Ukuchotshelwa kweendlebe ze-Congress kukwindawo ephambili kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho waseMerika, esebenza njengenye yeenkqubo eziphambili abamisi-mthetho abaqokelela ngazo ulwazi, abasemagunyeni abalawulayo, kunye neenkqubo ezicetyisiweyo. Kubantu belizwe lasekuhlaleni, ezi zikhalalo aziyonkqubo nje eziqhelekileyo; ngamaxesha abalulekileyo anokuthi alawule inkqubo yomthetho wesizwe sase-Indiya, aphembelele ulawulo lwamazwe esizwe, kwaye aphinde aguqule ulwalamano phakathi kwamazwe aphakamileyo e-Indiya kunye norhulumente waseUnited States. Kulo cwangciso lwesivumelwano sangaphambili senkulungwane ye-19 ukuya kwiingxoxo zokufuna ulawulo lwemeko-bume nezoburhulumente, igumbi lokuva libe liyisigaba apho amazwi aqhelekileyo, maxa wambi ashukuma, akhutshwayo, akhutshwayo, akhutshwe kwakhona, ahlaziswe. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela i-radiodmist projective projective, i-mognognething, i-movementment, i-mong, i-ogla i-o

Indima Yeendlebe Zeengqungquthela

Iintlanganiso zeBhunga ziququzelelwa ziintlanganiso ezisemthethweni ziikomiti okanye iikomiti ezingaphantsi zeNdlu yabameli okanye iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlalo. Zisebenza iinjongo ezintathu ezibanzi: uwiso-mthetho (ukuqokelela ulwazi lokuyila amatyala), ukuqwalasela (ukuhlola ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ekhoyo kunye nezenzo zolawulo), kunye nophando (ukuhlola iingxaki ezithile okanye ukutyholwa ukuba yingozi). Kwimicimbi yezakwalizwi, iindlebe zixhaswe kakhulu yiKomiti yeNtlanganiso ye-Indiya (SCIA) kunye neNd House Direaseasease Committee Committee ye-Ivations Is Noomativens of United States. Ezi komiti zinegunya kwimicimbi esuka kwimfundo yesizwe nelizwe elizikomyo, ukunyamekela impilo, kunye nolawulo lwendalo.

Ngexesha lokuchonga okuqhelekileyo, iqela lamangqina eliyilwa liinkokeli zesizwe, abameli bamasebe aseburhulumenteni, iingcali zemfundo, kunye nentlangano yolawulo lobugqwirha (abameli balapha) abalungiselele ubungqina kwaye baphendule imibuzo evela kumalungu ekomiti. Irekhodi nevidiyo ziba yinxalenye yengxelo kawonke-wonke, ikwazisa umthetho olandelayo nokunika isiseko sobuveleli bexesha elizayo. Kubantu base-Invoric, iindlebe zinokuba yiqonga elinqabileyo ukuthetha ngqo nabaphathi-mthetho besizwe, ukudlula kwemintlukwano ze-ofisi nokuzisa iinyaniso zoluntu kwingqalelo yesizwe.

Okubalulekileyo kukuba, iindlebe zingenza ingxolo yamajelo eendaba efundisa uluntu ngokubanzi ngemibandela yelizwe. Xa kukho impikiswano enkulu . "njengokukhiwa kombhobho we-oyile kwimimandla engcwele okanye ukungcoliswa kwamadlolo-sinyanya ngezantsi kufikelela kwigumbi lokuphulaphula, idla ngokutsalela ingqalelo enyanzelisa abenzi benkqubo ukuba basebenze. Ukubakho kweekhamera zikamabonwakude nabacholacholi-ndaba kungenza ukuba uluntu luxabana nengxoxo yesizwe nemithetho yesizwe.

Impembelelo yoMthetho noMgaqo-nkqubo

Igalelo elingqalileyo lowiso-mthetho lokuvikiwa komthetho okhoyo linguMgaqo-siseko ongundoqo. Ubungqina kunye nokubuza kwamalungu kungakhulula izithuba kumthetho okhoyo, ukusilela koovimba bamaxwebhu, kwaye kunika isiseko esiyinyaniso solungiselelo olutsha lomthetho. Umzekelo, iSibonelelo se-Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Actriation Act (NAGRA) [[FLPRA]], esenziwe ngo-1990, sayilwa ziindlebe ezininzi kwiminyaka emininzi. Iinkokeli zesizwe kunye neengcali zemizi yogcino-mfa yanikela ubungqina ngokunwela kwamangcwaba amangcwaba amatyala amatyala abantu kunye nokuphatha izidumbu zabantu kwimiqathango yesizwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Imvo zavelwayo yavelisa ingxelo enyani egunyaziso lokubuya kwezinsalela kunye nezinto zenkcubeko kwimidali yezizwe.

