Isiseko Samalungelo Abantu Ehlabathi: Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli LeBhili Yamalungelo

Xa utshintsho lokuqala lweshumi kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States − lwaziswa njengeBhili yamaLungelo ngo-1791, lwamela ukuyeka okukhawulezileyo kwimithetho yokulawula ngelo xesha. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe wawalinganisela ngokucacileyo amandla karhulumente ombindi ukuze ukhusele inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Nangona iBhili yamaLungelo yasungulwa ukusingatha imicimbi ethile yelizwe, imigaqo engundoqo yokulawula, inkululeko yonqulo, inkululeko karhulumente, kwaye ilungelo lokulawula ityala elisesikweni kwelizwe lonke liqhubekele njani. Ngeenkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo, ezi ngcamango ziye zaguqula ngokunzulu ukwakhiwa kwamalungelo abantu amazwe asekuhlaleni, zikhuthaza yonke into ukusuka kwiSindululo samaLungelo soluntu, ukubo lwenkululeko yoluntu, ukuqulungelana kwemithetho engokoburhulumenteni, ukusetyenziswa koburhulumente obuqhelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwempembelelo ephambili yendlela esetyenziswa ngayo ngokusesikweni.

IBhili Yamalungelo: Ingqokelela Egqalwa Ngokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Ukwenziwa kweBhili yamaLungelo yayiyimveliso yemfazwe enkulu yezobupolitika. Ngexesha leMvumelwano yoMgaqo-siseko we-1787, abameli abaninzi babekholelwa ukuba irethingi yamalungelo yayingeyomfuneko kuba urhulumente wesizwe wayengowolawulo olulinganiselweyo, oludwelisweyo. Noko ke, uAnti-Federalist waphikisa ukuba ngaphandle kokhuseleko olucacileyo, urhulumente omtsha unokuba nobuzwilakhe. Ukulalanisa okwakhokelela ekudibanisweni kwamalungelo amdaka. Umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi kwakuquka isithembiso sokudibanisa ukupheliswa. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni ethandabuza, wathatha isikhokelo sokulungisa oko kwaba yiBhili yeRoll yamaLungelo, etsala kakhulu kwiSindululo samaLungu e1776 namaNgesi, uVirsi kaRhulumente lwamalungelo ee 1699, kwaneenkulungwane zeminyaka yeeN.

Izindululo ngokwazo zikwimiba emininzi. UHlaziyo Lokuqala lukhusela isiseko soluntu olukhululekileyo: unqulo, ukuthetha, ukucofa, indibano kunye nesibongozo. ULawulo lwesibini neLwesithathu luthetha namagosa kunye nesohlwayo esineengcebiso zamajoni, lubonisa izityholo ze-propuni. Ulwesine kunyaka we-891 uMphengululo lumisela amalungelo okumangalelwa kunye neenkqubo zenkqubo yokugweba, kuquka nokukhuselwa kwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka nokuphangwa okungaqiqiqiqinileyo, ukubeka ingozi okuphindwe kabini, ukuzibeka ngokwakho, ukunqobana ngokwezi, nesohlwayo engaqhelekanga. ISine neSiphendumiso seshumi somthetho esingu sisebenza njengemigaqo ecacisa, sicacisa ukuba ukubekwa kwamalungelo athile agciniwe ngabantu, kwaye namandla angagunyazwangagunya kurhulumente elibekwe kumazwe okanye kurhulumente oluntu.

Iindlela Ezibalulekileyo Zokwakha Ezaguqula Umthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

IBhili yamaLungelo yavelisa iingcamango eziliqela ezathi kamva zaba semgangathweni kwizixhobo zamalungelo abantu zwenibanzi. Okokuqala, yaseka ukuba amalungelo athile ayezalwa yaye ayengenakuvalwa ngurhulumente kwanaxa kungekho mthetho othile owavumelayo. Le ngcamango “amalungelo angenamkhethe” yakhupha isindululo seSindululo seNdebeko kwaye iza kukhutshwa kwiSindululo soMhlaba Samalungelo Abantu. Okwesibini, yayila imigaqo ebophekayo esemthethweni kubadlali bakarhulumente //hayi nje iminqweno yokuziphatha. Okwesithathu, yanika inkqubo yokulawula okusemthethweni: abantu ngabanye banokuvavanya inkundla. Lo mxubeko wemibutho ephantsi kwamalungelo kunye nemithetho enyanzelelwayo yaba yimodeli yezivumelwano zamva zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ezimisele ukuma phambi kwemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.

