Table of Contents
Xa iFederal Reserve inyusa inzala ngekota yepesenti, izigidi zamaMelika zibona ukunyuka kwemali yazo yetyala ngeveki. Xa zithe zahla, abathengi bezindlu ngequbuliso bafumana ukuba bayakwazi ukuthenga izindlu ebezingafikeleli ngaphambili. Xa igqiba ukufaka izigidi-zigidi zezigidi kwizoqoqosho ngexesha lengxaki, iziphumo zisuka kuzo zonke izinto ezithengiswayo ukuya kumaxabiso evenkileni. Kodwa nangona [[FLT: 0]] ifuredal Reserves iziphumo ezinkulu kubemi bemihla ngemihla , inkoliso yaseMerika inolwazi olungacacanga kakuhle ngoko esi siko okanye indlela izigqibo zayo ezichaphazela ngayo ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.
Isixokelelwano se-FULT iFederal Reserve System. Ngokuqhelekileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-"Ped"""" isebenza njengebhanki elisembindini waseMelika, isebenzisa izixhobo ezinokuvuselela okanye zicothelise uqoqosho lonke. Izigqibo zayo ziphembelela ukuba ungayinyusa na loo mali, nokuba imali yakho ifumana inzala enomdla, nokuba amashishini ayaqesha okanye abeka abasebenzi, nokuba idola epokotho yakho igcina amandla ayo okuthenga. Ukuqonda indlela iFeds esebenza ngayo akuyo ayiyo nje ukuqhelisela okanye ukuqhuba ingeniso ezoqoqosho.
Oku kuqhawulwa phakathi kokubaluleka kweFed nokuqonda uluntu kudala iingxaki zombini kwidemokhrasi kunye nemali yobuqu. Abami bazama ukuvavanya iinkqubo zezoqoqosho okanye baphendule iinkokeli xa bengabuqondi ubusisiseko benkqubo yemali. Abantu ngabanye benza ukhetho lwemali olusemthethweni xa bengaqondi ukuba izigqibo ezithenjiweyo zichaphazela njani ityala lezindlu, utyalo-mali, kunye nemali egciniweyo. Ngokususa iDevilencel Reserve kunye nempembelelo yayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, singaba ngabemi abanolwazi olungakumbi nabaqulukileyo besigqibo semali.
Yintoni Inkqubo YeReserve Yomanyano?
Ukwakhiwa Nenkululeko
Inkqubo yeFoleral Reserve [ imela i-fredal Reserve System [ ekhethekileyo yezinto zikawonke-wonke nezizimeleyo, ezenzelwe ukulungelelanisa ukuphendulana kwedemokhrasi kunye nengcinezelo yezobupolitika. Yenziwa yiBhunga ngoMthetho weFederal Reserve ka1913 ngokulandela uthothotho lwenkxalabo yemali, i-Fed isebenza njengebhanki elisembindini yesizwe ngelixa ukulondoloza ulawulo olungaqhelekanga kurhulumente nakulawulo lwamacandelo obuqu.
Inkqubo inee-aspects ezintathu ezingundoqo ezisebenza kwikonsathi. i-Board yeeGawulayo eWashington, D.C., iquka amalungu asixhenxe atyunjwe nguMongameli kwaye aqinisekiswe yiNtlanganiso yama-14 eminyaka. La magama made, adlula kulawulo oluninzi lomongameli, anceda ekugqumeni inkqubo yemali kwiingcinezelo zexesha elifutshane zezobupolitika. ISihlalo neSihlalo sobucala, sinceda amabinzana ka-4, abe bubuso bukawonke-wonke-wonke nabantu abathethayo.
Ishumi elinesibini lengingqi IiBhanki zeReserve ezikwilizwe lonke, ngalinye lisebenza kwimimandla ethile. Ezi bhanki `````Iindawo ezikhoyo''. Ezi dolophu] zibekwe kwizixeko ukusuka eBoston ukuya eSan Francisco] zibonelela unxulumano lwengingqi kunye nezoqoqosho zasekuhlaleni. Zilungelelaniswe njengemibutho yabucala kunye neebhanki ezingamalungu njengendawo ezigcina imali, kodwa zisebenza kwiinjongo zikawonke wonke kunokuba zifumane ingeniso. Olu cwangciso luqinisekisa ukuba iFad luqonda iimeko zezoqoqosho Washington kunye noLollard Street.
I- IKomiti yoMashishini aVulekileyo (FOMC) yenza izigqibo ze-Fed ezithe tye ezithe ngqo malunga nenkqubo yemali. Le komiti iquka bonke abalawuli bebhodi esixhenxe, umongameli weNew York Fed, kunye nabanye abane abalawuli bengingqi bephondo abasebenza ngokujikelezayo. Badibana izihlandlo ezisibhozo ngonyaka ukuvavanya iimeko zezoqoqosho nokumisela inkqubo yemali, kunye nezigqibo zabo ezichaphazela inzala, umsebenzi, kunye nokunyuka kwexabiso loqoqosho.
Isiqalo Somhla wesiphelo
IBhunga linike iFederal Reserve iimbopheleleko ezintathu ezingundoqo ezikhokela zonke izenzo zalo. Eyokuqala, [[FLT: 0] umsebenzi omninzi [[FLT: 1] uthetha ukuba iFed izakuphakamisa iimeko apho wonke umntu ofuna ukusebenza angafumana umsebenzi. Oku akuthethi ukuba akunaqali `ukungasebenzi' umgangatho we "ukungaqeshwa" uqhelekanga njengoko abantu betshintsha imisebenzi", kodwa kunoko baphepha ukungafumani misebenzi okungeyo ngenxa yeemeko zezoqoqosho ezibuthathaka.
Okwesibini, uzinzo oluphezulu lufuna iFed ukugcina ukunyuka komlinganiselo womoya kusezantsi nokuzinzileyo. IFed ikutolike oku njengokujoliswe kumaxhoba obunzima obu-2% ngonyaka, ukukholelwa ukuba olu mgangatho luvumela ukukhula okunempilo ngokwemeko yoqoqosho ngeli lixa uthintelo lwengxaki zombini ukunyuka komnyaka kunye nokukhutshwa konyuko. Eli xhoba alikho sizathu.
Okwesithathu, uncedo olugqithisileyo lwenzala yexesha elide luqinisekisa ukuba amashishini anokutyala kwaye iintsapho zingaboleka amakhaya ngamaxabiso afanelekileyo. Le njongo idibanisa ezinye , ukuqeshwa okuphezulu kunye nozinzo lwexabiso lukhokelela kwinani lenzala eliphakathi ngokwemvelo. Xa uqoqosho luzinzile kwaye lukhula, isantya senzala sifumana umgangatho olungeleleneyo apho kungaqhubekiyo okanye kuthintele umsebenzi wezoqoqosho.
Le miqathango isoloko ingqubana, inyanzelisa iFed ukwenza urhwebo olunzima. ukunciphisa ukungaqeshwa kungafuna iinkqubo ezibeka engozini ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ezinto . Ukulwa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali kungenza ukuba kufuneke izenzo ezinyusa ukungasebenzi. IFed kufuneka isoloko ilungelelanisa ezi njongo zikhuphisanayo, yenza izigqibo ezibangela isisongelo esikhulu kwizoqoqosho nangaliphi na ixesha.
