Kuthetha Ntoni Ukugwetywa?

Isigwebo yinkqubo esemthethweni apho inkundla imisela isohlwayo sokubekwa komntu ogwetywe ulwaphulo-mthetho. Simela isiphelo setyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, apho imigaqo engabonakaliyo yomthetho iguqulelwa kwiziphumo ezicacileyo zomoni. Esi sigwebo sibonisa umgwebo webutho labantu kubukhulu betyala kwaye sisebenza kwiinjongo ezininzi zezobugqwirha , kuquka isohlwayo, ukuvalelwa, ukubuyiselwa komthetho, nokubuyiselwa. Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezifika ngayo kwezi zigqibono kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, okanye inkqubo kawonke.

Ngeli xesha inkcukacha zogwebo zinokuhluka kakhulu ngokolawulo, imigaqo esisiseko isekelwe kwiinkulungwane zesithethe somthetho. Izenzo zale mihla zogwebo zilungelelanisa imfuneko engaguqukiyo, eqinisekisiweyo neziphumo zokuqwalaselwa ukuba imeko nganye ichaza iimeko ezahlukeneyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iinkalo ezingundoqo zokugwetywa (iinjongo, iinjongo, iziphumo ezikhoyo, amanyathelo enkqubano, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo `ukunika ushwankathelo olubanzi kubafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo.

Injongo Yokugwetywa

Ukugweba kufeza iinjongo eziliqela ezahlukileyo kodwa ezingenani, nganye isekelwe kwingcamango eyahlukileyo yokusesikweni. Ezi njongo zikhokela abagwebi ekukhetheni izigwebo ezifanelekileyo kwaye zincede uluntu luqonde ingqiqo esemva kwesigwebo. Iinjongo eziphambili ziquka:

  • Ingxelo: Le yingcamango yokuba isohlwayo kufuneka singqinelane nengozi ebangelwa yisono. Isohlwayo sibonisa isohlwayo sokuziphatha kwebutho labantu kwihambo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye sifuna ukubuyisela ingqiqo yolungelelwano. Kukujonga emva, ukubhekisa kwisenzo ngokwaso kunokuba iziphumo zexesha elizayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isiphelo somjikelo: Injongo yokukhusela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwexesha elizayo, zombini ngumntu owenze kakubi (] uthintelo oluchanekileyo) kunye nabanye abanokuqwalasela izenzo ezifanayo ([[FLT: 4]]] isithinteli se-general sokwenziwa kwento engalunganga [)]. Izigwebo eziqatha zijoliswe ukuthumela umyalezo othwala iziphumo ezinzima.
  • Uguqulo: Le njongo igxininisa ukuhlaziywa komoni ngemfundo, unyango, okanye iinkqubo zokwakha ubuchule. Kunokujolisa kuphela kwisohlwayo, ukubuyiselwa kwemeko esisiseko yezaphuli-mthetho, efana nokukhotyokiswa, ukugula ngengqondo, okanye ukungafundi.
  • Ukuphumla: Ulungiso oluzinzileyo lugxininisa ekulungiseni umonakalo owenziwe kumaxhoba nakuluntu. Kusenokubandakanya ukuhlawulelwa, ukusetyenziswa kwamaxhoba, okanye inkonzo yoluntu. Injongo kukulungisa ulwalamano nokuvumela umenzi wobubi ukuba alungise, kunokuba asebenze ixesha ekwanti.

Ezi njongo azifani. Isigwebo esinye singasebenza ngexesha elinye. Umzekelo, isigwebo sokuvavanywa sidityaniswe nonyango lweziyobisi olunyanzelekileyo zombini zohlwaya umenzi wobubi (ngokumisela ummiselo wenkululeko) kwaye zisebenza ekulungiseni izinto. Ulungelelwano phakathi kwezi njongo lusoloko lubonisa intanda-bulumko exhaphakileyo yenkundla ethile okanye igunya ngexesha elithile.

