Indlela Iindlebe Ezilawulwa Ngayo Zisemgceni

Ukuvakala kwemithetho-siseko kumela enye yezona ndlela zicacileyo urhulumente wase-United States azama ngazo ukuxhathisa imingeni emininzi yokunyanzelisa abantu ukuba bafuduke. Le ntlanganiso, eququzelelwa ziikomiti kwiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlalo, zihlanganise abaphathi-mthetho, amagosa esizwe, iingcali zezomthetho, kunye nabameli boluntu ukuhlolisisa ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho yokufuduka, ukwaba oovimba, nokuchonga ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo yolawulo. Ngaphezu kweentlanganiso ezilula, ukuva kusebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumaziko alawulayo esebe eliphetheyo njenge-Immigration ne-Crondementalmentation (ICE) kunye ne-CP) kunye ne-Rrivelves and Provitionstion (CBP), ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yolawulo yorhulumente, ihambelana nokukhusela kwemithetho-ogractiventi (inters).

Ukunyanzeliswa kolawulo lorhwaphilizo eUnited States bekusoloko kungumthombo wengxoxo eshushu yezobupolitika, neembono ezidibeneyo ngendlela yokulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lwesizwe, izilangazelelo zezoqoqosho, izibophelelo zokunceda abantu, kunye nomthetho olawulayo. Iindlebe zombutho-ngqungquthela zinikela isiseko esicwangcisiweyo apho ezi zinto ziphambili zikhuphisanayo zinokumenyezelwa, zihlolisiswe, kwaye ekugqibeleni ziguqulelwe kwisenzo somthetho okanye ulawulo. Iingxelo ezibhaliweyo, iingxoxo zemibuzo-inkcitho, kunye neengxelo ezilandelayo ezivelwayo zidla ngokuyila ukuyila isiseko esicacileyo semali entsha, ukuxhasa, ukutshintsha kwezigqibo, kunye neenguqu.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza kweendlebe

IBhunga lifumana igunya lalo lokungamela kwiQumrhu I lomGaqo-siseko, elilinika igunya lokuphanda ngemibandela enxulumene nomthetho kunye nokusebenza kwamaqumrhu karhulumente. Iindlebe zokwahlulwa zidla ngokuwa phantsi kolawulo lweekomiti ezifana neKomiti yeNdlu yeJadiary, iKomiti yeNtlanganiso kwi-Judicaary, iKomiti yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu eMahomeland, neKomiti yeNtsimbi yoKhuselo loKhuselo lweMandla neMicimbi yoLawulo. I-Camptethetes ne-oms ephethe i-logams okanye ukhuseleko lomda i-Rhulumente isoloko iqhuba iindlebe ezithenjiweyo.

Abaququzeleli bezolwazi bezehlo zezendlebe bayilelwe ukukhupha inkcazelo encinci. AmaNgqina akhethwa ukuba amele uludwe lweembono, kuquka amagosa karhulumente avela kumasebe agunyazisayo, abaphandi, abameli abangokwasemthethweni, abameli beentlangano ezingeyongeniso, yaye ngamanye amaxesha abachaphazelekayo yimigaqo yokunyanzelisa. Ingxelo nganye inikezela ingxelo ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo ngaphambili, epapashwa kwingxelo esemthethweni engokuva iindlebe. Emva kokuba kusungulwe iingxelo ezivela kumalungu ekomiti, ixesha eliyimibuzo nexesha lokusebenza ivumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba bahlolisise imibango ekhethekileyo, ukucacisa, kunye nokuvavanyanisa. Le ndlela yenza ingxelo kawonke ekhuthaza izigqibo ezikhawulezi zifundo zomthetho ezikhawulezi zithuba zomthetho.