Ngokufanayo, ukuva kobuNcedo be-Indian Ulf-Didination and Education Act UMthetho woKwenzelo lwezemfundo [ISDAA], wokuqala udlule ngo1975 kwaye utshintsho amaxesha amaninzi ukususela ngoko, kuye kwafuneka ulwandiso lwesizwe kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente. Ngexesha lolawulo, amangqina abhale indlela ukuxhathisa kwesizwe nokungangeneleli kwemali okuthomalalisa ubuqu.

Ukuvakala kwala matyala kukwachaphazela uqingqo-mali lwesizwe. Inkqubo yokuququzelela uqingqo-mali yonyaka iquka ukuva apho i-Bureau of Indian Affairs, Inkonzo Yezempilo yaseIndiya, kunye namanye amasebe athethelela izicelo zawo zemali. Ubungqina besizwe obubalaselisa iimfuno zemfuno zemali ezingezonyango ezikhoyo . (ezifana nezibonelelo zezonyango ezingeneleyo kwizithuba okanye ukugcinwa komthetho okungamiselwangasetyenziswangalulekiyo) bukhokelele ekunyuseni izabelo zoqingqo-mali lokugqibela. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuva [FLT: 0] ULT , u-ALDA , [FLT [VA] [VA] [VA] (A)) ukuphinda ulwamrhumo-mvume womthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho lwesizwe olungomthetho lwesizwe olungolulo lwaselu mthetho lwesizwe olunoluthi lwesizwe olunoluthi lwezi-Genegalelo-ontaliyo lwezi-ontaliyoM,

Ngaphezu koko, ukuva kusenokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemibutho yolawulo. Xa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibambe izithuba, iingxelo zokuva zingasetyenziswa yiWhite House, iSebe LezeMbindi, okanye iSebe Lezobulungisa ukuthethelela utshintsho lwenkqubo ngomgaqo okanye ngemiyalelo yabalawuli. Umzekelo, ukuva ngeziphumo zokumbiwa kwe-uranium kufuphi nohlanga lwamaNavajo kwanegalelo kwisigqibo solawulo loobhama sokukhupha ibhotile yemigodi entsha nokuxhasa iinkqubo zokucoca indalo.

“ Kulapho iindlebe zibekwa khona izibakala kwaye apho sinokubeka khona ityala likarhulumente ngaphandle kokuva iingxelo, uloyiso oluninzi esilufezile kulawulo lwesizwe belungenakubakho.” — ubungqina bosihlalo wesizwe ngexesha lomamkeli weSCIA wama-2021.

Uhlolisiso Lweendlebe Ezinempembelelo

IDakota Access Pine Livings (206-2019)

Impikiswano nge-Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) yaba yindawo yesizwe etyhila amalungelo esizwe, ubulungisa bokusingqongileyo, kunye neenkqubo zokuvumela kwesizwe. Iindlebe ezininzi zaqukwa, kuquka i-progani ephezulu ye-2017 yokuva phambi kweKomiti yeNtsimbi yemibuzo yaseIndiya iququlutulwe ngokuthi “I-Datakota Acceline kunye nemfuneko yokuKhululwa kweNguqulwa kwemida yesizwe.” Ngelo xesha, ukuva, i-Rock Siook Chairman Dave Archabat II yanikela ubungqina malunga nesisongelo sombhobho wemibhobhobhobho ekwizini nakumagumbi angcwele. Abaphathi be-Pinjini bajongana amathanda ukubuza ngokucotha okuzinziswa kwayo okusingqongileyo okanye ukufumana igalelo olunentsingiselo lwesizwe. Ngexesha lokufumana ulawulo oluphezulu lwesizwe, ngemvume ee, i-Fractives, kunye nolulawulo oluthe luluvo oluphezulu loluntu oluthe luluvo lwamanyeneyo olukhoyo, olulandele uluntu olupheleleyo, olu