Indlela Ezisebenza Ngayo Ngeenqwelo - moya
Ukuzimele kweFederal Reserve kulawulo lwezobupolitika lugqalwa njengolubalulekileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo wemali osebenzayo. Abezobupolitika abajongene nonyulo bangahendelwa ekunyuseni uqoqosho okwexeshana ngomgaqo-nkqubo wemali ongekhoyo, nokuba kubangela iingxaki zokunyuka kwamaxabiso okukhawulezileyo. Isakhiwo sikaFed sizama ukukhusela izigqibo zemali kwiingcinezelo zexesha elifutshane zezobupolitika.
Le nkululeko ayiphelelanga ```Ikhonforet' edalwe iFed kwaye ingakwazi ukutshintsha isakhiwo okanye isigunyaziso sayo. UMongameli unika impembelelo kumalungu ebhodi kwaye uyakwazi ukuphembelela inkqubo yokumiswa. IBhunga libamba iindlebe ezithe rhoqo apho amagosa aphezulu kufuneka achaze aze akhusele izigqibo zawo. Oku kwenza ukuba kufuneke ukuphendula ngexesha lokulondoloza inkululeko yokusebenza.
Imali eFakayo ngokwayo ngokuyintloko ngenzala efunyenwe kwizakhono zikarhulumente eyigcinayo, iyenza izimele ngokwasemalini kwii-Congregational approprites. Oku kuziphakamisa kuthintela abadlali bezopolitiko ekusebenziseni iziso ezisongela uqingqo-mali ukuphembelela inkqubo yemali. Noko ke, iFed ibuyisela ingeniso yayo kuTreator emva kokugquma iindleko zokusebenza, igcina imbonakalo yayo kawonke wonke.
uzimeleyo oludityanisiweyo luhlala lunempikiswano[. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi amagosa angakhethwanga angafanele asebenzise amandla amakhulu ngoqoqosho kwidemokhrasi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba inkqubo yemali ibaluleke kakhulu ukuba ithotyelwe kwimijikelo yezopolitiko kwaye ubuchule bezobugcisa beFed' buvelisa iziphumo ezingcono kunokuyila izigqibo zezobupolitika. Olu xinzelelo lwedemokhrasi kunye nozimele-teknoloji luyaqhubeka lubumba iingxoxo malunga nendima eyiyo yeFed.
Izixhobo Zomgaqo-nkqubo Wekhompyutha
Ulawulo lwesantya senzala
Isixhobo esibonakalayo nesisetyenziswa rhoqo simisela umlinganiselo wemali engaphezulu [].
I-Fed ayiwulawuli ngqo umyinge wemali yengingqi kodwa iyawuphembelela ngemisebenzi yentengiso. Ngokuthenga okanye ngokuthengisa iziqwenga zikarhulumente, i-Fed yongeza okanye isusa imali kwinkqubo yebhanki, ityhalela umyinge kwixhoba layo. Ukuba iFad ifuna ukuthoba isantya, ithenga iimali, ifaka imali kwiibhanki kwaye yenza imali eninzi. Ukunyusa imali, ithengisa iintlawulo, ukususa imali kunye nokwenza umnqongo wemali.
Iinguqu kumlinganiselo wemali kazwelonke odluliselwe ngokukhawuleza kwinkqubo yemali. Abasebenzi balungisa isantya sabo esiphambili [[[FTL:1]].
Ijelo losasazo lisebenza kwimijelo emininzi. Inciphisa iindleko zokuboleka, ikhuthaza amashishini ukuba ahlawule imali kunye nabathengi ukuba bayisebenzise. Zikwanceda ukugcina imali eninzi okanye ingeniso encinane, inyanzelise abantu ukuba basebenzise imali eninzi kunokuba bagcine imali kwi-akhawunti encinci.
I-Quantitetic Ilula Nekhasi Lokulinganisa
Xa isantya senzala esiqhelekileyo sibonakala singanele, ngokungakumbi xa amaqondo esondela ku-zero . umsebenzi osetyenziswayo [[FLT] ukunciphisa (QE). Oku kubandakanya ukuthenga inani elikhulu lamaqhina karhulumente kunye netyala lendlu yowiso-mthetho elifakelwe imali ngqo kwinkqubo yemali. Ngokungafaniyo nemisebenzi eqhelekileyo yokuthengisa evulekayo ejolise kwiqondo elifutshane lexesha, u-QE ujongo lokunciphisa amanani exesha elide nokwandisa ukunikezelwa kwemali xa izixhobo eziqhelekileyo zidiliziwe.
Ngexesha lengxaki yemali yowama-2008, iinkqubo zeFed eveliswe ngendlela engathethekiyo iQE, zandisa iphepha lazo lokulinganisa ukusuka ngaphantsi kwe-R2,5 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi ukuya ngaphezu kwe-$4,5,4,4,000. Indyikitya yokufa kwe-CHOVAD yabangela ukuba kuthathelwe phambili nangakumbi, ishicilelwe isantya esithe kratya, i-R34,9 yezigidi zezigidi. Ezi zinto zithengwayo zijoliswe ukunciphisa inzala yexesha elide, ukuxhasa amaxabiso exabiso, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iimari zemali zazinethanga elingeneyo.
IQEE isebenza ngeendlela ezininzi. Ngokuthenga amaqhina, iFed inyusa amaxabiso ayo kwaye ihlise imivuzo yayo, inciphisa iindleko zokuboleka kulo lonke uqoqosho. Abathengisi bemixokelelwano bafumana imali emabayisebenzise kwenye indawo, basenokuba bakwizinto eziyingozi njenge-'shekis' okanye amaqhina enkampanini, ukuhlisa iindleko kunye nokuxhasa amaxabiso athengwayo kwemali. Le "Portolio umlinganiselo womlinganiselo wemali" isasaza inkxaso yeFod kuyo yonke inkqubo yemali.
Iphepha lokulinganisa elikhulu leFed lidala ucelomngeni olutsha. Ukunganciphisi QE]
Iimfuno Zokulondoloza Nezixhobo Zexesha Lexesha Lentlekele
Ngokwesiko, iFed translate with imfuno zemali eziphenjelelweyo ngaphaya ```imithetho emalunga nendlela iibhanki zemali ezimele zigcinwe ngayo ngokunxulumene nokugcinwa. Ngokunyusa iimfuno zemali, iFad inganyanzela; ihlisela imali ekhutshiweyo kwimali-mboleko. Kodwa ngo-202020, iimfuno ze-Fed bekela elihliweyo kwiqanda, ibonakalisa utshintsho kwindlela ezisebenza ngayo iibhanki zale mihla kunye nokufumaneka kwezinye izixhobo ezithe ngqo.
IFad igcina izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zongxamiseko kwiimeko zoxakeko. iwindow yokukhangela i-'[FLT'] ivumela iibhanki zivumele iingxaki zolwelo lokwexeshana ukuba ziboleke ngqo kwiFed, zithintele iingxaki ezizodwa ekusasazeni. Ngexesha lengxaki yeCOVID-19, iFad yaseka izixhobo ezininzi ezikhethekileyo zokuxhasa yonke into ukusuka kwimali yemali ukuya kumaqhina kamasipala, ibonakalisa amandla azo okwakha izixhobo ezintsha xa iimeko zifuna.
