Ukwazisa: Ukudibana kokufunyanwa kwabemi kunye nokungaququzelelwa komGaqo-siseko

Ukufunyanwa kwe-electronic (e-ivolution) kuguqule indlela obuqokelelwa ngayo ubungqina kwimiba yamakhaya. Kodwa xa oko kufunyanwa kubandakanya ukufikelela omnye umntu i̱, iifayile zamanani, ii-akhawunti ze-imeyili, okanye ukugcina amafu, inkqubo ingangqubana nomgaqo-siseko wokukhusela ukuphanda nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni. Iimfuno zemfazwe zisebenza njani njengomgcini-sango osemthethweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela awadubuli nge-data yangawabo abalawuli abafanelekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nomo wolwaphulo-mthetho, i-eakyubhu-ok-okluquluni iphakamisa imibuzo ekhethekileyo: Yintoni ekufuneka ifanele ifumane isiqinisekiso? Xa iqela kufuneka lifumane isiqinisekiso? kwaye zisebenza njani ezo zikhutshwe kanye?

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukunyanzeliswa kweemfuno zokugunyaziswa kwemvume kulwazi lwasekuhlaleni, ukugquma isiseko somthetho, imingeni eqhelekileyo, iindlela zoqikelelo olusebenzisekayo, kunye neenkqubo ezivelayo. Ngokuyiqonda le mithetho, amaqela asemthethweni angaqhuba ukufumanisa ngokusemthethweni, akhusele amagosa obuqu, kwaye aphephe imvume exabiso elikhulu.

Ukuqonda Iimfuno Ezinemiqathango Kwinkcazelo Efihlakeleyo

Imvume yenkundla ngumyalelo ogunyazisa ukuphengulula okanye ukuphanga impahla ethile. Kwiziqinisekiso zoluntu, kuvela imvume xa iqela lifuna ufikelelo kwi-ESI elibanjwe yi-ethi engeyonxalenye, okanye xa ukufunyanwa kwalo kudibanisa inzala yobuqu ekhuselwe nguMphengululo wesine. Umgaqo ongundoqo ngowokuba imvume mayixhaswe ngokunokwenzeka, ichaze ngezinto ezithile ezimele zihlolwe, ize ibulawe ngendlela esengqiqweni.

Isiseko SoMthetho Wesine Wokulungiswa

UHlaliso lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lukhusela abantu ekuphandeni nasekuxhuzuleni okungekho ngqiqweni. Ngoxa ngokwembali imigaqo yayo isetyenziswa kwisenzo sikarhulumente, imigaqo yayo isoloko ikhokela iinkundla kwiingxoxo zokufumana izinto zasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi xa amaqela azimeleyo ezama ukufumana idata ngezixhobo ezincinci okanye iimiyalelo zenkundla. iUnited States v. Jones [202] [202], iNkunyenziswa kweNkundla ephakamileyo yeGPS efaka isixhobo senqwelo-mafutha esenza ukuphendla, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ifuna ubungqina obuchasene neqela le-&8; 217.

Iimfuno ezisiSiko: UMthetho woNxibelelwano olugcinweyo

UMthetho woNxibelelwano oluSekiweyo (SCA), 18 U.S.C. 76 2701-2712, ibeka iimfuno ezingqongqo zonikezelo lonxibelelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki ezigcinwe ngabanikezeli benkonzo. Phantsi kwe-SCA, iqumrhu likarhulumente kufuneka lifumane isiqinisekiso sokunyanzela umnikezeli ukuba akhuphe iziqulatho zocingo okanye unxibelelwano lwezombane olugcinwe iintsuku ezili-180 okanye ezingaphantsi. Iinkundla ezininzi zinokunikela imvume yokufumana i-SCena okanye umgaqo wenkundla, kodwa iinkundla ezininzi zifake isiqinisekiso kubo bonke abazanele phantsi kobalo lwesiHlathiso-Mnyuso-Mphengululi. Kwiziko yesine, amaqela axhomekeke kwimiqatha ye-otho, kodwa iinkundla zisenokufuna ukuboniswa komthetho xa izilangazelelo-mfihlo ziphezulu.