I-CPF I-OFT) I-CPF Inika inkxaso-mali

ISigqibo seNkundla yeSithili uMthetho weNyaka yeNtlalo-ntle yabantwana [[[FLT: 1]], wagqithiselwa ngo-1978 ukukhusela ukususwa kwabantwana bamaIndiya kwiintsapho nezizwe zabo, uye wajongana neengxaki eziphindaphindiweyo zomthetho. Ekulandeleni kwesigqibo seNkundla yeSithili ka-2018 2018 Brackenqueen v. Zin[[FLT][3][FLT]] [iiiilungiselelo] elathintela i-ICWA] iziphumo zokuva ingxube i-ooo, iBrac'ekho kumthetho wawodwa, iBhosa ikhotha iziphumo zokuvava i-ondonga, kodwa zanceda ukuqwalasela iziphumo zokulawula imigaqo-mthetho ye-mthetho. [AFogn, kunye nezongangezongameli eziphambili zeNkunyuko, [5]

Umhlaba Uthenga Inkqubo Yasemva Nelizwe Lokuthemba Iindlebe

I- Ilizwe I-Mouse Buza-Inkqubo Yezizwe Zomdabu , edalwe phantsi kwendawo yeCobell edityanisiweyo ukuze ifake izithuba zomhlaba, iye yaba ngumbandela wokuvalwa kwabantu abaninzi abajongene nayo ukususela ekundululweni kwayo ngo-2013. Isiqinisekiso sityhile ukuba inkqubo, ngexa iphumelele ekuthengeni izigidi-hektare, ijongene nokuthatha inxaxheba kwebhotile kwebhotile kunye nokungangeneli-nxaxheba kwezinye izizwe. Kwimpendulo, iBhunga elinamava ukuxubusha ngenkqubo kunye nokwandisa igunya lesizwe phezu kolawulo lomhlaba. Ngokufanayo, ukuva kwiSebe leMbhobhobho yomhlaba “ukuya kwinkqubo yokuzityala”. Ngokunjalo, inkqubo esetyenziswayo yizizwe ezifumana ukuthemba imeko yamazwe angengawo azimeleyo kwaye ezibhexel-e-e-bian. Ezi zikhuthaza ukulawulwa kwemiqatha yemijelo-e.

Amandla aseIndiya kunye nokuchongwa kwezibonelelo zebhombu

Ukuva ngenkqubela-mandla kwilizwe lase-Indiya kuyilwe iinkqubo zokulawula intlalo, uhlolo-ntle, kunye nengeniso. Umzekelo, u-2005 ukuva kwe-Indian Tribal Energy Development kunye ne-Universe-Dterminitition Act [ [i-UMT] (i-AM) ilungele indlela yokuba izizwe zingene kwimiqathango yamandla ngaphandle kwemvume kazwelonke. Ezi ngxoxo ziphenjelele ukuphuhliswa kwe-[FLD]. Kutsha nje ukuva kwe-Garhentervey [2012], amalungu e-Diarhente kunye namangqina esizwe aphikisana ngokulungele ukubuyiselwa komsebenzi (ilanga, umoya) kumazwe esizwe kunye nokhuseleko lweendawo ezingcwele. Ezi zinto ziye zaphembelela ukuphuhliswa kwe-DSPRGOD [12] kunye neenkqubo ze-DSD.[20]

Ucelomngeni Namathuba

Phezu kwako nje ukuva okunokwenzeka, iintlanganiso zijongene neengxaki eziphawulekayo zezakhiwo nezezobupolitika ezinokuthintela ukuphumelela kwazo kubemi bomthonyama.

Ukwenziwa Kwezobupolitika Nemisebenzi Emandla Yekomiti

Ulwahlulo lwamazwe ludla ngokuchaphazela iingxoxo zokuva, ukukhetha ubungqina, kunye nendlela yokubuza. Xa iqela elilawulayo lijonga ulawulo lwesizwe njengesisongelo kukhupho lwendalo okanye amalungelo empahla, ukuva kusenokuba kukurhoxa-jinga, namangqina avela kwizizwe ancinwa ngenkohlakalo. Ngokuchaseneyo, inkxaso edityanisiweyo yemali yesizwe iyakwazi ukukhulula izithuba. Ukuqulunqwa kwamalungu ekomiti (iimo yesizwe) ingakumbi ukuba ngaba isihlalo sivela kwilizwe elinabemi abaninzi base-Indiya.