Ukuthethwa kwengxelo nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Enye yeendidi eziphambili zokuva iindlebe zolu lungiselelo lokusebenza kwabantu abafudukayo yinkqubo yokusebenza, apho iBhunga limisela imigangatho yemali yamasebe afana ne-ICE, CBP, kunye ne-Ofisi yeSebe elilawulayo ye-Immigation Review (EOIR). Ngexesha lale ntlanganiso, iintloko zomaziko kufuneka zithethelele izicelo zabo zoqingqo-mali, iingcebiso ngemibandela ephambili, kunye nengxelo yenkcitho yemali edlulileyo. Abenzi bomthetho bangasebenzisa ukuva ukufuna ukuvela okungakumbi ekuchitheni intolongo, ukuqokelela ubugcisa, okanye izabelo zabasebenzi. Umzekelo, ukuva kuye kwasetyenziswa ekubalaseni iindleko ezithengwayo zemali ezingakumbi zokuvalelwa, ezisoloko zibiza imali eninzi kwaye zikhokelele abantu.

Ucelomngeni Olunyanzelekileyo Oluhlolisiswayo Ekuchotshelweni Kwabantu

Ukuqonda le mibandela kubalulekile kuye kwanceda nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela asebenza ngayo amaqela asebenza phantsi komhlaba.

Ukhuseleko loMda kunye noLawulo olusebenzayo

Ukhuseleko lomda luhlala lungumbandela ongapheliyo wokuxilongwa kwengqungquthela. Iindlebe zisoloko zithetha ngempumelelo yemiqobo, ubugcisa bokuhlola, imisebenzi esetyenziswayo, kunye nemisebenzi esetyenziswayo enqamlezileyo kwimida esemazantsi nasemntla. Ubungqina obuvela kwi-ofisi ye-Akhawunti yoLawulo lukaRhulumente (GAO) kunye neSebe loKhuselo lwe Homeland (DHS) olufunyanisiweyo olusoloko lutyhila izithuba ekulawuleni, njengokungagqibeleli kokungaqondani kwemeko kwicandelo elikude okanye ucelomngeni lokuphelisa ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi ngakwindawo eshushu yokurhwebela abantu. Abaphathi beMithetho-mthetho baye basebenzisa ezi ngxelo ukubuza enoba ubugcisa obuthile bokungena kwi-exinzelo lwe-bio-bio-atmorec okanye izinqaba ezibonisa iinqaba ezikhoyo zokusebenza, ezifuna ukuphuculwa kwazo okanye ezinye ukuphuculwa.

Iimeko zenjongo kunye nezona zinokusetyenziswa

Ulawulo lweziko lokuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe luye lwavela njengembambano ephindaphindwayo nedla ngokuphindwayo ekuchotshelweni. Iikomiti zeBhunga ziye zahlola iingxelo zokungakhathalelwa kwezezonyango, ukuvalelwa ixesha elide, kunye neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokungathobelwa kwamaziko okuphakathi kwe-ICE. AmaNgqina avela kwiintlangano zamalungelo abantu nababevalelweyo aye anikela iingxelo zobuqu ezicelw'ukuvavanya iingxelo ezisemthethweni. Kwimpendulo, iingxelo zokuva ziye zavela kwiiNguqu-inguqu ezithilisiweyo ezifana nokusekwa kwemigangatho yokuvalelwa, ukwanda kokungakhathalelwa kwee-DHS ofisi zamalungelo oluntu kunye nee-Liberavileties, kunye neenkqubo zomqhubi ze-matyala ezingezinzima ezithintelisiweyo.

Ukwenziwa kwenjongo ephambili

Enye indawo enzima yeyokwenza umtshutshisi ubuchule bokugqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala angaphumiyo ukuze asuswe. Abaphulaphuli baye bahlola uxinezeleko olukhoyo phakathi kwemigaqo-nkqubo ebeka izisongelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe, izaphuli-mthetho ezinogonyamelo, kunye nee-odoli zakutshanje ezisemdeni, kunye nenyathelo lokunyanzelisa elithatyathwe ngokuchasene nabemi bexesha elide abanamaqhina anzulu oluntu, kuquka nabo baye benza ulwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane. I-Congregarinerinel ingqina elisuka kukhokelo lwe-ICE ngokufuthi elisoloko libalaselisa uxinzelo lweziko olusibonelelo kunye nemfuneko ecacileyo, ngoxa abaxhasi bephikisa ukuba ukuthembana nokukhutshwa kwemiqatha yemiqathango yemiqatha, kunye neentsapho ezifuna ukunciphisa umgaqo-Geademode.