Imigangatho esemthethweni yokunyanzeliswa komkhosi

Xa inkundla ikhupha umthetho osemthethweni owenziwe ngokufihlakeleyo, abanyanzeli-mthetho kufuneka bathobele imigaqo engqongqo yemithetho

  • [[UMTL:0] ofanelekileyo unobangela: Umceli kufuneka abonise inkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba iESI iqulethe ubungqina obunxulumene nento ethile okanye ukhuseleko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze ugcino-lwazi okanye izixhobo ngobuchule obaneleyo ukunqanda jikelele, uphengululo lophando. Amagama afana ne “ all emails & #821; zisoloko zivezwe ngaphezulu kwebtrato.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukwenziwa kwemiqathango: Ukukhangela kumele kwenziwe ngendlela enomda wokungena kwengeyondawo okanye izinto ezibaluliweyo. Oku kungabandakanya ukusebenzisa icebo eliyintloko lokucoca, imihla, imiqolo, okanye iprotococolo ye-fonsic.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukubuya kwempahla: Emva kokukhangela, umbutho ophumezayo kufuneka ubuye okanye utshabalalise ugcino-lwazi olungasebenziyo kunye netyala laso sonke isithuthwane.

Ukuhlolwa kwezeejaji nokubekwa

Iinkundla zivavanya ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wokwalathisa phantsi komgaqo wolungelelwaniso ofakwe kuMthetho woManyano lwaMazwe 26(b)(1). Nokuba imvume iyasebenza, umthwalo kwiqela eliphendulayo mawungadluliseli uncedo olunokwenzeka lokufunyanwa. O’ "`````.''''. McTaggart[FLT] [19.cv-030, N.D.2020), inkundla i-athoppoena efuna iqela ̱ ugcino-lugcino-lulo, isicelo besingalungelengalingani nempikiswano. Xa kulungiselelwa, i-ctivective i-cc-030, i-Cal imele isetyenziswe ngendlela efunekayo kwaye ingabalulekanga kutheni.

Ucelomngeni Ekuphumezeni Iimfuno Ezinokusikhusela

Ukunyanzela imfuneko efunekayo ngexesha lamanani kuzele imiqobo esebenzisekayo nesemthethweni. Ngezantsi zezona zinzima ziqhelekileyo nendlela iinkundla ezizithethile ngayo.

Ukuchaza Ubukhulu bogcino-lwazi lwamanani

Ezikhoyo iESI iphila ngaphaya kwezixhobo ezininzi, iingxelo zamafu, imigangatho yezentlalo- media, kunye nee-ephemeral yokubhalelana. Isiqinisekiso esikhankanya i “ imixholo ye Detant ̱ ifonefonal ’ ingaphosa i data egcinwe kwiiseva ezikude okanye ii-logs zencoko ezifihliweyo. Iinkundla zifuna inkcukacha ze-ffidavits ezichaza ukwakhiwa kolwazi kwaye zijolise ii-'atriary's. [[FLT: 0] kwi Grand Jury Placena , 2018.00], WL.D.D.C.2018, inkundla ibambe isiqinisekiso sokukrokrala iprojekti ye-'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''icebo lomyalelo lomthetho.