Izinto Ezibangela Isigwebo

Abagwebi baqwalasela iinguqu ezininzi xa bechaza isigwebo esifanelekileyo. Ezi zinto zingabekwa kwicandelo elinxulumene netyala, umenzi wobubi, kunye nempembelelo kumaxhoba. Ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuxela iziphumo zesigwebo nokuvavanya okusesikweni kwinkqubo yokusesikweni.

Unyamezelo Lolwaphulo - mthetho

Eyona nto ingundoqo bubungangamsha betyala. Ulwaphulo-mthetho ludla ngokuhlelwa njengezinto ezingalunganga (ezingekho nzulu) okanye ii-felonies (ezingathsithsi kakhulu), ezineendidi ezihambelana nesohlwayo. Noko ke, naphakathi kodidi olunye, izibakala ezikhethekileyo zibaluleke kakhulu. Ukuphanga ngesixhobo kuya kufumana isigwebo esiqatha ngakumbi kuneso singekhoyo, kwaye ukubulala okubandakanya ukutyunjwa kusenokutsala ubomi bobomi, kanti ukubulala kusenokuphumela kwithuba elifutshane.

Imbali Yabesaphuli - mthetho

Ingxelo yangaphambili yetyala ingumqondiso onamandla wendlela yokuziphatha yexesha elizayo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ingumzekelo ovumelekileyo ngokusemthethweni kwisigwebo. Ngokuphindwa abo basophula umthetho abanolwazi oluphambili (____futhi bajongana nesohlwayo esinyukayo phantsi kwemimiselo eqhelekileyo enxaxhileyo okanye izikhokelo ezigwebayo. Umzekelo, imikhosi emininzi inemithetho egunyazisa ukuvalelwa kwetyala komntu wesithathu onogonyamelo. Ngokuchaseneyo, abaphuli-mthetho bokuqala bangafumana imvume, enjengeyokuxilonga okanye ukuvala ityala, nto leyo ebenza baphephe ukuqiniseka ngengxelo emva kokuba bephumelele kwimeko.

Izinto Ezibangela Uxinezeleko

Iimeko zokutshintsha-tshintsha ziimeko ezinokucutha ubuqatha besivakalisi. Izinto eziqhelekileyo eziquka:

  • Indima encinane yendoda eyonileyo kwityala.
  • Ukungabikho kwengxelo yolwaphulo - mthetho lwangaphambili.
  • Ukuphazamiseka engqondweni okanye ngokweemvakalelo ngexesha lolwaphulo - mthetho.
  • Intambo okanye isiqu senqanawa.
  • Intsebenziswano ephambili nokugcinwa komthetho.
  • Ubutsha bomenzi wobubi okanye ukukhula.
  • Ukuphinda usebenzise okanye ukwamkelwe imbopheleleko.

Ezi zinto zenza abagwebi babe bhetyebhetye ukuze bagwebe umntu, beqonda ukuba abantu ababini abenza ulwaphulo - mthetho olufanayo basenokuba nemilinganiselo eyahlukileyo yokugwetywa.

Izinto Ezikhulayo

[[FLT: 0] Izinto ezinyusayo zinyusa ubukhali besivakalisi. Ziquka:

  • Ukusebenzisa isixhobo okanye ugonyamelo.
  • Ukuzilungiselela okanye ukuceba.
  • Amaxhoba asengozini ngokukhethekileyo (umz., abantwana, abakhulileyo).
  • Yithiye intshukumisa yolwaphulo - mthetho.
  • Amaxhoba okanye iziphako ezininzi.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwesikhundla okanye igunya elithile.
  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo lukho phambi

Izinto ezinyuselayo zidla ngokutyhalela isigwebo esiya kwisiphelo esiphezulu soluhlu lomthetho, maxa wambi zikhokelela kwisohlwayo esinde kakhulu kunesiseko somgca.

Isiphumo

Isiphumo solwaphulo-mthetho kwixhoba kunye neentsapho zalo singuthunywa onamandla. Ulawulo oluninzi luvumela amaxhoba ukuba athobele iingxelo zempembelelo ye-.

