Ukwazisa: Umsantsa Okhulayo Nendima Yamandla Omthetho

Ukungalingani kwemali efunyenweyo kuye kwavela njengenye yeengxaki zezoqoqosho nezentlalo zenkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu. Kumashumi amane eminyaka adluleyo, uqoqosho oluhambele phambili luye lwabona utshintsho olubalulekileyo ekunikezeleni ingeniso yesizwe, nobuninzi babenzi bemali bengenelo abaya befumana izabelo ezikhulayo ngeli xesha ingeniso yamaqela aphakathi nasezantsi esele ithe yakhula ngokuthozamileyo. Kumazwe asakhasayo, ukwanda okukhawulezileyo kwezoqoqosho kuye kwanyusa amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zabantu abangamahlwempu, ukanti umgama ophakathi kwabemi abazizizityebi nabangamahlwempu udla ngokunjalo.

Amaqumrhu asemthethweni — iipalamente, iingqungquthela neendibano — anegunya elingokwemGaqo-siseko lokumisela imithetho elungelelanisa ulwahlulo lwemiqathango. Ngokuyila imithetho yerhafu, ukwabiwa kwemali kawonke wonke, nokusungulwa kwenetha yokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni, la maziko anempembelelo enkulu ekuncedeni ubani ongenelwayo kukwanda kwezoqoqosho. Ukulwa nengeniso engekhona siseko asiyongxoxo nje yemfundo; yinkqubo yowisomthetho ebandakanya ingxoxo, ingxoxo, nokulungelelaniswa kwemibandela ekhuphisanayo.

Eli nqaku linikela uhlolisiso oluphangaleleyo ngendlela iziko lowiso-mthetho ehlabathini lonke ezisingatha ngayo ukungalingani kwengeniso ngemigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu nentlalo-ntle. Lihlolisisa iindlela ezikhoyo kubenzi berhafu, ubungqina ngoko kusebenza, iingxaki zezobupolitika nezoqoqosho ezibandakanyekileyo, kunye nenkqubo ekhoyo esenokubumba ikamva lolwando olulinganayo.

Ukulingana Nokungalingani Kwengeniso

Phambi kokuqwalasela iimpendulo zomgaqo-nkqubo, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela yokulinganiswa kwengeniso elinganiswa ngayo kwaye kutheni ibalulekile. Eyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu yi-GIni conation, esusela ku-0 (ukulingana okugqibeleleyo, apho wonke umntu efumana ingeniso efanayo) kwi-1 (ukungalingani okugqibeleleyo, apho umntu omnye enengeniso). Amazwe afana noMzantsi Afrika kunye ne-Brazil aneGini contigabastics ngaphezulu, ngelixa amazwe ase-Nordic esoloko efumana inqaku eliphakathi kwe-0.25 ne-0.30.

Noko ke, iGini conation ithetha kuphela inxalenye yebali. I-Economist iphinda ihlolisise umlinganiselo wePalma — isahlulo sengeniso ebekwe phezulu yi 10 ekhulwini eyahlulwe yile iqulathelwe ngezantsi kuma-40 ekhulwini — kunye nomlinganiselo phakathi kwe-CEO yembuyiselo nomsebéli womsebezi we-media. I-data evela kwimibutho efana Ingxelo ye-World Monuciality kunye ne-[FLT]OCD efumana iDibathamo yeDisithano-Diawulayo [ ityhila umkhwa-mzelo oqhubekayo: ngaphandle kongenelo olusebenzayo, imikhosi yezorhwebo ithambeka ukugxininisa ubutyebi kunye nengeniso phezulu.

Umgangatho ophezulu wokungalingani kwengeniso unxulumene neziphumo ezingalunganga, eziquka ukuhla konxibelelwano, ukufikelela imfundo ephantsi phakathi kwamaqela asweleyo, amaqondo aphezulu olwaphulo-mthetho nokubanjwa, kunye nokungephi okufunwa yimali ephantsi kwemali. Le miphumo ibangela ukuba kubekho ingcebiso enyanzelisayo kwinyathelo lowiso-mthetho.