"Phambili ukhokelo" luye lwaba sisixhobo esibaluleke ngakumbi. Ngokuthetha ngokucacileyo ngomgaqo-nkqubo wexesha elizayo, iimpembelelo eziziimpembelelo eziziintloko ezilindeleyo kunye nokuziphatha namhlanje. Ukuzigcina zisezantsi amazinga kwixesha elandisiweyo kungakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemali kwangoku kunye notyalo-mali ngaphandle kwesantya esikhawulezileyo. Le nkqubo yonxibelelwano iqonda ukuba ukulindela malunga nenkqubo yexesha elizayo kunamandla njengezicwangciso zenkqubo zangoku.
Imigca yotshintshiselwano ephakathi eqinisekisa ukufumaneka kweedola emhlabeni wonke ngexesha lamanqam. Njengoko urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lusenzeka ngekota, maxa wambi iibhanki zamanye amazwe zinokunqongophala iidola ezinokuthi ziphazamise urhwebo lwehlabathi lonke kunye nemali. Ezi zivumelwano zotshintshiso zivumela iFed ukuba inikezele kwiibhanki zangaphandle, ezinika imali yazo ezibuyiselayo, zigcine ukuzinziswa kwemali yomhlaba wonke.
Indlela Izigqibo Ozenzayo Ezibuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla
Impembelelo Engqalileyo Kwindleko Zokuboleka
Xa iFederal Reserve ilungisa isantya senzala, iziphumo zibonakala kwibhokisi yeposi yakho kunye neengxelo zebhanki yakho kwiiveki okanye iinyanga. ICredit intengo yenzala yamakhadi[, iqhele ukuguquguquka kwaye ibotshelelwe kwisantya esiphambili, ilungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza emva kwentshukumo. Unyuko lweFedi olungu 0.25% oluqhelekileyo luguqulela kunyuko olufanayo kumlinganiselo wamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala. Kumntu othwele umlinganiselo wemali e-$5000,000.50 iziphumo ezithelekisa inzala zonyaka zithetha ingeniso eyongephi nangaphezulu, ukuba izigidi ezingaphezulu, kunye neziphumo zezoqoqosho ziba nkulu.
[[NTL:0] Amaqondo e-Mortgage aphendula kumgaqo-nkqubo owenziweyo kodwa ngeendlela ezintsokothileyo. Ngelixesha iFade ilawula ngqo umlinganiselo omfutshane wexesha elizayo, amaqondo endlu yokuxhasa isakhiwo ixhomekeke kakhulu kwinani lokudibanisa ixesha elide nokufumana uzaliso. Noko ke, inkqubo yeFad iphembelela ngamandla ezi meko. Xa iziphumo zexesha elizayo zinyuka, amaqondo emali endlu yendlu yendlu yangasese asoloko enyuka ngokukhawuleza njengoko iimarikethengiso zilindele inkqubo eqikelezayo. Ngokuphikisana noko, izibophelelo ezithengiselwayo zixhomekeke kwixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu zigcina amaqondo emali ebhankiweyo engaphantsi engazingenwa ngamaxesha ayandayo.
Qwalasela umzekelo osebenzayo: Ngo-2020-2021, iinkqubo zefashoni zatyhalela amaqondo emali yetyala lendlu kwimbali esezantsi kufuphi ne 2,5% yemali ebolekiweyo eneminyaka engama-30. Umntu obolekayo imali emalunga ne-$500,000 nge-5.5% uhlawula malunga ne-R3,185 ngenyanga. Xa amaqondo enyuka ukuya ku7% (anjengoko aye anjalo ngo-2023) imali-R3,996 ngenyanga. Lo mahluko uthetha ukuba imali ebolekayo engaphezulu ihlawule imali emalunga ne-R340 000 ngenzala kubomi bemali ebolekiweyo. Olu tshintsho lungabiza amacandelo apheleleyo abemi basekhaya.
Imali-mboleko ezenzekelayo, imali-mboleko yobuqu, kunye nemigca elinganayo yetyala yonke ilandela imilinganiselo efanayo. Imali-mboleko ebolekiweyo ebolekiweyo, ingakumbi yemali-mboleko yabucala, iyaguquguquka ngenkqubo kaPhunyezi. Kwanemali-mali yomfundi, enemali-mali emiselwe yiBhunga leNkongozelo, inika impembelelo yenkqubo kaFade. Amashishini amancinane avakalelwa ukuba le mpembelelo inokuba neziphumo ezingaphezulu zingathetha umahluko phakathi kolwando-okrwelo okanye ugcino-mali, phakathi koqesho lwabasebenzi abatsha okanye ukwenza umsebenzi wangoku.
Imisebenzi
Impembelelo yeFederal Reserve yemakethe yemveliso isebenza kwimijelo emininzi, nangona inezinto ezibalulekileyo. Xa iFedi esezantsi ikhuthaza uqoqosho, amashishini akufumanisa kunciphiswe ukuboleka ukuze anyuswe. Itsheyina levenkile yokutyela ingavula iindawo ezintsha, umenzi angadibanisa iilayini zemveliso, okanye uqaliso lobugcisa lungakhawulezisa ukuqesha. Ezi zigqibo, ziphinda-phinda-phindekelele kwezoqoqosho, zivule amathuba omsebenzi.
Ngokuchaseneyo, xa iFed inyusa amaxabiso okulwa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso, intengiso yomsebenzi idla ngokuphola. Iinkampani zijongene neendleko zokuboleka zize zincitshiswe nayimfuno yabathengi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqeshweni kwengqesho okanye ukudityaniswa kwemisebenzi. Ngokusisiseko iFed isebenzisa ukungasebenzi njengesixhobo sokulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ngezantsi/i-a ebangela impikiswano enkulu. I-Chedheager Jerome Powell yavuma ngo-20222 ukuba ukuhlisa ukunyuka kwexabiso kuya kuzisa "iintlungu" kwizindlu nakumashishini, ngokubhekiselele ekubeni ukungaqeshwa kwemisebenzi kwakuli ixabiso elifanelekileyo lokuzinziswa kwexabiso.
Ulwalamano phakathi kwenkqubo yeFed kunye nemivuzo lunzima kwaye lusoloko luphikisana. inkqubo yemali engekho mthethweni edala imisebenzi ngokungathi iyayiqhuba njengemivwana yabaqeshi yokukhuphisana ngabasebenzi. Noko ke, ukuba imisebenzi yeFace ikhuthaza ngamandla kakhulu ukukhuthaza umsebenzi, okuphumela ekuncipheni kwexabiso lemali kungawa lixabiso eliphezulu kulowo unyukayo. Abasebenzi bangafumana imali eninzi kodwa bafumane ezo erandi zithengwa kancinci.
Amaqela awahlukeneyo afumana iziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Imisebenzi enomdla onzulu njengolwakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo zokwemvelo ivakalelwa kukuba utshintsho lwesantya lukhawulezile nakakhulu. Ukwanda kwesantya okuchaphazela inkampani ye-software kunokumtshabalalisa umkhi we-software. Ubuchule, ngokuxhomekeka kwayo kwikomkhulu elibolekiweyo lezixhobo, ngokuqhelekileyo isabela ngamandla kwinkqubo yoomatshini. Ishishini lenkonzo linokufumana iziphumo ezithe shwaka ngakumbi, nangona lisaziva iziphumo ezingangqalanga ngqo ngeenguqu zokusetyenziswa kwabathengi.