IBhili Yamalungelo Nesindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu

Eyona mpembelelo ithe ngqo nebalulekileyo yezizwe ngezizwe yeBhili yamaLungelo ibonwa kwiSindululo soMhlaba Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR), esamkelwa yiNgqungquthela Jikelele yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngo-1948. Ikomiti yokuzoba igqitywe nguEleanor Roosevelt, yaquka abameli abasuka kwizithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisemthethweni, kodwa ilifa lemGaqo-siseko laseMelika laliyindawo ephambili yokubhekisa. Urooselt ngokwakhe wayedla ngokuchaza iUDHR “njenge-Magna Carta yesizwe” kwaye wasebenzisa iimfadi ezicacileyo kwiBhili yamaLungelo.

Amanqaku aliqela e-UDHR achaza ngqo imigaqo yeBhili yamaLungelo. Inqaku le-18 le-UDHR liqinisekisa inkululeko yokucinga, isazela, kunye nenkonzo .A lithetha ngokucacileyo igalelo lokuQhubela uLawulo lokuqala olukhululekileyo. Inqaku le 19 likhusela inkululeko yoluvo nentetho, kuquka inkululeko yokufuna, ukufumana, nokudlulisela inkcazelo. ISiqendu 9 sithintela ukubanjwa okungalawulekiyo, ukuvalelwa, okanye ukugxothwa, ukunxulunyaniswa kweSine nokhuseleko lweSine seSine seSinyuko sokuhlasela okungekho ngqiqwele. Inqaku 10 liqinisekisa ukuvalwa kobulungisa obuzimeleyo nobungakhethi, libonisa ilungelo lesiThathu lokuHlamkelo esitsha lokuhlasela nokuvavanywa kwabantu abanolunya. ISigqendumiso 5 sikwalela ukuthuthunjiswa kwenkohlakalo, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi okanye ukuthotywa kwe-Ath Ameddystiki.

Abaqulunqi be-UDHR babenolwazi lokuquka amalungelo ezoqoqosho, entlalo, kunye nenkcubeko (njengokuba nelungelo lokusebenza, imfundo, nokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni) adlula kumalungelo eSigqeba samaLungelo angokwentlalo nakwezobupolitika. Noko ke, isakhiwo se-UDHR (a) yokuqalisa ukudwelisa isidima sofuzo kunye namalungelo angenamdla, elandelwa ngamalungelo athile, njengoko uxwebhu lunjalo qhathalw'umzekelo weMelika Bill of Rights, eqala ngokungena phambili kwaye idwelise amalungelo.

Ngaphaya KweUDHR: Iminqophiso Yezizwe Ngezizwe

IBhili yamaLungelo ifikelela kwisivumelwano se-UDHR samalungelo abantu samazwe ngamazwe: iSivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe samaLungelo aMany ’ NawamaPhondo (ICCPR) kunye neSivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe kwiMali yezoqoqosho, sobuNtlalo neNtlalo (ICESCCR), zombini zamkelwa ngo 1966. I-ICPPR, ifunda njengendlela yokwandisayo neyokulawula amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuphila (Artle), inqanda ukuthuthunjiswa (ithe 7), ukukhuselwa (intele 8), ukukhusela ukusetyenziswa komntu (Artle 8), ukukhusela nokukhuselwa komntu (Artle 8) (incowa, ukusetyenziswa nokukhuselwa komgaqo-mthetho wenkululeko yemfazwe elungileyo (Atticlecusting) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yoluntu (umphatho-odwa ye-10, iqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yentlalo yoluntu (ethenti yoluntu, ingakumbi ye-199, ibandakanya eliyiyokunye kweyayo

Uzalisekiso lwe-ICCPR luyinkqubo yamagunya e-ICPR, ehlola iingxelo zephondo kunye nezikhalazo zomntu ngamnye, kwaye lubonisa indlela yamaMerika yokulawula amalungelo. Ngoxa iBhili yamaLungelo ixhomekeke kwiinkundla zasekhaya, i-ICPPR iyila iqumrhu lezizwe ngezizwe elinegunya lokukhupha ingcaciso kunye nezifuno. Le ngcamango yaguqula ihlabathi lonke ingcamango yokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu eMelika.