Inkxalabo Yabantu Nabemi Abaneenkxwaleko

Ukuphathwa kwamaqela angenaziphene, ingakumbi abantwana abangalawulwayo, abafuni bekhusi, namaxhoba okurhwebelana, kuyinto esoloko isenziwa. IiKomiti ziye zahlolisisa iimeko zeCBP ezikhoyo izibonelelo, ukwenziwa kweengxelo zokhuseleko phantsi kweMigrant Protection Protocotion Programs (kwaye eyaziwa ngokuba yiNdebeko eMexico), kwaye amandla eOfisi yeNdebeseko eBaleki-Rhwebe, ulawulo lwabantwana, nokunyanyekelwa kwabantwana. Ukunikela ubungqina kubantwana bezifo zezifo, abasebenzi bentlalo, nabangaphambili bamagosa karhulumente baye babhala iziganeko zokufumana ingcebiso elingephi nakungalulo olusemthethweni. Oku kukhokelela ekuguquleni ulungelelwano lwenkundla, kwiinkqubo zokuphatha abagcini-ofisi, kunye nolwandiselwano kooomasebe beenkonzo abaphantsi beenkonzo abaphantsi komthetho.

Inkqubo yokuHlakulela ngokuNgasemthethweni

Ngoxa ukunyanzelisa kusoloko kulawula imixholo yezihloko, ukuva kukwathetha ngokwakhiwa kwenkqubo yokufuduka esemthethweni. IVisa Applicience Servation Act kunye nezicelo ezifanayo zixelwe ngobungqina obukwiminyaka emininzi yemithetho yeentsapho exhotyisiweyo nesekelwe kwimisebenzi yamakhadi aluhlaza, ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo yeH-1B visa, kunye nomthwalo wolawulo kwiU.S. i-Immigration Service (USCIS). Abaphathi-mthetho baye basebenzisa ukuva ukubuza amatyala okhokelo lwe-USCIS malunga namaxesha okulungisa, imirhumo yemirhu, kunye nobugcisa. Ukuququlukwano kwezi nkqubo ze-HB, amangqina, ukuphikisa, ukugxuba kwabantu abangekho mthethweni-mgaqonga kwii-mfo neentlobo zee-midlcestions kumele ziphumele inkqubo ze-ogne.

Imbono Yabaxhasi Nempembelelo Yabo

Ukuvakala kwamazwi ahlukahlukeneyo ngexesha lokuchongwa kombutho yenye yezona zinto zinamandla nezibangela ingcinezelo eqhubekayo. Ukuqonda indlela abaxhasi abahlukeneyo abaphembelela ngayo incoko kufuna ukuba bahlolisise iintshukumisa zabo kunye nobunzima obuthwalwa bubungqina babo.

Abaphathi be-arhente yomanyano

Amagosa amakhulu aseICE, iCBP, iUSCIS, kunye neSebe loRhulumente zibonakala zisoloko zichaza iinkqubo zazo, zithethelela uqingqo-mali, kwaye ziphendula kwii-critiques. Ingxelo yazo isoloko iquka ugcino-lwazi olusebenzayo, olufana noluthi luthi lubanjwe, amanani asuswayo, kunye namanani anqamlezileyo. Noko ke, abahlalutyi baphawula ukuba amangqina agunya anokunyanzelwa ngabamiselwe kwezobupolitika kwaye ugcino-lwazi lunganikelwa ngokukhethayo. Ngamanye amaxesha iindlebe zibhenca iingxwabangxwangulo zangaphakathi, xa amagosa angaphambili engqina ukuba akholelwa ukuba imigaqo ayimingeni okanye ayimintubelo.

Abenzi Bomthetho Neqela Abanamandla

Amalungu eBhunga asebenzisa iindlebe ukuhambisela phambili imimiselo yawo yemithetho, iingongoma zezopolitiki, kunye neempawu eziphambili kwimibutho yabo. Izihlalo zeKomiti `ezisuka kwiqela elininzi ``lokulawula ukukhethwa kobungqina, indlela yokubuza, kunye nocwangciso lokuva. Oku kungakhokelela kwimiba ephezulu apho izibakala ezifanayo zichazwa ngokwahlukileyo ngokwezibophelelo zengqondo. Phezu kwayo nje le ntshukumo yokuhamba komhlaba, iindlebe ziye zavelisa i-bipartistan, njenge-Decurity, i-economic Omentmentmentment, kunye ne-Immigation Moderation Modertivement Act yo-2013, edluliswa iNxandulo yemigxube kunye nomthetho obanzi phambi kokuba kungene ibekwe kwiNd Home.