Ukuzalisa Kwamandla Akho Okuthenga
Uxanduva olungundoqo lweFederal Reserve olungundoqo ` lungaxhasa uzinzo lwexabiso . Ngokungqalileyo luchaphazela oko ukukhangela kwakho intlawulo kungakuthenga. Xa iFad ivumela imali eninzi kakhulu kwizoqoqosho, amaxabiso anyuka ngaphaya kwebhodi. Xa ilinganisela imali kakhulu, ukukhukuliseka kunokwenzeka, kuzisa iingxaki zayo zezoqoqosho. Ubeko lweFed 2% yonyaka ukunyuka kwemali njengendawo elungileyo evumela ukukhula kwezoqoqosho ngexesha lokongabiziweyo.
Qwalasela indlela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okwenzeka ngayo ngexesha. Kwindawo yesibini% yexhoba leFed, amaxabiso aphindwe kabini rhoqo kwiminyaka engama-35", kodwa anokulawuleka. Kwi 4% yamaxabiso, amaxabiso aphindwe kabini kwiminyaka eli-18 kuphela. Kwinani eli-9% elibonwayo phakathi-2022, amaxabiso anokuphindaphindeka kwiminyaka eyi-8 kuphela. Oku kwahluka oku kuya kuchaphazela kakhulu ukuhlelwa komhlala phantsi, usukelo lwemali, kunye nokuhlawulwa kwengxelo. Impumelelo ye-Fed okanye ukungaphumeleli kokulawula ukunyuka kwexabiso lemali kugqiba ukuba imali yakho igcinelwe phantsi okanye iyaphela kancinci.
Iziphumo zokwehla kwamaxabiso emali yehlabathi zokwenene zohluka kakhulu kwiindidi zokusebenzisa imali. Iindleko zendlu, ezimele inkoliso yeendleko ezinkulu zeentsapho, ziphendula kancinci kwinkqubo ehambayo ngenxa yemali eqeshiweyo nezindlu eziqeshiweyo. Ukutya kunye namandla, okuphenjelelwa ziimeko zomhlaba wonke ezingaphaya kolawulo lomgangatho, azinakuphendula ngokuqiniseki kwinkqubo yemali. IFed igxininisa ku "core" ukunyuka komcimbiso wokukhupha ukutya namandla, kodwa iintsapho azikwazi ukuzikhupha ezi zinto ziyimfuneko kuqingqo-mali.
Umlo we-Fed's wokwehla kwamaxabiso udala abaphumeleleyo nabangaphumeleliyo. Abawufumanayo umhlala-phantsi kwingeniso ezizinzileyo bayabandezeleka xa ukunyuka kwemali kungaphaya kolindelo. Ababoleki bemali-mali bebolekiswe ngemali bangenelwa ngokuhlawula ii-irandi eziziindleko. Abagcini-mali abagcini-mali babona amandla abo okuthenga ephela, ngelixesha abanezikhuseli zokunyuka kwamaxabiso benokuthi baphumelele. Ukuqonda lamandla kunceda abantu bazimise ngokufanelekileyo ngokweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokwehla kwamaxabiso.
Imizekelo Yembali: Izenzo Nemiphumo Yazo
Ukuphumelela Kwengxaki Yemali Yowama - 2008
Impendulo yeFederal Reserve yowama-2008 yengxaki yemali yabonisa amandla ayo amakhulu kunye nemida yenkqubo yemali. Njengoko iqampu lezindlu liwohloka kunye namaqumrhu emali, iFed yaza yaxhonywa zonke izixhobo ezikhoyo zaze zaveliswa ezintsha. Imali yephondo yehla ukusuka ku 5,25% ukuya kutsho kwiqondo elifanelekileyo ngoDisemba 2008. Xa oko kwangqinwa kwanganele, iFed ephumezayo iinkqubo zeQE ebezingenakucingwa kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambili.
Ngapha koko kusikwe nentengo yemali, iFed yenza iindawo ezininzi zongxamiseko. Ama-Term Auction Facial anikezela ngeemali ezibolekiweyo kwiibhanki ezingazimiseleyo ukusebenzisa intengiso yexabiso elibi. I-Formark Funding Facial Begibility yaxhasa ukuboleka kwenkampani ebolekisayo yexeshana. I-Fad yade yabhalisa ngaphandle kwe-AIG, inkampani ye-inshorensi engaphandle kwe-purview yayo eqhelekileyo, iyijonga njenge-dityaniyo ukuba ingasiphumeli. Le misebenzi, ngexa kudla ngokuphikisana, yakhusela ukuwa okupheleleyo kwezoqoqosho.
Impendulo yamanqam yabonisa indlela imigaqo-nkqubo e-Fed edala ngayo iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Kufutshane nozero iminyaka esixhenxe abagcini-mali, ingakumbi abarhoxi bexhomekeke kwingeniso yenzala. Ukuthengwa kwentengo enyusiweyo kunye namaxabiso omanyano, ngokuyintloko kunceda abanini beempahla ezityebileyo abatyebileyo. Izenzo zikaFed zisenokuba zithintele udandatheko kodwa zinegalelo kwintabalala yokungalingani okuqhubeka kubangela ukuphambana kwezobupolitika. Ezi ziphumo zokusasazeka zibonisa indlela imigaqo-mthetho eqhotyo, ngexa kubhekiswa kwiinjongo zemali, ukwenza iimbangolo ezincinane nelahleko.
Ukuchacha kwengxaki kwangqineka kucotha ngokudimazayo nangona inkxaso yeFed engazange ibonwe ngaphambili, icacisa imiqathango yemali. IFed inganika ulwelo kunye nexabiso eliphantsi kodwa ayinakunyanzela iibhanki ukuba ziboleke okanye zifakelele amashishini. Le "kugalela kumtya wentambo" ingxaki ibonisa ukuba kutheni inkqubo yemali esetyenziswa ngurhulumente kunye nerhafu kufuneka isebenze kakuhle xa imibhobho yemali ifuna ukulungiswa, kodwa iingxaki zezoqoqosho zifuna izicombululo ezahlukeneyo.
Impendulo ye-COVID-19
Isifo esinguFed's saphendula ngendlela ethobayo ngowama-2008. NgoMatshi 2020, njengoko kwaqaliswa ukutshixwa, amaqondo eFed aqalweyo ukuya kutsho kuqatselo kwiintlanganiso zongxamiseko kwaye ekwabhengezwa ukuba iQE(e) ithembisa ukuthenga nayiphi na into efunekayo ukuxhasa imarikente. Iphepha lomlinganiselo liqhushumbe ukusuka kwizigidi ezingamawaka ezigidi zeerandi ukuya ku $7 zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali (izigidi ezingamashumi amathathu zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeera). IFed es sikwakhet ukuthenga amatyala e-ocester, kwane ee-e-etFvens (intenes) kunye nee-exf kushishina zentengiso elingakhange lixhase ngqo.
I- Inkqubo ye-Main Street Linding yazama ukuxhasa amashishini amancinci kunye namashishini aphakathi, nangona enempumelelo elinganiselweyo. UMasipala wobuMasipala wobuMbindi wobuMkhosi belizwe elinqanyuliweyo kunye nokuboleka urhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Umba wePreater Crtice Faceficatial wathenga amaqhina amatsha enkampani, ngokubhekiselele ekunikezeleni inkxaso yemali yenkampani engundoqo. Ezi nkqubo zaneka ugunyaziso lweFed zaphakamisa imibuzo malunga nemidanga ephakathi yebhanki.