Iintlobo zezigwebo

Iinkundla zinoludwe lwezinto ezinokukhethwa, ukusuka ekungeneni kancinci ukuya ekuboshweni ixesha elide. Ukhetho luxhomekeke kwityala, kwimbali yomenzi wobubi, nakwinjongo yokugweba. Ngezantsi zezona ntlobo ziqhelekileyo zezivakalisi.

Ukhawuleziso

Ukufakwa kwemiqathango kubandakanya ukuvalelwa entolongweni (ngokuqhelekileyo ngenxa yemibandela emifutshane, unyaka omnye okanye ngaphantsi) okanye intolongo (ukuze kube made). Isigwebo sisenokunqandwa (inani elisisigxina leminyaka) okanye i-indetertertaminete (umgama, ofana no-5-15 leminyaka, onentengiselwano ephezulu). I-United States inenye yezona migangatho ziphezulu zokuvalelwa ehlabathini, iziphumo zemithetho enzima ekwimiqatha yetyala kunye nezigwebo ezincinci ezifunekayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ukuvalelwa ngaphezulu ekuvalweni kukhokelela kwiintolongo ezixineneyo, iindleko eziphezulu, kunye neeziphumo ezilinganiselweyo.

Iprojekthi

Isenzo sivumela umenzi wobubi ukuba ahlale kuluntu phantsi kolawulo, phantsi kweemeko ezifana nokunika ingxelo rhoqo kumphathi-mikhosi ovavanyayo, uvavanyo lweziyobisi, ukufika kwexesha, kunye neemfuno zomsebenzi. Ukwaphulwa kweemeko kusenokuphumela ekurhoxisweni nasekuvalweni. Ukwenziwa kwetyala kusoloko kusetyenziswa kubaphuli-mthetho abaphantsi kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwexesha lokuqala, ukunikela ngenye indlela ehlawula imali entolongweni ngoxa kunika ukuphendula.

Ifayile

Imali-mali ye-netha iqhelekile kwityala elincinane kwaye ingafakwa njengesohlwayo sokungahlawulwa okanye ngokudityaniswa nezinye izivakalisi. Iintle zisebenza njengesohlwayo sobabini nemvelaphi yengeniso yeli lizwe. Noko ke, abagxeki babonisa ukuba intlawulo yeziphumo eziphantsi ngokungenakulinganiswa, ezisenokuzama ukuhlawula kwaye zigqibele ngokuvalelwa ngaphandle kokuhlawulwa .

Inkonzo yoLuntu

Ukucela umenzi wobubi ukuba enze inani elithile lomsebenzi ongahlawulwayo kwi-oyile engahlawulwayo okanye umbutho karhulumente usebenza njengohlobo lwezobulungisa ezizezobulungisa. Inkonzo yoluntu inceda uluntu ngeli lixa uvumela umenzi-bubi ukuba agcine umsebenzi kunye namaqhina entsapho. Isoloko isetyenziselwa amatyala angenabungozi kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwendlela.

Ukwakhiwa kwakhona

Imiyalelo yokubuyisa ityala ifuna ukuba umenzi-cazibi ahlawule ixhoba ngelahleko yemali, enjengetyala lezamayeza, ukonakala kwempahla, okanye umvuzo olahlekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nemali ehlawulwayo, ihlawuliswa ngqo kwixhoba. Ukungahlawuli kungakhokelela ekulingeni phambili okanye kwimiphumo engaphezulu, nangona imikhosi emininzi ilwa nexabiso lenkongozelo.

Ezinye izigwebo

Iinketho zogwebo ezitsha ziquka umhla wokunika ingxelo , ukuvalelwa kwekhaya kunye nohlolo lwe-electronic, ulawulo oluphakathi [, kunye [[FLT]] kunye [[FLT]] translatedrug okanye iinkundla zezempilo zengqondo [[. Ezi nkqubo zijolise ekucombululeni iingxaki phantsi kokunciphisa abemi bentolongo. Umzekelo, umgwebi wesigwebo ongengonongabanga linegatyangachaphaza-mfaza ekuphathweni ngetyala kunokuba kuphele intolongo, ngokufuthi ngesongelo sokuphatha nge-'inkconsolo-engqondo [[FLT].[FLT]

Inkqubo Yokugweba

Ukugwetywa akukhe kwenzeke ngoko nangoko emva kwesigqibo okanye isibongozo setyala. Kubandakanya uthotho lwamanyathelo acwangcisiweyo enzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkundla inenkcazelo enxulumeneyo ngaphambi kokuba yenze isigqibo.