Iintlawulo zerhafu njengezixhobo zoMnikezelo

Ngokunokwenzeka inkqubo yerhafu yesona sixhobo singqalileyo sokulahlwa kwendlu yowiso-mthetho ukuze iphembelele usasazo lwengeniso. Ngokugqiba ukuba ngubani ohlawula ingeniso yabo kwiphondo, imigaqo yerhafu isenokuyinyusa okanye inciphise ukungalingani.

Ukuhlawulwa Kwerhafu Ngokuqhubekayo

Umgaqo werhafu ehamba phambili yengeniso ucacile: abo banengeniso ephezulu bahlawula ipesenti ephezulu yengeniso yabo kwirhafu. Iinkqubo ezininzi zerhafu zamazwe zihambela phambili, kodwa iqondo lobhekiso phambili litshintsha kakhulu. Kwixesha lasemva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, amazwe amaninzi abeka amaqondo aphezulu aphezulu angamashumi asixhenxe ekhulwini okanye aphezulu. La manani ancipha kakhulu ukususela ngo-1980, intsingiselo eqhutywa yimibutho engqungquthela, ukuqhuba kwemali, kunye nempembelelo yezobupolitika yabangeni abani bengeniso abaphezulu.

Izicwangciso zomthetho eziqwalasela ukuba ukunyusa ingeniso ephezulu kufuneka zilinganise inzala eninzi ngokuchasene neziphumo ezingalunganga ekutyaleni kunye nokukhula kwezoqoqosho. Ubungqina obucacileyo obuvela kwi- National Bureau of Economic Research bucebisa ukuba unyuko oluphakathi kwimigangatho ephezulu aluyinciphi imveliso yezoqoqosho, ingakumbi xa ingeniso isetyenziswa ekuveliseni ungeniso oluthe lwanda.

Amatyala erhafu kwiintsapho eziphantsi neziphakathi

Amatyala erhafu ahlawulelwayo aye aba lisiseko somgaqo-nkqubo wokulwa nobuhlwempu kumazwe amaninzi. Ityala lerhafu elingenayo eUnited States, umzekelo, linika imali encinane kubasebenzi abahlawulwayo abafumana imali encinci abaphumayo benyuka njengengeniso. Uhlolisiso lomthetho lubonisa ukuba iEITC yandisa inxaxheba kumkhosi wabasebenzi phakathi kwabazali abangabodwa kwaye inciphisa ubuhlwempu. Iinkqubo ezifanayo zikho kuManyano boMbuso (Imali Encomo Yorhwebo), iKhaviso yeKhadi yeNtshona Koloni, neNew Zealand (Inzuzo yeZizalwa).

Imithetho idla ngokwandisa okanye ifake ezi zikweleti ngexesha lemijikelo yoqingqo-mali, izenza zibe sisixhobo esibhetyebhetye sokusingatha ubuhlwempu ngaphandle kokuyila iinkqubo ezifaneleyo ezimeleyo ezinzima ukuguqula.

Ubutyebi Nefa Lerhafu

Ukungalingani kwemali ehlawulwayo kunxulumene nokungalingani kwemivuzo.

Iirhafu zelifa, ezisebenza kubutyebi obudluliselwa ekufeni, zilucelomngeni lwezobupolitika kodwa zisebenza kakuhle ngokwezoqoqosho. Zinciphisa ubutyebi obuninzi obumanyeneyo kwaye zibangela umgangatho othe kratya kwabo bangalifumani ilifa elifanelekileyo. Imithetho imele icebise le rhafu ngokukhulula okwaneleyo kwiifama zentsapho namashishini amancinane ukuze kulondolozwe impumelelo yezopolitiko.

Umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu nomanyano lwezizwe ngezizwe

Umlinganiselo werhafu osetyenziswa ngamaqumrhu orhwebo uye wehla ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu edluleyo, ukusuka kumlinganiselo wama-40 ekhulwini ukuya kutsho kumashumi amabini anesihlanu ekhulwini kumazwe e-OECD. Olu gqatso ukuya ezantsi luye lwanciphisa umthwalo werhafu kubaphathi bamakomkhulu kwaye lufakela ekudibaniseni ingeniso. Amaqumrhu asemthethweni aqonda ngakumbi ukuba inyathelo elingelilo elinye lilinganiselwe xa ikomkhulu lihamba linqumla imida.