Impembelelo kwizixhobo zamalungelo abantu

IBill of Rights yasebenza njengesikhokelo esingqalileyo kwiinkqubo eziliqela zamalungelo abantu zengingqi, ngokuphawulekayo eYurophu nakumazwe aseMerika, yaye ngokungangqalanga yaphembelela inkqubo yaseAfrika.

Isivumelwano SaseYurophu Samalungelo Abantu

Isivumelwano sengingqi samalungelo abantu kwiNtlanganiso yaseYurophu eNtshona Koloni, efunyenwe ngowe-1950 phantsi kolawulo lweBhunga laseYurophu, sijongwa ngokuba sisivumelwano esinempumelelo kwimbali samalungelo abantu. Abaququzeli baso, abathatyathwe kwidemokhrasi yaseNtshona Yurophu, babeqhelene kakhulu ne-U.S. Bill of Rights. IBhili yamaLungelo. ICHER yamalungelo akhuselekileyo.[1] Ukuquka ilungelo lokuphila, ukuvalelwa kwengxhwabala, ukuvavanywa, ukuma okufanelekileyo, inkululeko yokubonakalisa, nenkululeko yonqulo, kunye nemilinganiselo ye-UDHR kunye neMiqatha yamaLungelo e-Expreme. Imichini elungele ukumiswa kweNkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungu elungele ukunikezela ngamalungelo abantu ngokungqalileyo ngokuchasene noorhulumente babo, ingqiqo ehlahlelayo kwizithethe zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. Inkundla yeNkuhlela i-Europe.

Inkqubo ehambelanayo neMelika

ISindululo saMalungelo oLuntu saseMerika, esamiselwa ngo-1948 (inyanga ngaphambi kwe-UDHR), sasiluxwebhu lokuqala lwamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke kule mihla. Saphenjelelwa kakhulu yiBhili yamaLungelo. INkundla yaseMelika yamaLungelo oluntu, emiselwe phantsi kweZiko lamaLungelo oluntu (19699), iqhubele phambili idibanisa ezi zikhuselo. Uluhlu lwamalungelo oluntu nawezobupolitika (* nelungelo lokugqibelela ubuntu bomntu, ekulunene, ekulungeni kobomi, ekuphatheni abantu, ekunene ekukhothweni, ekunene kwinkululeko yobukhoboka, ekunene kwinkululeko yobuqu, ekuthethweni kwetyala ngokusesikweni, inkululeko yesazela nenkululeko yesazela nonqulo, inkululeko yokucinga, inkululeko yokucinga nokuthetha, indibano, kunye nomanyano lwasekunene lweziqikelelo lwe-o-o-Cyll, i-Prencestingsss, ikhumpty, ikhundla lwemeko yelizwe elisebenza ngamandla amanani, i-elensitine, i-ele, ingakumbi, ikhuthule ikhutshwe kwimicimbi

Itshati yaseAfrika Ngamalungelo Abantu Nawabantu

I-Afrikan Chater (1981) ibandakanya amalungelo amaninzi asekuhlaleni nawezobupolitika afunyanwa kwiBhili yamaLungelo eLungelo , njengamalungelo okuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo, inkululeko yokubonakalisa, nenkululeko yonqulo . Kodwa iwabeka kwisakhiwo esibanzi esigxininisa kumalungelo amaqela, imisebenzi, kunye nenkqubela phambili yezoqoqosho. Ngoxa inkqubo yaseAfrika ingakhutshwanga ngqo ngqo yiU.S. iBhili yamaLungelo kunenkqubo yaseYurophu okanye yangaphakathi eMelika, ukufakwa kwayo kwenkululeko yodidi lwabemi ebanzi ibonisa ukukhutshwa kwemodeli yehlabathi lonke, u-albesethi yemiqathango yasekuhlaleni.