Uphando lwangaphambili

Emva kokuqinisekiswa, inkundla iyalela uphando lwangaphambili olugunyazisiweyo , oluqhutywa ligosa lokuvavanya. Olu phengululo luqokelela iinkcukacha ngemvelaphi yomenzi wobubi, kuquka imbali yentsapho, umsebenzi, imfundo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye neemeko zetyala. Igosa letyala likwadla ngodl ’ udliwano-ndlebe nengxelo yexhoba kunye neziphumo zexhoba. Isiphumo ngaphambi kwengxelo yemvume yengxelo yezosapho, idluliselwe kumajaji nakumagqwetha onke, kwaye iphumeza indima esemgaqweqweleni kwizigqi.

Ukugweba Indlebe

Kukuva [[NTLT: 0] okugunyazisayo , ijaji ihlola ingxelo yangaphambi kwemvume kwaye iva iimpikiswano ezivela kubatshutshisi nakukhuseleko. omabini amacala angabiza amangqina okanye anike ubungqina obunxulumene nolwaluko okanye izinto eziqulunqayo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthetha kwinkundla (ukubulawa) kwaye angazichaza okanye achaze izenzo zawo. Iimfebe zingathetha. Ijaji ngoko isebenzisa umthetho onxulumene nomthetho okanye imigaqo enxulumene nomthetho okanye igalelo.

Ukugwetywa

Ijaji ivakalisa isigwebo kwinkundla evulekileyo ize ingenise umgwebo obhaliweyo. Isigwebo singabekwa ngoko nangoko, okanye kwezinye iimeko, ukubulawa kwayo kungabekelwa phantsi kulindele iziphumo zesibheno okanye ukugqitywa kweemeko (isigwebo esinikezelweyo). Inkundla ikwazisa ummangalelwa nasiphi na isimangalo sexesha elisetyenziselweyo, ukufezekisa iparapole, kunye nemithetho yokulawula yasemva.

Izibheno

Emva kogwebo, ummangalelwa angabhenela ityala okanye isigwebo ngokwaso. Izibheno azinakuphinda zigwetywe; zijolise ingqalelo kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezisenokuba zichaphazele iziphumo. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zesibheno ziquka ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweqhinga ngumgwebi, ukusilela ukuqwalasela izinto ezibangela ukucinezelwa, okanye ukubekwa kwesigwebo esingekho mthethweni. Inkundla elawulayo ingaqinisekisa, inciphise, yandise, okanye irhoxe igwese isigwebo. Ityala lidla ngokungenzeleli ukubhenela ityala, kodwa amanye amarhebethi avumela isivakalisi esigwebo esingenalusi.

Imigca yesikhokelo esijenga-jula

Ukukhuthaza ukungaguquguquki nokunciphisa ukungaguquguquki okungafanelekileyo, ulawulo oluninzi lwamkele imigaqo yokuvumela imigaqo . Le yi-dviso okanye imithetho enyanzelisayo encomela uludwe lwezivakalisi ezisekelwe kubukhulu bolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho. Esona sixokelelwano saziwayo singu- U.S.Federal Diendension Impalines book, esungulwe yiKhomishini yokuthumela isigwebo.

Imigca yesikhokelo isebenzisa igridi: imigca yemigca enqamlezayo ethambekileyo edwelise amaqondo olwaphulo-mthetho (umz., ukusuka ku 1 ukuya ku 43), kunye nemigca ethe tyaba edwelisa iindidi zembali zolwaphulo-mthetho (I--I-VI). Ukudibana kwemida kunika uludwe olunconyelweyo logwebo kwiinyanga. Abagwebi kufuneka babale uludwe lokhokelo baze emva koko bagqibe ukuba baphumele phezulu okanye ezantsi kusekelwe kwimiqathango ethile engakhange ibekwe. Kwinkundla yesizwe, imigaqo i-advistory (ayiyo) elandela isigqibo seNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FT:0] v. Incwadi yeBX.[FLD:] [200]], kodwa isathwala ubunzima obubalulekileyo.