IlifuPU kunye nogcino-lwazi lolungelelwano olunqamlezileyo

Xa i-ESI igcinwa kwiiseva ezibekwe kumaphondo awahlukeneyo okanye kumazwe, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuba nzima ngemida yolawulo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. i-] Riley v. California (2014] iyazi ukuba ugcino-lwazi lwamanani lwahlukile kubungqina obuphathekayo, kwaye uMbhoshoft Corp. v. United States[FLT]][3]] (206] ityala elibalaseko libalase iingxabano phakathi kwe-U.S. intengiselwano kunye nemithetho yangaphandle. Amafu adla ngokufuna isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni esisuka kwinkundla enolawulo sobuqu phezu komnikezelo. Abaqululeki kufuneka bacinge ukuba bagqibe kwi-o sysh esekelwe kwindawo yogcino-data kunye nokulungiselelwa kwe-SCAGenearter Active Active (UT)

Imiqobo Yokukhowuda Nobuchule

Isiphelo- khowudi inika isiqinisekiso esingenakunyanzeliswa kuba ugcino-lwazi alukwazi ukufundwa nokuba lubanjiwe. Iinkundla ziye zazama ukuzama nokuba abantu banganyanzeleka ukuba bakhuphe ikhowudi yezixhobo okanye banike amagama ayimfihlo. United States v. Apple (206), urhulumente wafuna ukunyanzela ukudala umnyango ongasemva kwi-iPhono, isicelo sokurhoxa emva kokuba umva ubuyele emva kwecebo lobucala. Kwiityala lamakhaya, iinkundla zingayalela imveliso yemipu efihlakeleyo okanye i-proliging okanye ukunyanzela i-amss. Ngoko, isiHlamvo sokuLamla i-Gajinithiso sokuGa i-emele abantu abangaphakathi ingazimisela umgaqo wokuzibophezela ngokwabo kwaye iquququze kwimithetho yenkundla yenkundla elandeleneyo.

Ilungelo Nokhuseleko Lomsebenzi

Uphando lwamanani luzibekele esichengeni sokufumana igqwetha-linye elinelungelo lonxibelelwano okanye imveliso yomsebenzi. Iqela labaphumezi kufuneka libe nenkqubo yokubonisa izinto ezixabisekileyo (umzekelo, ngokusebenzisa iilogi ezinelungelo, amasuntswana, okanye izivumelwano ze-clack. Iinkundla zibambe ukungaphumeleli ukuthabatha amanyathelo afanelekileyo okukhusela ilungelo. [[FL:0]] Mack v. United States[FLL:1], 201 WL 1256 (N.D.201), inkundla yagweba ukuba urhulumente uqhube uphendlo oluphandlekileyo lwefektha lwenkampani ye-̱ abasebenzi beyalela onke amaxwebhu ngenxa yokuswela kwelungelo. Ngoko, i-Entervencestion ifuna i-ER.

Owona Mkhwa Ulungileyo Wokuphumeza Iimfuno Ezisisihlayo

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba kusemthethweni yaye kufanelekile, iingcali zomthetho zifanele zilandele ezi zenzo zilandelayo.

Isalathisi esihambayo kunye nabavumisi-mkhosi abancinane

Umsebenzi ngolwazi lwefonsic kunye nenkundla ukuchaza kakuhle oko kufunwayo. Sebenzisa uluhlu lwemihla, iindidi ezithile zefayile, abagcini, kunye namagama ayintloko. Kuphepheni ukuthunyelwa-kumagama avulekileyo afana ne “ zonke iingxelo ezinxulumene ne ̵ ngaphandle kokulinganisela umongo. Isiqinisekiso semodeli singakhankanya: & #820; Zonke ii-imeyili phakathi kuka-John Doe no Jane Smith ukususela ngoJane 1, 2023, ukuya kuDisemba 31, 2023, malunga nentengiso yomhla ka Februwa 1, 2023. ̵ Oku kunciphisa amathuba okuthe ngqo oku kukhutshwa okanye ushukushuku.

Ukuqalisa Kwamanani Okusebenzisa Amanani

Iingcali ze-Fennesic zinganceda ekuyileni inkqubo yokuqokelela, ukuzalisekisa imithetho elandelwayo yokuphendla, kunye nokubhala itsheyina lokugcina umntwana. Ubukho bazo bubaluleke kakhulu xa ziqhubana nemekobume entsonkothileyo efana ne-grountains okanye uthungelwano olufihlakeleyo. Umzekelo, kwi- United States v. Ikhampani ye-Dignomenti ye-Drugs[ [9.10] [iNkqumlot], inkundla yagxeka urhulumente ngenxa yokusilela ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokukhangela ezilungisiweyo kwaye yayalela ukuba iphunyezwe ngemithetho engqongqo.