Isivumelwano sakutshanje serhafu sehlabathi lonke esaphulwa yiOECD neG20 — esimisela umlinganiselo ophantsi werhafu yeshishini elingu-15 ekhulwini — singumsebenzi obalulekileyo wokulungelelanisa imicimbi yehlabathi lonke. Ngoku izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zimele zisebenzise umthetho osebenzayo, inkqubo etyhila ukungavisisani phakathi kokutsalela imali kwamanye amazwe nokuqinisekisa ukuba imibutho ihlawula intsebenziswano yayo ngokufanelekileyo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yeNkcubeko neNkxaso yoKhuseleko

Nangona iinkqubo zerhafu zichaphazela indlela amakhaya agcina ngayo imali, iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle zimisela inkxaso engqalileyo ekhoyo kwabo bajongene neengxaki zezoqoqosho. Imithetho yezomthetho iyila ezi nkqubo ukuze zinikezele umgangatho ekungamele kuwe kuwo ummi, yaye kwiimeko ezininzi, iyakulwandisa ngamandla ukungalingani ngokuthuthwa nokusetyenziswa kwemali.

Iinkqubo zoDluliso lweCacio

Ukuthunyelwa kwemali ngokuthe ngqo kuphakathi kwezixhobo zenkqubo ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa ukulingana kwengeniso. Iinkqubo zokudluliswa kwemali ngemiqathango, njenge-Bolsa Família yaseBrazil kunye ne-Developpa yaseMexico, zinikezela ngentlawulo kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi ngokwemeko yokuba abantwana baye esikolweni baze bafumane isitofu. Ezi nkqubo ziboniswe ukuba zinciphisa ubuhlwempu, ziphucula iziphumo zempilo, kwaye zandisa ukuya esikolweni ngaphandle kokwenza ugcino lwexesha elide.

Ukuthunyelwa kwemali okungekho mthethweni kunye nengeniso esisiseko ye-UBI ekhoyo jikelele ifumene ingqalelo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Iinkqubo zesikhokelo eFinland, eKenya, nase-United States zibonise ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwemali kuphucula ukuhambelana nokunganciphiswa konikezelo lwemisebenzi. Ngeli xesha isikali esipheleleyo se-UBI sisekude kwezobupolitika, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zisoloko zihlola inxalenye okanye zijolise kwiintlobo zokuxhasa iinkqubo zentlalo-ntlalo.

Inkqubo yokhuseleko nelaphu

Iinkqubo zepensile zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuncipheni kokungalingani kwabantu abadala. Amazwe anenkqubo yoluntu ezinamandla zomhlala-phantsi — njenge-Netherlands, iDenmark, neChile — aneziphumo ezithe xa zithelekiswa namahlwempu phakathi kwabantu abadala. Iindlela zokuyila ezisemthethweni, ezifana nokuba iingenelo zisisicaba okanye zinxulumene nengeniso, nokuba zimiselwe ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, kwaye zixhaswa njani, zineziphumo ezinzulu zokusasazwa kwazo.

Olunye ukhetho olubalulekileyo olujongene neendlu zowiso-mthetho kukuba kusini na ukugcina iinkqubo ezichaziweyo zokuhlawula (eziqinisekisa ukuba zifumana umvuzo othile) okanye ukutshintshela kwiinkqubo zonikezelo ezichaziweyo (apho iingenelo zixhomekeke kwimbuyekezo yotyalo). Olungaphambili lunika uqinisekiso olungakumbi kubasebenzi abafumana imali ephantsi, ngeli lixa ezi zitshintshileyo zinika umngcipheko kubantu abasenokungabi nalwazi lwemali.

I - inshorensi yokungaqeshwa nomgaqo - siseko osebenzayo worhwebo lwemisebenzi

I-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa ilungiselela ukubuyiselwa kwengeniso yexeshana yabasebenzi abaphulukana nemisebenzi yabo, ukusetyenziswa kweentsapho ezizinzileyo ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho. Iingenelo zokungaqeshwa ngesisa zinxulumene nomlinganiselo ophantsi wobuhlwempu nokuncitshiswa kokungalingani, nangona iintsebenzi zendlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka zilungelelanise ukuba zifumane intsebenziswano kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba ekungangeni.

Imigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo yezoshishino zezengqesho — kuquka uqeqesho lomsebenzi, iinkqubo zoqeqesho, kunye nentlawulo yemali — i-inshorensi yokuncedisa abasebenzi ekusebenzeni ngokuncedisa ukutshintshela emsebenzini omtsha. I-Jamani "Iinguqu zeHartz" ekuqaleni kweminyaka yowama- 2000 ngumzekelo owaziwayo wemigudu yowiso-mthetho yokudibanisa inzuzo yokuguqula kunye nemisebenzi yempangelo esebenzayo, nangona iziphumo zabo ekungalinganini nokungalingani kwemisebenzi kusaphikisana.

IiNkcukacha NeeNkonzo Zoluntu: Imfundo, Unyango Nezindlu

Inkqubo yezentlalo iquka ilungiselelo leenkonzo zikarhulumente ezinciphisa ukungalingani. Iinkqubo zonyango lwendalo, ezinjengezo zaseKhanada neUnited Kingdom, ziqinisekisa ukuba iindleko zezonyango azinyanzeli iintsapho ukuba zibe nobuhlwempu. Iinkqubo zemfundo zikawonke-wonke zinika ithuba lokuhamba ngaphaya kwemali, nangona ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomekeke ekuxhaseni ngemali ukulingana nomgangatho.

Inkqubo yezindlu ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwizindlu ezifunyenweyo eziphantsi, apho amaxabiso ezindlu abonisa isabelo esikhulu senkcitho. Imithetho ingakuchaza ukungalingani kwezindlu ngokulawulwa kwerente, izixhasi zezindlu, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zikawonke-wonke, kunye notshintsho olusetyenziswayo oluvumela ukuxinana, inkqubela-phambili efikelelekayo.

Uphando lwetyala oluthelekisayo: Ii-applications ezahlukileyo zoMthetho

Imodeli yaseNordic: Ihlabathi Loluntu Nomvuzo Ophezulu

I-Norway, iSweden, iDenmark, neFinland ziye zafikelela kumgangatho ophantsi wengeniso engaphantsi kakhulu kumazwe ahambele phambili ngokudityaniswa kwerhafu eqhubekayo, amaphondo oluntu angomeleleyo, kunye nomgangatho ophezulu womanyano. Imodeli yemithetho kula mazwe igxininisa iinzuzo ezisehlabathini lonke — njengenkxaso yabantwana, unyango lwempilo-yomhlaba wonke, kunye nemfundo yamahhala — kunokuba kubekho iinkqubo ezivavanywayo. Le ndlela yehlabathi lonke ikhuthaza inkxaso ebanzi yezopolitiko kwintlalo-ntle kwaye iphepha ukuhlazeka okudla ngokunxulumene noncedo.

IUnited States: Ukuhlasela Ngemithetho Yerhafu

I-United States ixhomekeke kakhulu kwimithetho yerhafu ukwenzela ukuvulela irhafu kunokuyisebenzisa ngqo. Ityala lerhafu elinconywayo kunye netyala lokuhlawula irhafu yabantwana zizixhobo ezingundoqo zokunciphisa ubuhlwempu phakathi kweentsapho ezisebenzayo, ngelixa iinkqubo ezifana ne-Medicaid kunye ne-Someral Nutrition Relation Application Program zinika inkxaso ejongiweyo. Noko ke, inkqubo ye-U.S. ayithanga mdlaliselaneyo kunalawo akwamanye amazwe ahambele phambili, kwaye ingeniso inyuke kakhulu kwiminyaka engama-50 edluleleyo. I-Gregislatived gript, i-penicantiation, kunye nempembelelo yemirhumo yemirhumo iye yenza kwaba nzima ukufikelela

eBrazil: Ukuthunyelwa kwemali enemiqathango nokuncitshiswa kokungalingani

I-Brazil yafumana uhla olukhulu ekungalinganini kwengeniso phakathi kowama 2000 nowama-2015, iqhutywa kakhulu lulwandiso lwenkqubo yeBolsa Família kwaye yanda kwintlawulo encinane. Umiselo lwemithetho yale migaqo lubandakanya inkxaso ye-bipartisan yokhuseleko lwentlalo, njengokuba iziphumo zezobupolitika zihamba. Imeko yaseBrazil ibonisa ukuba namazwe anemigangatho ephakamileyo ephakamileyo angenza inkqubela elungeleleneyo ngokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo elandelelanayo.