Le mpendulo yogonyamelo, idityaniswe nokukhuthuza okukhulu kwemali, yaphumelela ekuthinteleni ukuwa kwezoqoqosho kodwa yafak ’ isandla kunyuko lwamaxabiso athe lwalandela. Ngokugcina amanani kufutshane nozero kunye nokumpompa izigidi zezigidi zezigidi kwizoqoqosho ngexesha lonikezelo luphazamiseka, iFed yanceda ekubangeleni unyuko oluphezulu kwiminyaka engama-40. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba iFed yahlala ivuselelwa ixesha elide kakhulu, ngexa abaxhasi bephawula ukungasebenzi okungakhuliselayo okusenokuba kubangelwa kukuqina kwangaphambi kwexesha.
Le ngxaki ibalaselisa indlela imigaqo-nkqubo edityanisiweyo enxulumene ngayo nenkqubo yemali nento enzima. Urhulumente uphembelela urhulumente ukhangela kwaye andise iinzuzo zokungaqeshwa okubonelelwa ngamandla okusetyenziswayo, ngelixesha iinkqubo zemali eziqinileyo ziqinisekisa ukuba iimarike zinokuqhuba olu lwando lungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Olu manyano phakathi kwemali namagunya aphezulu, ngexa luyimfuneko ngexesha lengxaki, lwanyusa inkxakeko yenkululeko nenkxakeko yokuzimela ngokwemali.
Ungquzulwano Olunyukayo lwama-2022-2023
Emva kokunyanzelisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwakungu-"translate" phakathi konyaka wama-2021, iFedd ejinga ngokuphawulekayo ngo-2022, iqalisa kwiphulo layo elinzima lokuqinisa amashumi eminyaka. Imali yelizwe yanyuka ukusuka kufutshane ne-zero ukuya kutsho kwisihlanu se-isenti kwiinyanga ezili-16 nje. IFed yaqalisa ukucutha iphepha layo lokulinganisa, ivumela amawaka ezigidi ukuba akhule ngaphandle kokutshintsha. Oku kunyanzelisa imfuneko nokubuyisela ukunyuka kwexabiso.
Impembelelo ebethelelwe kwinkcitho yezoqoqosho kanye njengoko kucetyiswa ``` kwaye esoyikwa. Amaqondo e-Mortgage aphezulu ku 7% , ukutyumza ukuthengiswa kwasekhaya nolwakhiwo. Iinkampani zezobugcisa, ezinovelwano oluphezulu kwinzala, ezikhutshwe amakhulu amawaka abasebenzi. Iibhanki zephondo zajamelana nengxaki njengoko inani elinyukayo lomanyano lwazo, ukuphumela ekusileleni kwebhanki ekuqaleni ko-2023. Umbango wexabiso lemali wakhupha iintlungu zokwezoqoqosho.
Kanti uqoqosho lwangqineka lunamandla ngokuphawulekayo, lubangela kube nzima izigqibo zeFed. Ukungasebenzi kwahlala kufutshane nembali esezantsi naphantsi kwesantya sokunyuka. Ukusetyenziswa kwemali kwaqhubeka naphantsi kweendleko eziphezulu. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo: Ukuba ngaba isakhiwo sezoqoqosho sitshintshile? Ngaba iindyikitya zokuhlasela kwezoqoqosho zitshintsha ngokusisigxina? IFed yazama ukutolika imiqondiso nenkqubo yokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, ibalaselisa ucelomngeni lokuqhuba inkqubo yemali phakathi kokungaqiniseki kwesakhiwo.
Esi siganeko sabonisa indlela ukunyaniseka okuchaphazela ngayo inkqubo esebenzayo. Emva kokucotha ukuqaphela ukunyanzeleka kokwehla komsantsa, iFed kwafuneka ithathe inyathelo elinamandla ukuqinisekisa iimarike ukuba zazinzulu ngokozinzo lwexabiso lokubuyisela. Oku kulahlekelwa kwathetha iintlungu zezoqoqosho ezininzi kunokuba bekuyimfuneko ngesenzo sangaphambili. Amava agxininisa isizathu sokuba iibhanki ezisembindini zigcine iziqinisekiso zazo zokuncitshiswa kobunzima bokunyuka komcimbiso.
Ukuqonda Unxibelelwano Olufanelekileyo
Intetho Ekhohlisayo
IFederal Reserve inxibelelana ngeziqhagamshelanisi ezahlukeneyo, nganye inceda abaphulaphuli neenjongo ezahlukeneyo. ngxelo yeFOMC ekhutshwe emva kwentlanganiso nganye inika isigqibo somthetho nenkcazo yezoqoqosho. La maxwebhu alungiselelwe kakuhle asebenzisa ulwimi oluchanekileyo apho kwanamagama atshintsha inkqubo yemiqondiso efihlakeleyo. Xa iinguqulelo zeFeb "ixesha elithathwayo" ku "umonde" malunga nesantya esinyukayo, iimarikente zihambisa iibhilidi zeera zemali ngokwezingulo.
Ingqungquthela yoxinzelelo yeSihlalo elandela iintlanganiso zeFOMC inika ingxubusho eninzi kakhulu ngengcinga kaFade. Iindaba-ndaba ziphanda ngokucacileyo kwiintetho ezicacileyo kunye neenjongo zexesha elizayo. Isihlalo kufuneka silinganise ukubonakala gca, sinikezele ngaphandle kwezigqibo zexesha elizayo. Igama elilahlekileyo lingabangela ukuba kuthengwe imarike, lenze le miba ephezulu ethatha inyathelo kunxibelelwano.
Amagosa angomnye umgangatho anikela iintetho nodliwano-ndlebe olunika umbala owongezelelekileyo kwiingxoxo zenkqubo. Olu nxibelelwano lulandela amaxesha okuzimela ngaphandle kweentlanganiso ze-FOMC kwaye kufuneka lulumke ukungagwebi izigqibo zeekomiti. Fedp shop" isuka ekuziqhelazeni kwangabom phantsi kweAlan Greenspan ukuya kucaca ngakumbi phantsi kwesihlalo sakutshanje, nangona ulwimi lusoloko lunenkathalo kwaye lufanelekile.
IFed ipapasha uhlalutyo olunzulu lwezoqoqosho kwiibhanki zengingqi kunye nebhodi. IBeige Book iqokelela uqoqosho lwengingqi izihlandlo ezisibhozo ngonyaka. Ingxelo yemiqathango yeMonetial inika uhlolo olubanzi kunye nengxoxo yenkqubo yezoqoqosho. La maxwebhu anceda abaqwalaseli baqonde ugcino-lwazi kunye nohlalutyo oluphantsi kwemigaqo-nkqubo.
Ukulandela Izigqibo Ezazenziweyo
Kubemi bemihla ngemihla abafuna ukulandelela inkqubo yeFom, oovimba abaninzi benza inkqubo enzima yemali ifikeleleke. Iwebhsayithi yeFOLT inika zonke iinkcubeko ezisemthethweni, ukusuka kwiingxelo ze-FOMC ukuya kwiintetho zoMqungu. IFed iphinde igcine iindawo eziqwalaselweyo ezichaza indlela inkqubo yemali echaphazela ngayo imali yobuqu.
Izixhobo zezemali zigubungela kakhulu izigqibo ezithe zafunyanwa, nangona umgangatho ungafani ngokuphawulekayo. Imithombo edumileyo inikela umongo kunye nohlalutyo olunobuchule olunceda ekuguquleni izenzo ezichuliweyo ngokweziphumo ezisebenzisekayo. Noko ke, ukuhlohlwa okuchukumisiweyo kunokuzibala iimpembelelo okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi konxibelelwano. Ukuphuhlisa ulwazi olusekelwe kwijelo losasazo lweFed kunceda ukwahlukanisa uphawu nengxolo.