Imigaqo Eyintloko Eyayahlula Imida

Imigaqo eliqela engqalileyo evela kwiBhili yamaLungelo iye yaba yimilinganiselo yehlabathi lonke, nganye ihamba ngendlela eyahlukileyo ukusuka kumthetho - siseko waseMerika ukuya kumthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nentetho

The First Amendment’s protection of free speech has been enormously influential. The UDHR (Article 19), the ICCPR (Article 19), and the ECHR (Article 10) all protect freedom of expression. While international law permits more restrictions than U.S. law (e.g., prohibitions on hate speech, defamation, and incitement to violence are more common), the default presumption in favor of free speech—and the prohibition on prior restraint—is a direct legacy of the Bill of Rights. The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), which established robust protections for criticism of public officials, has influenced the European Court of Human Rights’ approach to political speech.

Ukukhuselwa Ekuthuthunjisweni Nesohlwayo Esinenkohlakalo

Ukwalela kwe-8h Amendment (umGaqo-siseko) “isohlwayo esingaqhelekanga” yayikukuvalwa komthetho-siseko okucacileyo kokuthuthunjiswa nokuphathwa kakubi ngurhulumente. Lo mgaqo ngoku ufakwe kwi-UDHR (Umthetho 5), i-ICPPR (Artle), iConvention Against Torture (19984), kunye nezixhobo ezininzi zengingqi. Ukwaliwa komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ( kumiselwe kwi-'s cogens) ekungavunyelwangakho ukukhutshwa, kwana kumaxesha emfazwe okanye kawonke wonke. Ukuvalwa kokuthuthukiswa kwesizwe. Okungagqibekanga kukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo kukhuseleko lwesizwe.[FLT]

Ukujamelana Netyala Elifanelekileyo

IBhili yamaLungelo iqinisekisa amalungelo amaninzi akhethekileyo abamangalelwa: ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawulezileyo nakuluntu (isiHlaliso), ilungelo lenkundla engakhethi-cawa (Sixth Amendment), ilungelo lokululeka (isiThandazo soHlelo-Mphetho-mthetho), ukukhusela kwingozi ephindwe kabini (ISifekta), nelungelo lokuchasene nokuzithethelela ngokwalo (IsiHlamkiso sesiXhosa). Le migaqo iye yasetyenziswa emhlabeni wonke ngeGatya 14 le-ICPR, eliquka ilungelo lokuchola i-ICPR, ilungelo lokuvalela, ilungelo lokungabi nabucala, ilungelo lokuxelelwa izityholo, ilungelo lokufumana ixesha elaneleyo nezixhobo zokuzikhusela, ilungelo lokufumana uncedo olusemthethweni, ukuhlolisisa amangqina, nokulunga ekuphumeleni kwe-RGenega. Inkundla ye-Rwanda ne-Rwanda (ibhineonka)

Inkululeko Yonqulo

IsiHlanzo sokuqala simisela iFree Execree Claus neSindululo sikaClaus, sidala umzekelo okhethekileyo waseMerika wokwahlukana kwecawa norhulumente nenkululeko yonqulo. Ihlabathi lonke, iUDHR (umchazi 18), i-ICPR (Article 18), kunye neSindululo sokuKhutshelwa kwenkululeko ye-Onke Ifomu Yokunganyamezelani nolokungavumelani noLunghanalelo olusekelwe kwiNkolo okanye kwiNkolo (19981) sikhusela ilungelo lokuba, ukwamkela, nokubonakalisa unqulo okanye inkolelo. Ngoxa amazwe amaninzi engalwamkeli ulwahlulo olungqongqo lwecawayo kunye norhulumente ofunyanwa kwiU.S., umgaqo ongundoqo wenkululeko yesazela nonqulo uqwalaselwe ngokubanziswa ngumphumo wempembelelo kaBill wamaLungelo.