Ukugqunywa kwezixhobo eendaba ezilinganiselweyo kunye nolwazi

Iintsuku ezininzi zokuva zingavalwa zezinye iziganeko zesizwe. Ngelixesha umbhobho ophezulu wokuva unokuthi utsale iikhamera zikamabonwakude, ukuva okuqhelekileyo kooveleli kwimfundo, impilo, okanye izindlu zingenamdla. Oku kungabi nankathalo kuthetha ukuba uluntu aluze luve umlinganiselo opheleleyo weemfuno zesizwe, kwaye abenzi benkqubo bajongene nengcinezelo encinane. Abaxhasi bemibutho basebenzisa i-media yentlalo-ntlalo kunye nokuhlala ngokungenamdaba, kodwa le migudu ayinakufikelela kulwazi oluphambili.

Ukulibazisa koorhulumente nokulandela ukungaphumeleli

Kwanaxa iindlebe zivelisa ubungqina obucacileyo kunye nokunconywa okucacileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezo zincomelo kunokuthatha iminyaka. Iinkqubo zingaluxhathisa utshintsho olungokwemithetho, okanye iBhunga lingasilela ukuchaza iimali ezifanelekileyo ezifunekayo. Umzekelo, ukuva ngemfuneko yokufumana izindlu ezingcono kwiimeko ezithe zabekwa kubangele ukuba amatyala athintelwe kwikomiti, ngoxa iinkokeli zesizwe zibuya unyaka nonyaka ukuze zinikele ubungqina ngokunqongophala okunganyangekiyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukunqongophala kwenkqubo esesikweni yokulandelela enoba izenzo zoonontlalo zihambelana nokunconywa kolwazi kuthetha ukuba ezinye iingxelo zinokuchatshazwa ngokunekileyo.

Ubalo olwaneleyo lwesizwe

Ukuva akuthathi indawo yonxibelelwano lukarhulumente kurhulumente. Ngelixesha zinika ifomati yokunikela ubungqina, ifomati ecwangcisiweyo isoloko ilinganisela ubunzulu bengxoxo. AmaNgqina avunyelwa ngokwesiqhelo imizuzu emihlanu kuphela ngenxa yeentetho zomlomo, kwaye i-Q&A ingaqhutyelwa phambili okanye ilawulwe ngabenzi bomthetho bezopolitiko. Iinkokeli ezininzi zezizwe ziphikisa ngelithi iindlebe zifanele zipheleliswe kukuva okubanjelwe kwimida, apho amalungu oluntu anokuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo. Imisebenzi yeSithilikethi iqaliselwe ukwamkela iingongoma ezingakumbi zokuncokola, kodwa iikomiti zembutho zithel ’ ukuqhelanisa.

Amathuba Afumaneka Ngobugcisa Nangokwakha Imali

Ukuvakala kwamanani, okwaxhaphaka ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, kuye kwandisa ukufumaneka kwamangqina angakwaziyo ukuya eWashington. Ubungqina obukude buye bavumela abadala, abaselula, namalungu esizwe sasemaphandleni ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba ngaphandle kwendleko kunye nomthwalo onzima wokuhamba ngeenombolo zoqhagamshelwano. Nangona ezinye iikomiti zibuyele kwiifomati kuphela, ezinye zigcina ukhetho oluyintlanganiselayo. Ukusetyenziswa kokuzithoba okubhaliweyo kunye neengxelo zevidiyo kuye kwandisa ingxelo. Ngaphezu koko, iminqoqothelana phakathi kwezizwe namalungelo asekuhlaleni, amalungelo abantu, kwaye imibutho yabasebenzi iye yomeleza iziphumo zokuva. Xa amaqela amaninzi elungelelanisa imiyalezo yawo, ayakwazi ukutsala ingqalelo ngakumbi nokusebenza koxinzelelo olungakumbi kubenzi bomthetho.

Utyekelo Lwakutshanje Neenkqubano Zexesha Elizayo

Kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo, kuye kwavela iinkalo eziliqela eziye zatshintsha impembelelo yokuva kwiinkqubo zoluntu.

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT: 0] Oklama v. Castro- i-hurtta

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2022 sokuba iOklahoma inegunya elingumthetho elibandakanya abamangalelwa abangengomalungu esizwe kumazwe ase-Indiya. Kanye emva kwesigqibo, iKomiti yeNtlanga yeeNtengo kwiMicimbi yaseIndiya yaphakamisa igalelo ethi “Iimpikisano ze-Iscraties ye-litro-litro ye-Ukhuseleko loLuntu noBugqeba.[FLT] AmaNgqina anyusa isandiso malunga nomthetho ozinziswano kunye nokurhoxiswa kwesizwe. Ngexesha kungekho mthetho ugqithe ekupheliseni kwesigqibo sokwenza isigqibo, iityala eziveliswayo kunye ne-bipartistan malunga neengxoxo ezicacisa ulawulo kwilizwe laseIndiya.