I- Isixhobo seFED Watch isebenzisa amaxabiso entengiso kwixesha elizayo ukulinganisela ukubala amathuba entshukumo zexesha elizayo. Nangona zingagqibekanga, ezi ntelekelelo zisekelwe kuthengiso zisoloko zingqineka zichanekile kuneentengiso ezichwethezekileyo. Ukuqonda oko kulindele iimarike kunceda kulindele izenzo ezithe tye kunye nezinto ezinokubangela ummangaliso.
Izalathiso zezoqoqosho i-Fed hours ezikufuphi($iingxelo zemisebenzi, ukunyuka kwexabiso lemali, ukukhula kwe-GDP (iinkcukacha zexesha elizayo). Ingxelo yemisebenzi yenyanga neLift Price yesalathisi senyanga yokuqala phakathi kwinyanga. Ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi impembelelo kugcino-lwazi oluninzi ekucingeni iziphumo zezentengiso zezoqoqosho.
Iimbono Eziqhelekileyo Ezingachananga NgeSiqithi EsisisiFederal
"Imali Ekhatyiweyo"
Ngelixesha abantu bedla ngokuthi ishicilela imali," oku kufaka ngaphezulu inkqubo entsonkothileyo. IFed ayishicileli ngokoqobo imali ephathekayo . Oko kukuthi yi-Ofice ye-Encreau ye-Englining kunye noshicilelo. Endaweni yoko, iFed yenza amathala eekhomputha anokuboleka iibhanki, ngokunempumelelo ukubonelela imali. Xa iFed ithengelela izibo zobopho nge QE, ityala iityala lebhanki elithengisa iityala nge-iral ye-oktroniki ezisandul' ukudalwa.
Le mveliso yemali ye-elektroniki ayingomda okanye ayinaziphumo. Ukudalwa kwemali eninzi kubangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, kucutha ulungiso lwexabiso le Fed'. IFed kufuneka ilungelelanise ukubonelela imali eyaneleyo yokukhula kwezoqoqosho ngaphandle kokuxhobisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali. Esi senzo sokulinganisa, hayi umatshini wokushicilela ophathekayo, simisela unikezelo lwemali.
Ulwalamano phakathi kwezenzo zobuFasi kunye nokunikezelwa kwemali luye lwantsonkotha kakhulu. Iingcamango zobucukubhede zicebisa ulwalamano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwezigcini-mali kunye nokuboleka, kodwa iibhanki zale mihla zisebenza ngokwahlukileyo. Iibhanki zingenza imali ngokuboleka nangayiphi na imithombo, zinyanzelelwa kakhulu yimfuno yekomkhulu kunye nemfuno yokubolekisa kunokugcinwa kwemali. Oku kuntsonkotha kwenza ukuba usasazo lwenkqubo lweFad lungaxelelwano oluthelekelelwayo kwiincwadi.
"Ikhamandela lilawula Imveliso"
Ngeli xesha iFade isebenzisa impembelelo enkulu, ayinakulawula uqoqosho njenge-thermostat thermat thermat. Inkqubo ye-monetary isebenza nge-lars ende neguquguqukayo . Namhlanje utshintsho lwesantya lungawuchaphazeleli ngokupheleleyo uqoqosho kangangeenyanga ezili-12-18. IFED ayinakuphembelela iimeko zemali kunye nentshukumisa kodwa ayinakunyanzela amashishini ukuba afakelele okanye athengisele imali.
Inkqubo yeFiscal, emiselwe yiKhonkxane kunye noMongameli, isoloko ibaluleke ngaphezu komgaqo-nkqubo wemali. Iinguquko zerhafu, iindleko zikarhulumente, kunye nemimiselo zibumba iziphumo zezoqoqosho ngendlela ezingenakuphinda ziphinde zibonwe. Ngexesha lothengiso, ukhuthuzo lwemali lusoloko lungqineka lusebenza kakhulu kunentengantengiso yemali, ingakumbi xa amazinga sele esezantsi. I-Fed inika inkxaso ebalulekileyo kodwa ayinamandla oqoqosho.
Izinto ezisehlabathini zinyanzelisa urhwebo lwehlabathi olusebenzayo. Urhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, imithetho yebhanki yamazwe angaphandle, kunye nokubonelela ngehlabathi okuchaphazela iziphumo zezoqoqosho zaseMerika. I-Fed ayinako ukulawula amaxabiso e-oyile ebekwe kwiimarike zomhlaba okanye ukunqongophala okungalinganiyo kwezenzululwazi eAsia. Ezi zinto zibangelwa ngamanye amaxesha ziphazamisa inkqubo yemali yasekhaya, zithintela oko iFed inokukufeza.
Imali ye-Rood ye-CPF i-CPF
Isakhiwo seFederal Reserve esingaqhelekanga sidala ukudideka malunga nemeko nokunyaniseka kwayo. Ngelixesha iibhanki zephondo ziyimibutho yabucala enxulumene neebhanki ezingamalungu asekuhlaleni njengeendawo zokuhlala, iFled isebenza kwiinjongo zikawonke-wonke [ phantsi kogunyaziso lweBhunga. Iibhanki ezingamalungu azinakuthengisa izahlulo zazo, zifumana kuphela izahlulo eziziweyo ezizi-6%, kwaye zinempembelelo elinganiselwe kwimisebenzi yeFLT.
IBhodi yeRhuluneli inamagosa karhulumente atyunjwe nguMongameli kwaye aqinisekiswe yiBhunga. IFOMC yenza izigqibo zenkqubo ezisekelwe kwimiyalelo kawonke-wonke, kungekhona kwingeniso yabucala. IFed ibuyisela ingeniso kwiMali emva kokuhlangabezana neendleko zokusebenza, qha, ngaphezu kwamawaka ezigidi zeerandi ezingama-100 zamawaka eedola kwiminyaka yakutshanje engenisa ingeniso. Esi sakhiwo sidala inkululeko kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika ngeli xesha sigcina imbonakalo yoluntu.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, iFed igcina ulwalamano olusondeleyo namaziko emali ilawula kwaye ixhomekeke kusasazo lwenkqubo. Olu nxulumano ludala ubungozi bokubanjwa kwe-"sethi yesiphumo" apho iFde ithatha imbono yoshishino lokubhanki ngokungekho mthethweni. Ucango olujikelezayo phakathi kweFed neWall Street luphakamisa inkxalabo esemthethweni ngempembelelo engafanelekanga. Noko ke, ukuphawula iFed njengesebenza nje iimfuno zogcino-bhanki lutyeshela ugunyaziso lwayo oluntsonkothileyo kunye nozinzo lokwenene kuzinzo olunzulu lwezoqoqosho.
Ukwenza Izigqibo Zemali Ezisengqiqweni Ekusabeleni Kwinkqubo Engekhoyo
Ukuqhelanisa Nemeko Yesantya
Ukuqonda imijikelo yenkqubo eFakelweyo kunceda ekuphuculeni izigqibo zomntu ngamnye zemali. Xa imiqondiso yexesha elizayo inyuka, [[FT:0] ukucabangela ukutshixa kwimali-mboleko efakelweyo phambi kokuba amaqondo anyuke ngokubhekele phaya. Ukunyuswa kwemijikelo yendlu elungeleleneyo kusekwe kusigxina phambi kokuba imijikelo eqinisiweyo ingasindisa amawaka. Ngokuchaseneyo, xa iFad isenza isantya esisezantsi, isikweretiso esizinzileyo singanika imali egciniweyo, nangona kuyingozi ukuba inkqubo yeFad itshintsha ngokungalindelekanga.
