho kwemiqathango yemiqathango .

Ukupheliswa kweMidlalo

Iinkcazelo ezisemthethweni ezathi zabonakala zicacile zinokuba luncedo xa iinguqu zebutho labantu zitshintsha. Ingcaciso “yokungalawuleki kunye nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga” ikhulele ekuqukisweni kwabantu abakhubazekileyo nabangabantwana, kunye nemilinganiselo yezonyango ye-“kufa". iyahluka ngokwesizwe nesizwe. Xa ingcaciso ingaphumeleli ukugcina isantya senkcubeko okanye utshintsho lwezobugcisa, iinkundla kunye nemithetho yowiso-mthetho kufuneka zingenele ekuyihlaziyeni.

Ingcaciso ye- “harsased” emsebenzini inikeza omnye umzekeliso. Okona kufanelekileyo okanye kusasazekileyo kwihambo engqongqo okanye kwimilinganiselo yanamhlanje. Iinkundla zinokubonakala zithoba ngokwemilinganiselo yanamhlanje. Ngokuthe ngcembe ziphucule ingcaciso yokuquka ukukhathazwa ngokwesini, uthungelwano lwemichiza, kunye nehambo ebangela imeko-bume entiyo nakubeni ingenayo ingxaki ecacileyo yezoqoqosho. Kodwa ingcaciso engundoqo iyaqhubeka inxulumene nembono “yomntu onengqondo” kwisimo sexhoba.

Udidi vs. Iinkcazelo zelizwe

EUnited States, zombini oorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente borhulumente bomthetho, kunye neenkcazelo zabo ngamanye amaxesha ziyangquzulana. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo yingcaciso ye- “umtshato” phambi bergefell[, kodwa ezinye iindawo ezininzi ziyachaphazeleka. Ingcaciso ye-“crime” ngokwayo iyahluka: amanye amazwe asebenzisa iinkcazelo zeModel Penal Code, lo gama amanye egcina iinkcazelo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo. Ingcaciso ye-“arson” ingaquka okanye ingabi namfako yempahla yomXhosholo, echaphazela umlinganiselo wokutshutshiswa kwe-inshorensi.

Umthetho womanyano usoloko ucinezela iinkcazelo zikarhulumente kwimimandla enjengendawo yokufuduka, ukuphuluswa kwamalungelo omsebenzi, kunye nokungaphathi-mthetho. Kodwa kumazwe aqhelekileyo amapolisa — njengolwaphulo-mthetho lweziyobisi okanye amatyala ezixhobo — akhululekile ukuchaza amagama ngokwahlukileyo. Oku kunokukhokelela kumsebenzi odidayo wokunyanzelisa abantu kwaye kwenza uphando oluninzi olunzima.

Iinkcazelo Zokulungisa Okusesikweni

Ngenxa yokuba iinkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni zinempembelelo enkulu kunyanzelo lwamanani, imigudu yokulungisa isoloko ijonge kwiimpazamo zokuchazwa kwenkcazelo. Enoba kusetyenziswa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ukungenelela kwekomiti egwebayo, okanye ukusetyenziswa komthetho, okanye ukusetyenziswa kobugqwirha, injongo kukuyila iinkcazelo ezichanekileyo, ezifanelekileyo, nezibonisa imilinganiselo yale mihla.

Isenzo soMthetho

Utshintsho oluninzi luqala kubenzi bomthetho. Ngokomzekelo, xa kuphendulwa inkxalabo ngokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwamandla, amazwana amaninzi aye amisela imimiselo echaza “amandla afanelekileyo” esebenzisa iinketho ezithe kratya. Abanye baye bayalela ukuba abaphathi basebenzise “ukuthoba” iindlela zobuchule phambi kokusebenzisa ukunyanzela, ukubandakanya ingcaciso yegama ngqo kumthetho wesizwe. Isenzo somthetho sikwanokuphelisa utoliko olungathandwayo: iBhunga liye laguqula ngokuphindaphindiweyo imimiselo yamalungelo abantu ukucacisa intsingiselo ye-“racces,” kunye“ no-sex” ukuze landise ukhuseleko.

I- I-Civil Rights Divil Division of the Secrestity isoloko inika ukhokelo ngendlela iinkcazelo zikarhulumente ezimele zisetyenziswe ngayo kwimimandla enjengamalungelo okuvota, izindlu ezifanelekileyo, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olufanelekileyo. La maxwebhu okhokelo, nangona engengawo umthetho ngokwawo, abumba indlela abameli bomthetho abazichaza ngayo iimfanelo zabo.

Ubuchule nokuqonda

Amaqela anomdla, abaphengululi abasemthethweni, nemibutho yoluntu yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekubalaseleni iinkcazelo zeengxaki. Ngokukhuthaza, nangemfundo kawonke-wonke, bakhuthaza iinguqu ezenza inkcazelo icace kwaye ingabi nakwahluka. Umzekelo, umbutho wokuguqula isigwebo esingeyomfuneko ujolise kwinkcazelo yenkcazelo “yolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu lweziyobisi” kunye“ nolwaphulo-mthetho logonyamelo,” bephikisa ngelithi iinkcazelo ezigqithisileyo zikhokelela kwisohlwayo esiqatha.

Ubuncwane obungaphakathi njenge isichazi-magama seWex somthetho yenza iinkcazelo zifikeleleke ngakumbi kuluntu, zinike amandla abemi ukuqonda indlela imithetho ebachaphazela ngayo. Xa uluntu luqonda ukuba ingcaciso engacacanga isetyenziselwa ukujolisa amaqela asezantsi, lungalungiselela ukunyanzela utshintsho lwemithetho.

Isiphelo

Iinkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni zingaphezulu kakhulu kunezifundo eziphambili. Zizixhobo ezisisiseko eziguqulela injongo yomthetho kwimithetho enyanzelekileyo. Iinkcazelo ezicacileyo ezinika amandla okuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usebenza ngokunyulu kwaye uqhubekeka; iinkcazelo ezididayo zikhuthaza ukudideka, ikhethe, kunye nokucacisa okuqhubekayo. Inkqubo eqhubekayo yokuchaza nokuphinda-phinda amagama asemthethweni ikwintliziyo yomthetho. Enoba ngomthetho ulungiso, ulungiso lwezomthetho, okanye uxinzelelo lukawonke wonke, ukufuna ukuchanaba oluchanekileyo kunye nenkcazelo eqhubekayo. Ukuqonda indlela eziyimfuneko ngayo iinkcazelo zokusebenza komgaqo womthetho ziyimfuneko nabani na ofuna ukuqhuba okanye ukuphucula inkqubo esemthethweni.