Imida kunye neziNjikelezo

Kuya kuba kukulahlekisa ukuthi iBhili yamaLungelo yakhutshelwa nje kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. Kukho umahluko omkhulu. Kukho umahluko omkhulu okhoyo ekuqaleni oweBhili yamaLungelo orhulumente, hayi koorhulumente borhulumente (owatshintshwa kuMphengululo we-145). Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe, ngokwahlukileyo, usebenza ngqo kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente. IBhili yamaLungelo ayiquki amalungelo ezoqoqosho okanye asekuhlaleni, nto leyo engundoqo kwizixhobo zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. IBhili yeMalungelo okukhusela amalungelo empahla (IjiyoMphetho ka-125 ka-Claus Claus) ayinalogosa olungqalileyo kwizivumelwano ezininzi zamalungelo abantu zizwe ngezizwe. Yaye iBhili yamaLungelo ayengasekelwe ekungathembani amalungelo ombuso ombini, ngoxa umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ufuna ukuphunyezwa kwegunya eliphakathi.

Ngaphezu koko, iBhili yamaLungelo yamkelwa kwibutho elisebenzisa ubukhoboka, elilandulayo ivoti, kwaye libekelwe imiqathango yamalungelo abantu abamhlophe. Umbutho wamazwe ngamazwe, ngexa uphenjelelwa ngumzekelo waseMerika, uye wazama ukuphelisa ezi ngxaki ngokwembali ngokudibanisa iimeko zomhlaba, ezingezozizo ezobuhlanga, nokungawafuni onke amalungelo. UDHR uchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba amalungelo ayasebenza kuwo onke “amalungu entsapho yoluntu” ngaphandle kokwahlulwa ngokwahlukileyo.

Ukuphakamisa Nocelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Lwanamhlanje

Namhlanje, iBhili yamaLungelo ihlala ingumbandela ophilayo wabaxhasi bamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke. Xa abaxhasi beNkundla e-Hong Kong befuna inkululeko yokuhlanganisa, xa iintatheli eMexico zilwela ukukhusela ukukhangelwa komthetho, xa amabanjwa eRashiya evavanya iimeko zokuthuthunjiswa, acela imigaqo elandelela emva kwi 1791. Iinkcazelo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke. Umzekelo, izigqibo zenkundla zezezobucala zeze-adibster (umz.[FLT: 0] Ry] v. California, 2014, ifuna imvume yokuphendla iseli ye-data yomthetho yaseYurophu.

Kanti impembelelo ayiyondlela enye. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe uye wanyanzelisa i-United States ukuba iphinde ihlolisise izenzo zayo. I-ICPR, eyamkelwa yi-U.S. ngo-1992 ngamathandabuzo, iye yakhokelela ekuhlolweni ngamaxesha athile yiKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu ebalaselisa iindawo apho umthetho we-U.S. uphelelwa, njengokwahlulwa kobuhlanga kwimithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, uqheliselo lwetyala eGuantanamo Bay, kunye nesohlwayo sokufa. Oku kucebisa ukuba iBhili yamaLungelo alingomthombo nje kuphela kodwa ikwayinxalenye yengxoxo eqhubekayo ngentsingiselo yamalungelo abantu kwihlabathi eliguqukayo.

Isiphelo

IBhili yamaLungelo yaphuma ngexesha layo .A ngasekupheleni kweshumi elinesibhozo lenkulungwane elalanisa eyadala isiseko senkululeko kuhlanga olutsha. Kodwa abayili bayo babengenakulindela ukuba umsebenzi wabo ngenye imini ube ngumzekelo wehlabathi lonke. NgeSindululo samaLungelo Omhlaba Wonke, iSivumelwano saMalungelo Oluntu, iSivumelwano sezizwe Ngezizwe Zonke kwiiNtlalo nezopolitiko, kunye neenkqubo zengingqi eYurophu, iMelika, kunye neAfrika, imigaqo yenkululeko yokuthetha ngokukhululekile, inkululeko yonqulo, kunye nokhuseleko kwingqeqesho yokuthuthunjiso, iye yaba ngulwimi oluqhelekileyo lwesidima sabantu. UBill wamaLungelo akazange azisunguli ezi ngcamango zamandulo kwintanda-ntanda-bulumko necawa zangaphambili, kodwa zabanika uhlobo olusemthethweni olubonakala lungaphandle kakhulu. Njengoko imibutho yabantu emele ukujongwa ngokusukela kuvavanyo olutsha, ukujongwa kwelungelo lokungqwala ingu-Roglyll, iinscracracki yenkululeko, ikhulks akhunjulwayo ekhul.