Ityala lamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala liba lixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu ngexesha lomjikelo oqinileyo. Ukubeka phambili ityala elihlawula imali eninzi ngaphambi kokuba amanani anyuke ngokunyuka anyuka. Cinga ngezipho zolwandiso okanye imali ebolekiweyo yobuqu yokutshixa isantya esiphantsi ngaphambi kokuba iinqwelo-moya zihambe zidlulele emakhadini okuthenga ngetyala. Imali yongxamiseko iba yeyona ibalulekileyo njengoko isantya songxamiseko sisenza ukuboleka kwexesha elizayo kube nexabiso eliphezulu ngakumbi.
Iindlela zokuveliswa kwemali kufuneka ziphendule iimpembelelo kwiiklasi zee-asethi ezahlukeneyo. Bonds zilahlekelwa lixabiso xa isantya sinyuka kodwa zinika intlawulo ephezulu yokuthenga izinto ezintsha. Isitokhwe seenkampani ezixhotyisiweyo kakhulu okanye ezo zinengeniso ekude (njengeefektha-mali ezininzi zobugcisa) zisoloko zibandezeleka ngexesha lokwanda kwesantya. Ukunyusa kwezixhobo ezisendleko kunye nemali kunganyuka njengenani eliphezulu. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano kunceda amacandelo eeportfolios kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo yenkqubo.
Ugcino lwendlela lukwaxhomekeke kwinkqubo yoKhuseleko. Xa amanani enyuka, ukuthenga imali engakumbi egciniweyo kunye nexabiso leCD liba luncedo. Iibhanki ze-intanethi zisoloko zinika iqondo eliphezulu kwiibhanki zemveli, kunye nomahluko oya usiba nentsingiselo njengoko unyuka kwexabiso lemali. Imali, efumaneka ngokusondeleyo kumlinganiselo weFed, inikezela ezinye iindlela zokugcina imali ngexesha lokugcina imali.
ISicwangciso seMiba
Impumelelo kaFed okanye ukungaphumeleli ekulawuleni ukunyuka kwemali kuchaphazela kakhulu ucwangciso lwemali. [[FLT: 0] ukunyuka kwemali kunciphisa imali egciniweyo kunye notyalo-mali lwemali olusisigxina kodwa lunganceda abobolekayo abanetyala elizinzileyo. Ukuqonda ukubonakala kokwehla komngcipheko kunceda ekulungiseleleni iimeko ezahlukeneyo. Abasebenzi abaxhomekeke kakhulu kwingeniso ebekelwe inkcitho ethile efuna ukucwangciselwa ngobuchule.
Izithintelo ezikhuselwe kukukhuselwa kwemali zinika uthango oluthe ngqo ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso. Ukhuselo lwemali olukhuselweyo (IZIT) lulungisa intloko yexabiso lemali, igcine amandla okuthenga. I-Bond, efumaneka ngqo kwiNdawo yemali, inika ukhuseleko lozaliso lwemali kwabalondolozi abancinane. Ezi zixhobo zinika umhla wokubuyiselwa kwe-inshorensi yokunyuka kwamaxabiso, zisenza siqonde i-inshorensi elungele ukutshintsha umngcipheko okanye abo baza kuthatha umhlala phantsi komhlala-phantsi.
Izinto zokwenene ezifana neendawo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa embalini zinika ukhuseleko lokunyuka kwamaxabiso, nangona zisebenzisa i-CPF. I-stock seenkampani ezinamandla okulawula/ezinako ukugqithisa iindleko kubathengi-_amandla okugqithisa ngexesha lokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ulwandiso lwehlabathi lunganceda ukuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali kungaphezulu kwexabiso lehlabathi lonke, nangona imali ibeka ubomi obunzima kule ndlela.
Ingxoxo yetyala kufuneka ichaze ulindelo lokwehla kwamaxabiso. Ukuqonda amaxhoba exabiso lemali eFed kunceda ekumiseni ulwaleko olusisiseko lwengxoxo yomvuzo. Xa ukunyuka kwemali kungaphezulu kwamaxhoba eFed, abasebenzi baneempikiswano ezinamandla zokuphakamisa okungaqhelekanga okuphezulu. Ngokuchasene noko, xa iFed iphumelela ikugcina ukunyuka komgangatho ophantsi, kunyuke kakhulu kunzima ukuthethelela.
Ikamva Lomgaqo-nkqubo Wesigcini-zilwanyana
Ukucombulula Ucelomngeni
IFederal Reserve ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha ezinokuzama ukufikelela kulo inkqubo yemali. utshintsho oludityanisiweyo ludala umngcipheko wezoqoqosho kufuneka uqwalaselwe ````'''''. Umngcipheko wokwemvelo kwimozulu egqithisileyo nobungozi bokutshintsha njengoko uqoqosho lungaphindi. Abanye baphikisa ukuba iFed isebenzise amandla ayo okulawula ukucombulula imozulu; abanye baphikisa oku kugqithisa umyalelo lwayo. Le ngxoxo iza kubumba i-Fod projective.
Ukuphazamiseka kobugcisa kubangela ucelomngeni lolwalamano lwezenkcubeko ngokwesithethe iFed ixhomekeke kulawulo lwemali exhotyisiweyo. Ubuchule bokwenza iprojekthi bungaguqula ngokusisiseko amandla omsebenzi. Uqoqosho lubangela umlinganiselo wokungaqeshwa. Olu tshintsho lwesakhiwo lwenza ukuchazwa kwezoqoqosho nokulungelelaniswa kwemithetho kungabi nzima.
Iinguqu zokuhamba-hamba kwabemi , ukutshintsha iipateni zokufuduka, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasebenzi abajikelezayo . "ichaphazela umyinge wokukhula kwezoqoqosho kunye nomgangatho womdla wenzala yendalo. IFed kufuneka ilungelelanise imigaqo yenkqubo nezi nguqu zesakhiwo. Oko kusebenze ngexesha leminyaka ephambili yokusebenza kwentsika yabantwana kusenokungafanelani nebutho labantu abalupheleyo ngokutya nomlinganiselo wotyalo-mali.
Umanyano lwezoqoqosho lwehlabathi lithetha ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo engqukuva ineendawo ezinkulu zokuchitha indalo ngeli xesha inkqubela-phambili yamazwe angaphandle ichaphazela iziphumo ezithe chatha e-U. IFed kufuneka iqwalasele indlela izenzo zayo ezichaphazela ngayo iimarike ezivelayo ezixhomekeke kwimali exhasa iidola. Ukusebenzisana nezinye iibhanki ezisembindini kuba yimfuneko kodwa kuyalucelomngeni ukunikwa kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zezoqoqosho.
Utshintsho Neengxoxo Ezisenokubakho
Iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ezimalunga notshintsho lweFed zibonisa ukubaluleka kwalo kunye nemeko edidanayo. Ezinye zicebisa [[FLT: 0] ukuba amanani omsebenzi ajoliswe kuwo angqinelana nexhoba lokunyuka kwamaxabiso emali, nangona ukuchaza umsebenzi omkhulu kungqina kunzima. Ezinye zicebisa ukunyuswa kwentengo yokunyusa ukunyuka kwemali ukulungiselela isithuba sokulwa norhoxiso, nangona oku kungakhange kubangele ukunyuka komlinganiselo wozaliso.