Iingxaki Nezorhwebo Ekwakhiweni Komthetho

Imiqathango ijongene nemiqathango ebalulekileyo xa kusenziwa iinkqubo zokulungisa ukungalingani kwengeniso. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekuvavanyeni iindlela ezinokukhethwa zenkqubo nokubeka ulindelo olusengqiqweni.

Ukuphumelela Kwezoqoqosho Neengxaki

Abahlalutyi berhafu ephezulu nengenelo yentlalo-ntle eninzi baphikisa ngelithi iirhafu eziphezulu zibangela ukurhoxa kwemali emsebenzini, ukugcina, nokuhlawula imali. Ngoxa iqondo elithile lokusabela kokuziphatha lingenakuphepheka, iincwadi ezikhuthaza ukuba ezi ziphumo zithoba kubasebenzi abaninzi kwaye zibaluleke kuphela kubantu abafumana irhafu ephezulu kakhulu. Imithetho ingenza ukulahlekelwa ngokuyila iinkqubo eziluncedo ngokuthe ngcembe nangokubeka irhafu kwimisebenzi ehamba kancinci.

Ulondolozo lwemali kunye nokuzinziswa

Zonke iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle nerhafu kufuneka zixhaswe, kwaye iintsebenziswano zowiso-mthetho zisebenza ngaphantsi kwemiqathango yoqingqo-mali. Ukwandisa iinkqubo zoluntu kufuna iirhafu eziphezulu, ukuncitshiswa kwezinye iindleko, okanye ukuboleka okunyusiweyo. Ngamnye wezi zinto uneziphumo zezobupolitika nezezoqoqosho. Isithuba sokwandiswa kwemali sixhomekeke kwimiqathango yokwanda kwamanani, ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, nomthwalo wamatyala okhoyo.

Ukunganyaniseki Kwezobupolitika Nempembelelo Yeqela Elinomdla

Utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo lufuna ukuba kwakhiwe imibutho yokwakha ngaphakathi kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kunye nabaxhasi berhafu. Abantu kunye nemibutho yobutyebi banemirhumo emikhulu yokuxhasa iminikelo yentsebenziswano neyamaphulo, enokuthi ithintele okanye iyenze buthathaka umthetho ophengululayo. Kwakhona uluvo lukawonke-wonke lubalulekile: abavoti kumazwe amaninzi baxhasa ukunciphisa ukungalingani kodwa baxhase ukwanda okukhethekileyo kwerhafu, ingakumbi xa bekholelwa ukuba iingenelo ziya kuqukuqela lamaqela abawagqala njenge-estnety.

Ukhuphiswano Lokudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nerhafu

Kwixesha lekomkhulu elihambayo, izindlu zowiso-mthetho kufuneka ziqwalasele indlela imigaqo yazo yerhafu echaphazela ngayo ukhuphiswano lwerhafu lwamazwe ngamazwe. Umlinganiselo ophezulu werhafu yequmrhu ungenza iinkampani zitshintshele kwenye indawo, ngoxa irhafu yomntu ngamnye ephezulu ingakhuthaza ukufuduka kwabantu ababuleweyo. Ukulungelelaniswa kwerhafu yezizwe ngezizwe, njengoko kuboniswe yisivumelwano serhafu esincinane se-OECD, ingazinciphisa ezi nkcitho kodwa ifuna ukudityaniswa kwemicimbi yexesha elide.

Imisebenzi

Kwanemigaqo ecwangciswe kakuhle ingasilela ukuba abameli bakarhulumente abanabo amandla okuzizalisekisa ngokunempumelelo. Iinkqubo zovavanyo oluthe ngqo zifuna ingeniso ethembekileyo, iityala lerhafu zifuna iinkqubo zesefa ezifikelelekayo, kunye nokudluliswa kwemali kufuna ubuchule bokuhambisa obufikelela kumamkeli afunwayo. Imithetho-siseko kufuneka ifake kwimiqathango yolawulo ukuba inkqubo yabo iza kufikelela iziphumo zayo ezicetyiweyo.

Imigaqo etsha

Iingcamango eziliqela ezivelayo ziye zatsala ingqalelo kwiindlu zowiso - mthetho ehlabathini lonke, nangona inkoliso isesemaqongeni okuqala okumkelwa.