Abaxhasi bathi imigaqo inciphisa ukwahluka ngokweentlobo zeentlanga, zelizwe, kunye nezoqoqosho. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi imigaqo inokuba lukhuni kakhulu, iphelisa iqhinga lokugweba kwaye ikhokelela kwisigwebo eside ngokugqithisileyo, ingakumbi kwityala leziyobisi. Ingxoxo emalunga nemilinganiselo enyanzelekileyo . Impikiswano efuna izigwebo ezizinzileyo zolwaphulo-mthetho oluthile, njengoko le mithetho inxulumene ngokusondeleyo, njengokuba le mithetho inokuthi idele ukunconyelwa kokhokelo.

Ubulumko Bokugweba Nemida Yabo

Ngelixesha imigaqo nemigaqo ibeka imida, abagwebi bagcina ubuchule obuthile ekugwebeni. Bakhetha apho kuludwe olusemthethweni ukubeka isigwebo esithile, nokuba baza kubeka ngokulandelelana okanye ngokuhambelana kwemiqathango emininzi, kwaye yeyiphi enye imiqathango enokunikelwa. Olu buchule buluncedo ekulungiseni isigwebo kodwa bukwavula ucango olukhokelela ekuguquguqukeni kunye nokususa umahluko [], apho abanqolobi abafanayo bafumana izigwebo ezohlukeneyo ngenxa yohlobo, ubufana, ubufana, ubufana, ubufana, okanye intanda-bulumko yobuqu bomgwebi.

Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukwahlukana ngokobuhlanga kuyaqhubeka. Umzekelo, abamangalelwa abamnyama basoloko befumana izigwebo ezinde kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo, kwanasemva kokulawula imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nobungqongqo bolwaphulo-mthetho. Imigudu yokunciphisa umahluko iquka ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo, ukuphucula uqeqesho kubagwebi, kunye notshintsho kwimithetho encinci enyanzelekileyo. Eminye imithetho ngoku ifuna ukuba abagwebi balungiselele ukuthethelela okubhaliweyo ukuze bahlukane noluhlu lwemigaqo.

Ukugweba Umahluko Notshintsho

Imbambano yolwahluko iqhube inkqubela-phambili yotshintsho kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Ifaka uMthetho woTshintsho ka-1984 yadala iKhomishini yokuSeva i-U.S. kunye nemigaqo karhulumente, ijolise ekupheliseni oko kwakujongwe njengokungachananga okungangqinelanga. Noko ke, izikhokelo ngokwazo ziye zagxekwa ngokufak' isandla ekuvalweni kwabantu abaninzi, ingakumbi ngezohlwayo eziqatha zetyala leziyobisi.

Kwimpendulo, urhulumente omninzi uye wamisela [[FLT: 0] utshintsho olugunyazisiweyo : ukunciphisa izivakalisi ezincinci ezinyanzelekileyo, ukwandisa ingqiqo yejaji, kunye nokukhuthaza ezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa i-patrol. Inyathelo lokuqala] le- le-2018] kumgangatho karhulumente ucuthe ubuncinane obufunekayo, ukwandisa iityala ezifanelekileyo, kwaye ukuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwakhona koMthetho we-Fair Secenfications ka-2010 (othi yanciphisa ukucutha kwe-cutha kwe-cuthe-cumba). Utshintsho olufanayo lwemeko luquke ulungiso lwemiqatha, ukwenziwa kobugralingo, ukuncitshiswa kwemiqatha yeziyobisi, kunye nokurhoxiswa kwemiqatha kwinkqubo yoluntu.

Indawo ebalulekileyo yotshintsho yi isigwebo esisekelwe kubungqina obuthi, esisebenzisa izixhobo zovavanyo lomngcipheko ukuxela ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ummangalelwa aphinde afumane imvume. Ezi zixhobo zinganceda abagwebi ukuba banike ulwalathiso olufanelekileyo okanye unyango. Noko ke, zikwagxekwa ngokucalucalula ubuhlanga obunokubangelwa yimithetho-mithetho-siseko ezenzekelayo.