Ukufumana iMvumelo yeNkundla Yomthetho wokuPhengulula

Kunokuba ulinde impikiswano, funa imvume yenkundla yendlela yokuphendla phambi kokuba uphumeze isiqinisekiso. Oku kungaquka uluhlu olucetyiweyo, isicwangciso sokususa ucandelo, kunye namanyathelo anelungelo okuqinisekisa. Imvume yenkundla yenza izibuko elikhuselekileyo kwaye yenza kube nzima kwiqela eliphikisayo ukuba kamva liphikisane ukuba uphendlo lungaqiqiqi. Ezinye iinkundla ngoku zifuna amaqela ukunikezela iprotocoto esemthethweni ̴ ukufihla iprotocolo ” kunye nesicelo sogunya.

Gcina iingxelo eziziiNkcukacha

Inyathelo ngalinye lokunyanzelisa ukugcinwa kweminye imisebenzi . ukusukela kwi-risithi yesiqinisekiso ukuya kwimveliso yokugqibela ye-data(-) kufuneka ibhalwe. Oku kubandakanya iilogi ezifikelelwe kugcino-lwazi, ezona zixhobo zazisetyenziswa, ikopi yazo zonke amagama eefayili kunye nemetadata, kunye noluhlu lwezinto ezibanjiweyo. Uxwebhu olulungileyo lunceda ekukhuseleni ukukhutshwa komqambiso okanye ukufikelela okungafanelekanga. Kukwanceda ukuba inkundla iphinde ihlole umva.

Sebenzisa Imiyalelo Yokukhusela Nezivumelwano Zokungaqiniseki

Ulungelelwano olukhuselayo phantsi koMthetho 26(c) lungalinganisela usebenziso lwe data etyhiliweyo ngaphandle kwelixa. Isivumelwano sekhoback phantsi komthetho 502 (d) sivumela iqela elivelisayo ukuba libonise ilungelo nasemva kokukhupha imvume. Ezi zixhobo zibaluleke kakhulu xa isiqinisekiso sifuna ukujika phezu komqulu omkhulu wedata. Ukuzinika imvume kwinkqubo eyimfuneko yokunciphisa umngcipheko we-wavener.

Indima Yenkosi Ekhethekileyo

Kwindawo entsonkothileyo efumana kuyo, iinkundla zimisela iinkosi ezikhethekileyo ukuvelela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho. Inkosi ekhethekileyo ingasebenza njengeqela elingoondilele ukuhlola ugcino-lwazi, ukusombulula iimbambano zamalungelo, kwaye iqinisekise ukuthobelana nesiqinisekiso se-̱, kwaye imigaqo. Umzekelo, [kwi- kwakhona: I-Facebook ̱ i-Warrant Compliance [, inkosi ekhethekileyo yamiselwa ukubukeza amashumi amawaka amaxwebhu abekwe endaweni ekhusi, ngokubalulekileyo ukunciphisa umthwalo enkundleni. Iintlanganiso kufuneka zicinge ukuba zicinge ukuba ngumphathi okhethekileyo xa umthamo we-ES uphezulu okanye xa kulindelwe iimpikiswano zobugcisa.

Ukuhlaziywa kokungahambelani okanye ukufikelela ngaphezulu

Ukungaphumeleli ukunyanzelisa ngokufanelekileyo isiqinisekiso kungaphumela kwiziphumo ezinzima. Ukuba iqela ligqitha umlinganiselo wemvume okanye lisilela ukukhusela izinto ezixabisekileyo, inkundla ingabucinezela ubungqina, irhafu yemali, okanye ibeke isigwebo semali. Lilly & Co. v. Arch Inishuwarensince. (S.D. 2021], inkundla ivumela ukupheliswa kwetyala lokuqhuba uphendlo olungenasiqinisekiso lwe-Mngcinezelo ̱ umnatha owabelanayo, uwino lomyalelo wogcino-lwazi lonke nokuhlawula intlawulo lwegqwetha. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba iqela alifuni ukuhambisana nesiqinisekiso esisemthethweni, inkundla inokunyanzela ukuveliswa nokudelelwa kwemithetho ecacileyo.