Izindululo zemali zamanani zingayitshintsha ngokusisiseko indima yeFed. Imali yemali esembindini webhanki ingavumela iFed ukuba izalisekise inkqubo yemali ngqo kunokusebenzisa inkqubo yokubhanki. Amaqondo enzalo angalunganga, angenakufikeleleka ngemali yomzimba, anokusetyenziswa. Oku kubangela ukuba ezinye izazi zezoqoqosho zoyike abo baxhalabele ukujongwa ngemali ngurhulumente.
Imibuzo malunga [[NTLT:0] umlinganiselo ogunyazisiweyo iyaqhubeka ijikeleza. Ingaba idilesi egudileyo ifanele iqhubeke ngokungalingani ngokwenkqubo yemali? Ifanele ibe njani isantya semali kunye nemiyalelo yesithethe? Ingaba ingqwalasela zemozulu zifanele ziphembelele izigqibo mithetho? Ezi mpikiswano zibonisa imibuzo ebanzi malunga nolawulo lwezobugcisa kunye nolawulo-demokhrasi lwenkqubo yezoqoqosho.
Inkululeko kaFed ijongene nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo. Ingcinezelo yezobupolitika yokugcina imali isanda lula ngexesha lonyulo. Imibutho yePopulist ibuza isizathu sokuba amagosa angakhethwanga asebenzise amandla anjalo. Ukulondoloza inkululeko ngeli lixa kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphendula kwedemokhrasi kuhlala kunguxinzelelo lwedemokhrasi kuyinto esenokungapheliswanga impikiswano eqhubekayo.
Isiphelo: Indlela ISiqithi Esisichaphazela Ngayo Abemi Bamihla Le
I- Ifuthe leFederal Reserve kubemi bemihla ngemihla idlulela kude kakhulu kumlinganiselo wezoqoqosho. Zonke izigqibo ezithe tye zichaphazela amathemba akho emisebenzi, iindleko zogcino-mali, zibuyisela, kunye namandla okuthenga. Nokuba uthenga indlu, uqala ishishini, ugcinela umhlala-phantsi, okanye uzama ukwenza isiphelo sokudibana, inkqubo efunyanisiweyo ilungisa indawo yakho yemali ngeendlela ezinzulu.
Ukuqonda iFed asilulo nje uqeqesho lwemfundo kuphela olusebenzayo ekuqhubeni phambili ubomi bale mihla bezoqoqosho. Ukuqonda indlela imigaqo-nkqubo edaliweyo echaphazela ngayo iimpahla ezahlukeneyo kunceda ekusebenziseni iindlela ezifanelekileyo zotyalo-mali. Ukulindela ukwenziwa kwezorhwebo kugcino-lwazi lwezoqoqosho kunceda ekugqibeni izigqibo zemali. Ukuxhasa ugunyaziso lwenjongo yeFad kunceda ekuchazeni iindaba zezoqoqosho neengxoxo zemithetho.
Kodwa ukubaluleka kweFed kudlulela ngaphaya kwemali yobuqu kwimibuzo esisiseko ephathelele ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ingaba abaphathi-zobugcisa abangacwangciswanga bafanele basebenzise amandla amakhulu ngoqoqosho? Sibulingana njani ubuchule nolawulo-lwazi, ukuzimela ngedemokhrasi? Le mibuzo ibalulekile kuba izigqibo zeFed azichaphazeli nje iintengiso kodwa zichaphazela iziphumo zemisebenzi yentlalo, abanokuhlawula amakhaya, abagcine imali exabisayo.
Ingxaki kaFed iyanda ukuba lucelomngeni lwethu. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukuphazamiseka kobugcisa, ukutshintsha-tshintsha kwamanani, kunye nokudibana kwehlabathi kuchaphazela inkqubo yeFed kunye nobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Ukuqonda olu qhagamshelwano kunceda abemi balapho babandakanyeke ngokunentsingiselo kwiingxoxo zemigaqo yezoqoqosho kunokuba babashiye kwiingcaphephe. Idemokhrasi ifuna abemi abanolwazi abakwaziyo ukuqwalasela iinkokeli zobupolitika kuphela kodwa namaziko ezobugcisa akhuthaza iziphumo zezoqoqosho.
Kuninzi lwamaMerika, iFederal Reserve ihlala iyindawo eyimfihlelo phezu kwayo nje iziphumo zayo ezinkulu. Olu lwazi lunciphisa ukwenza izigqibo zobuqu zemali kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi. Ngokuqonda oko iFed ikwenzayo, indlela ekuchaphazela ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla, kunye nocelomngeni ekujamelene nalo, abemi baba ngabagunyazi bezezoqoqosho kunokuba babe ngabalawulwa abangekho mthethweni.
The path forward requires both individual and collective engagement. Individually, we must educate ourselves about monetary policy and make informed financial decisions accounting for Fed actions. Collectively, we must participate in debates about the Fed's proper role, mandate, and accountability. The economy is too important to leave to economists alone—it requires engaged citizens who understand the institutions shaping their economic lives.
Njengokuba ulwandle lweFed lusenza ucelomngeni olungazange lubonwe ukusuka kwisifo esingubhubhani ukuya kwimozulu eyingozi ukuya kukuphazamiseka kwezobugcisa, izigqibo zalo ziyakuguqula kakhulu ikamva loqoqosho lwaseMelika. Nokuba iFed igcine uzinzo lwexabiso loqoqosho ngeli xhathisa umsebenzi, nokuba iyavumelana na neenguqu zoqoqosho, nokuba iyakwazi na ukumelana nokulunga phakathi kwemimandla yezopolitiko ephakathi kwezobupolitika, iyakuchaphazela impumelelo yamaMelika onke. Ukuqonda nokubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yeFederal Reserve ayingomkhethelo kubemi abafundele kwezoqoqosho.
IFederal Reserve ingabonakala ngathi sisiko elikude elijongene neengcamango ezingekho ngqiqweni, kodwa izigqibo zalo zibumba ubunyani obucacileyo bobomi bezoqoqosho baseMelika. Ukusuka kwinzala yendlu yakho yendlu yokuxhasa ingeniso, ukusuka kwixabiso lemali yakho yomhlala-phantsi ukuya kwixabiso lempahla, impembelelo kaFed ayiphepheki. Ngokuyiqonda le mpembelelo, singenza izigqibo ezingcono zemali, sibambe abayila imithetho ebekelw'ityala, kwaye sithathe inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwingxoxo ngekamva lethu lezoqoqosho. UFad uchaphazela abemi bemihla ngemihla kungengabo basebenzi bomfobetho kodwa njengesixhobo esinamandla esimele siqonde ukuba siphumelele eMelika yanamhlanje.
Ongezelelweyo Oovimba
Abo bafuna ukunyusa ukuqonda kwabo inkqubo yeFederal Reserve kunye neziphumo zayo, iFederal Reserve Economic Data (FLT) elondolozwe yiFederal Reserve Bank yase St. Louis inikezela ngobuninzi bedata kunye nezixhobo zohlalutyo. Board yemiba yolwazi yemfundo yemali inikeza inkcazelo efikelelekayo yenkqubo yemali eyenziwe ngoluntu ngokubanzi.