Ingeniso Esisiseko Nerhafu Engenangenelo

Uzinzo kunye noqoqosho luvuselele umdla kwingeniso esisiseko jikelele. Ngelixesha kungekho lizwe eliye lasebenzisa isikali esipheleleyo se-UBI, iinkqubo zomqhubi zihamba phantsi kumazwe amaninzi, kwaye iintlawulo zowiso-mthetho kumazwe anjengeSpeyin ziveze amacebo angenamkhethe njenge-Ingreso Mínimo Vital. Irhafu yengeniso engamkelekanga — ngokuyintloko umfanekiso we-EITC — isebenza kumgaqo omnye kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa.

Irhafu ezenzekelayo kunye neenkonzo zamanani

Njengeziqendu ezisusa ii-athom abasebenzi kwicandelo elithile, abanye abenzi bemigaqo-nkqubo baye bacebisa ukuba kutsalwe ukusetyenziswa kwerobhothi okanye bafuna ukuba iinkampani zinikele kwimali yabasebenzi abafudusiweyo. Iirhafu zeenkonzo zamanani, ezijolise kwingeniso yeenkampani ezinkulu zobugcisa, ziye zamkelwa zizindlu zowiso-mthetho kwi-European Union nakumazwe amaninzi. Le rhafu izimisele ukuthatha ixabiso eliveliswe yi-data kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba komsebenzisi, kunokuba ibe likomkhulu lokwezo zokwenyama.

Iindlela Zoqingqo - mali Neendlela Zobuhlwempu Obuninzi

INew Zealand neSkotlani ziye zavelisa "uqingqo-mali olunempumelelo" olubeka phambili iziphumo zentlalo kunye nemekobume kunye nokwanda kwezoqoqosho. Imithetho kula mazwe iqwalasela izibonisi ezifana nexabiso lobuhlwempu labantwana, impilo yengqondo, kunye nokulondolozwa kwemekobume xa kukho ugcino-bume bezixhobo. Oku kutshintsha ukujolisa ingqalelo ukusuka ekukhuleni kwe-GDP ukuya kumgangatho obanzi wenkqubela yezentlalo, esoloko iquka ukuncitshiswa kokungalingani ngokwenjongo.

Isiphelo: Imigaqo Eya Kwimali

Ukungalingani kwemali efunyenweyo asiyonto ingenakuphepheka kwizoqoqosho ezihambele phambili. Yimveliso yokhetho lwenkqubo olwenziwa — okanye olungenziwayo — ngamaqumrhu owiso-mthetho amashumi eminyaka. Ubungqina obuphindwe kweli nqaku bubonisa ukuba izindlu zowiso-mthetho zinezixhobo ezininzi ezisebenzayo ezinokulahlwa, ukusuka kwirhafu eqhubekayo kunye netyala lerhafu elithe kratya ngenxa yokuthunyelwa kwemali, iinkonzo zehlabathi lonke, kunye nongenelelo lwamashishini. Akukho mthetho uthile owaneleyo ngokwawo, kodwa ukudityaniswa kwerhafu neenguqu zentlalo-ntle kungayinciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukungalinganiyo ngaphandle kokunikezela kwenkqubela yezoqoqosho.

Amatyala aphumelele kakhulu — amazwe ase-Nordic, eBrazil kwiminyaka yowama- 2000, kunye neUnited States yasemva kwemfazwe — onke abandakanya imbopheleleko eqinileyo, i-bipartisn yemithetho yokunikezela. Ukwakha isibopho esinjalo kufuna ulawulo lwezopolitiko, imfundo kawonke-wonke, kunye notshintsho olusemgangathweni olunciphisa impembelelo yobutyebi obuninzi kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Kukwafuna ukuthobeka: imigaqo kufuneka iqwalaselwe, ivavanywe, kwaye ilungiswe njengoko iimeko ziguquka.

Njengoko amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho ehlabathini lonke ejamelene nokunyuka kokungalingani, ukhetho abalwenzayo aluyi kugqiba kuphela ngentlalo-ntle yabemi bawo kodwa luza kugqiba ngomanyano lwentlalo kunye nozinzo lwedemokhrasi lwezizwe zabo. Izixhobo ziyaziwayo; ucelomngeni kukuzisebenzisa.