Impembelelo Yamaxhoba Nokusesikweni Okulandelayo

Isigwebo sangoku siquka ilizwi lamaxhoba ngokukhulayo. iingxelo ezinika impembelelo eqinileyo [ zivumela amaxhoba ukuba achaze iimvakalelo, umzimba, kunye nemali yolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwezinye iindawo, amaxhoba anelungelo lokuthetha ngesigwebo okanye ukukhupha ingxelo ebhaliweyo. Ngelinye ixesha oku kujongwa njengenyathelo elifanelekileyo, uphando lucebisa ukuba iingxelo zexhoba zinokuvuselela iimvakalelo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziqatha kwaye zikhokelele kwimiqathango enzima, ingakumbi xa ixhoba linovelwano.

Izenzo zobulungisa zomphumlisi [[FLT: 1] zihamba inyathelo elithe kratya, zizisa amaxhoba kunye, izaphuli-mthetho, kunye namalungu oluntu ukuxubusha ngengozi kwaye zivumelane ngecebo lokulungisa. Ezi nkqubo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kulutsha olunxaxhileyo nolwaphulo-mthetho olungenabundlobongela. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuhlaziya okusesikweni kunganciphisa ulwaneliseko lwexhoba, kodwa akufanelekanga kuzo zonke iimeko kwaye kufuna ukuxolelwa ngononophelo.

Izibheno kunye nokuLawula iNkcubeko

Emva kogwebo, umtshutshisi ugcina amalungelo okucelw'ulungela isiphumo. I-Dict ijolise kwimposiso ekulingweni okanye kwisigwebo. Ukuba isibheno asiphumeleli, umtshutshisi angafuna [ izilumkiso zobugqeba, ezifana ne-habeas corpus, ethetha ukwaphula umthetho wesiseko (umz., uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko, impatho engalunganga yomtshutshisi). Imposiso yokufaka izikhokelo ezingalunganga okanye ukubeka isivakalisi esingekho mthethweni eziqhelekileyo zoncedo.

Inkqubo yokubhenela ingukhuseleko olubalulekileyo, kodwa idla ngokucotha kwaye ixabisa kakhulu. Abamangalelwa abaninzi abanazo izinto zokufaka isibheno esinde, yaye uninzi lweenkolelo luyaxhaswa. Kodwa ke, ukuphinda kuhlolwe kuphembelela indlela abagwebi abagwebi abaqhuba ngayo, bakhuthaze ukuqiqa ngocoselelo nokunamathela kumthetho.

Isiphelo

Ukugwetywa kungumgangatho ontsonkothileyo nongumphumo wenkqubo yezobulungisa. Kubonakalisa amaxabiso ebutho labantu, ukubumba ubomi babenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho namaxhoba, kwaye kuneziphumo ezinzulu zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nobuncwane obusetyenziswayo. Ngokuqonda iinjongo zokugweba, oothunywa abaphembelela izigqibo zomthetho, uludwe lwezigwebo ezikhoyo, kunye nesiseko semiqathango, abafundi kunye nabafundisi-mfundo bangakuvavanya kakuhle okusesikweni nokusebenza kweziphumo ezisemthethweni.

Lo mmandla uyaqhubeka uguquka, uqhutywa luphando malunga noko kusebenza, ngokulawula ityala lobuhlanga nezoqoqosho, nangokuguqula isimo sengqondo sikawonke-wonke ngolwaphulo-mthetho nesohlwayo. Kubo babandakanyekileyo kwisifundo okanye ukuqhelisela umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuhlala benolwazi ngemigaqo yokugwetywa notshintsho akuyomfundo nje kuphela, kuyimfuneko ukuze kwakhiwe inkqubo esesikweni.

Ukuphinda ufunde, jonga ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwiKhomishini yeNkqutyana yeQhinga , iZiko lesizwe leJaji, kunye neCornell Information .