Imikhwa Nezinto Eziluncedo Zexesha Elizayo

Njengokuba ubugcisa butshintsha, kuya kwenza ukuba kufuneke ukuba abantu banyanzeleke ukuba basebenze.

  • Ubuntlola obuzenzekelayo nohlolo oluzenzekelayo: izixhobo ze-AI zinganceda ukuhlisa ukuqokelelwa ngokuchonga ugcino-lwazi olufanelekileyo phambi kokuxhuzula. Iinkundla ziqalisa ukwamkela uhlolo lwe-AI oluncedisiweyo njengendlela esengqiqweni, enikezelweyo ngemithetho-manani icace kwaye iqinisekisiwe.
  • Imithetho ye-Ascreens enjenge California Consumer Ask (CCPA) nemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge GDPR imisela imiqathango eyongezelelekileyo ekufumaneni ugcino-lwazi. Isivumelwano kufuneka sihambisane neenkqubo zobucala zombini zengingqi norhulumente.
  • [[NTL:0] Ezi-efemeral nekhowudi efihliweyo ye-apps zothungelwano: Izicelo ezifana nophawu, iTelegram, nento eshwankathela imiyalezo ifuna imvume yokuphunyezwa ngokukhawuleza, rhoqo ngeyure. Amaqela asemthethweni kufuneka aphuhlise imithetho elandelwayo ekhawulezileyo ukugcina ugcino-lwazi olunjalo.
  • Iqela leqela elisezantsi kunye neSCA: Umgca phakathi kwemfuno zogunyaziso zoluntu nezolwaphulo-mthetho ungafiphaza njengoko iinkundla zisebenzisa i-SCA ukhuseleko kumaphepha angeyocawa. Abalawuli kufuneka bajonge ulawulo xa umphantsi wepoena efuna ukuboniswa “injongo” elingana nesiqinisekiso.

Ngokuhlala besazile ngezi ziganeko, abahlali bale ngxaki banokutshintsha indlela abaqikelelwa ngayo ukuze bahlale bephumelela yaye besemthethweni.

Isiphelo

Imfuno ezinxinwayo kwimfuno zoburhulumente ekufumaneni ingqwalaselo esemthethweni aziyondlela nje yobugcisa; ziinqobo zomgaqo-siseko ezikhusela imfihlo ngexa kusenzeka uphunyezo olufanelekileyo lobulungisa. Ukusuka kuMthetho weSine wolwandiso kunye noLwimi olugciniweyo ukuya kuhlolo lokwabelana nolwamatyala, ulawulo lweendawo olusemthethweni lufuna ucwangciso olucokisekileyo kunye nokubulawa. Ngokuqonda imilinganiselo, ukulindela imingeniselo, kunye nokuzalisekisa imisebenzi engcono kakhulu yokulungisa imposiso, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwengcali, imigaqo evunyelwe yinkundla, kunye noxwebhu oluqinileyo lunganyanzelela imfuneko yokufumana imigaqo enxulumene namalungelo, ukuphepha ukugwetywa, nokumelana nokuconga ngokusondeleyo.

Ukhokelo olubhekele phaya, jonga kwi Iziko lezabelo zeJaji & #8217; i-e-e-e-fireyney short shorters, ingumthetho wemithetho ye-Procedial ye-, kunye ne-[FLT] yeSigwebo seJaji ̱ ukhokelo lwe-SA. La magunya anika isiseko esiqinileyo sokuhambisa isiqinisekiso somthetho kunyaka wamanani.