Ukuqulunqwa kweVAWA nokwanda kweSityholo seSizwe

Ukuthethwa kweRhabethis Against Women Act ngo-2021 nangowama-2022 kwabhenela ekunyuseni ulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho lwesizwe ukugqugqisa abenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho abangengomalungu eenkqubo zokuhlaselwa ngokwesini, ukurhawulwa, nokurhwebelana ngesondo. Iinkokeli zezizwe nabasindileyo banikela ubungqina ngokuhambelana nezithuba zobulungisa ezashiya abaphumezi bolwaphulo-mthetho bengenatyala. Iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezilandelayo ziquka inkqubo yomqhubi wesizwe yokulawula zonke izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho (alugonyamelo lwamakhaya) kwinani elilinganiselwe lezizwe. Ukuva ukuphumelela kwezizwe kuya kuba yimfuneko ukulandelela impumelelo yalo mqhubi wenqwelo moya nokunyanzela ulwando olusisigxina.

UMthetho wokuKhuthazwa kweNtsebenziswano neNkxaso

Ukuchotshelwa kwemithetho-siseko ngokusesikweni kokusingqongileyo ngowama-2021 kunye nama-2022 kwanika izizwe iqonga elichaphazelekayo ngenxa yongcoliso, ukuguquka kwemozulu, kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-athom. Ubungqina obuvela kuhlanga lwamaNavajo, iKomiti yeGwich'in Setering, kunye nabanye banceda ekuyilungiseni i-Recuction Recuction Act [[[FLT: 1] [iiwaka lezigidi zezigidi ezingama-40] kunyuko yemozulu, kuquka ukuveliswa kwemibutho yezizwe. Ikamva liya kuqwalasela indlela eziya kusasazwa ngayo ezo mali nokuba zifikelela kusini na ekufuneni kwazo.

Uqeqesho loLawulo lukaRhulumente oluya kuRhulumente

Izindululo ze-Bpartisan zokuhlanganisa iimfuno zoluvo lwesizwe zoluvo zivele emva kokuvakala kwetyala elangqina ukusilela kwabameli ukulandela ulawulo lwangoku. Amatyala aliqela, kuquka i- Truth kunye neKhomishini yokuSebenza kwi-Indiya Boarding School Policies Act, iye yaqhubela phambili emva kobungqina obungokweemvakalelo obuvela kwabasindileyo. Oku kuboniswa kokuchaphazeleka kwenkqubo yokubhenela kwisikolo, esibalekayo ebanjelwe ngowama-2022 kunye nama-2023, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kuveliswe indima karhulumente engokwembali ekunyanzelweni kwe-a kwaye ikhokelela kwiSebe lokupapashwa kwengxelo yeSprelitive. Oku kubonise indlela ukubonakala okunokuguquka kwenkqubo ye-Crectoritography kwimimandla yemeko yembali.

Isiphelo

Ukuvakala kwemithetho-siseko kusebalulekile kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokubumba ii-Indial projects, kunye namazwe. Zinikela umgca othe ngqo wonxibelelwano phakathi kweenkokeli zoMdama kunye nabenzi bomthetho wesizwe, zivelisa iingxelo zikawonke-wonke ezixhasa inkxaso kunye nolawulo, kwaye zinako ukuqhubela phambili inyathelo lemithetho kunye nenkqubo yolawulo. Noko ke, impumelelo yazo ilawulwa ngamaqela ezobupolitika, ukutyeshelwa kwezobupolitiki, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokunxibelelana, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano, nokungalawuleki kwesizwe, nokungavumelani kwazo okusemgangathweni, nokufumana amangqina esizwe anikwe ixesha elaneleyo nentlonelo, kwaye ukuva kulandelwa nokusetyenziswa kwazo. Ubugcisa bunikela iindlela ezintsha zokuthabatha inxaxheba, kunye nokukhula kwezizwe eziphakathi kwezizwe nentlangano eziphakathi kwe-Ilpluneanskians kwigumbi lokuphulaphula. Ngokungathi kuthe kufutshane kungene kunyaka olandelayo, kwaye kuqhubeke ulawulo oluphambili lwemeko oluphambili lwexesha elizayo, apho ndiza kungenelelene, apho ndiza kuqhubeke ukuchaziwe khona, apho kuqhubeke ukusetyenziswa

[[UMTL:0] Obonelelo:[[UMTL_1]