Amaqela Obugcisa Noluntu

Imibutho enjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Amalungelo abantu Watch, iziko loMthetho weNational Immigration, kunye ne-Mogration Policy Institute isoloko inikela ubungqina obunobuchule bokucel ’ umngeni iindawo zikarhulumente. Uphando lwazo olusekelwe kuphando kunye namava enkonzo angqalileyo anika uluvo oluphezulu olunokwahlula iingxelo ze-ibhusayithi. Iindlebe ezibonisa abantu abachaphazelekayo, abafana nomntu ofumana i-DACAR, umgcini-khuseli wekhusi, okanye intsapho eyahlulwe umda `iiinyani ingqina ngamandla anzima kwinkqubo yoluntu kunye nokukhutshwa kwempembelelo yomthetho ozinzisayo.

Abaphandi Nabaphengululi Bezomthetho

Iingcali ezisekelwe kwiYunivesithi zifak' isandla ekuhlolweni kwemibandela efana nokuthintelwa komthetho, igalelo lezoqoqosho labaphambukeli, nemiqathango yezomGaqo-siseko kwisenzo solawulo. Ubungqina bazo busoloko bunika iziqinisekiso ezicacileyo zezicelo zemigaqo-nkqubo, kwakunye nomongo wembali kwiingxoxo zangoku. Umzekelo, ukuchotshelwa kwegunya elisemthethweni likamongameli lokulindela ukugxothwa koonjingalwazi bomthetho abahlalutya imigaqo yenkundla ephakamileyo kunye noqheliselo lwembali.

Inkqubo yehlabathi yokwenene iphuma ekuchongeni

Impembelelo yokuchongwa kwetyala lokugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo isenokufunyanwa ngemizekelo emininzi eqinisekisiweyo. Enye imeko ephawulekayo luthotho lwezingcelele zokuvalwa kweengxelo zokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini okusasazekileyo kwiindawo zokuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Oku kuthethwa kwakhokelela ekumisweni kwe-Ofisi ye-DHS yeNhlolo-nkulu, ukujonga okungakumbi kwiKomiti yeHouse Oversty, kwaye ekugqibeleni kunyuswe imilinganiselo yokugcinwa ehlaziyiweyo eyaphucula uvavanyo nemithetho elandelwayo.

Omnye umphumo obalulekileyo wavela ekuchotshelweni kwenkqubo yokwahlukana kwentsapho eyaphunyezwa ngo-191818. Ubungqina obuvela kugqirha wabantwana, amagosa karhulumente angaphambili, kunye namagqwetha achaza udandatheko olubangelwa kubantwana (* kunye nobunzima bokuphinda kukhutshwe iintsapho) nenkcaso yama-bipartis. Ukuchotshelwa kwanegalelo ekupheliseni inkqubo yolawulo kunye nokukhuthazwa kokuqulunqwa kwabantwana ekugqibeleni okuye kwaphumela kwinkqubo yokulungelelanisa emiselwe yinkundla. Ukuditya okulandelelaniswa kweentsapho kuthintele ukuxhaswa kwemali kweminye imigaqo-mali efana naleyo yokwahlukana kwentsapho.

Izigqibo zenkcitho zikwabunjwa ngqo bubungqina bokuva. nyaka ngamnye, inkqubo yokucaciswa kwengxelo isebenzisa iingxelo zokuvalwa kwemali ukumisela imigangatho yemali yeebhedi zokuvalelwa, abagcini-mikhosi abasebenza kwimida, abagwebi abafudukayo, kunye nobugcisa bokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bamkelekile. Xa uxwebhu olungenalwazi lungasetyenziswa okanye luphulwe amalungelo, iBhunga liye lanciphisa okanye laxhaswa ngemali, njengoko kubonwa ukuba libekelwe imiqathango ebekwe kubuchule bokuthenga amabanjwa amatsha ngaphandle kokubonakalisa ukuthotyelelwa kwemilinganiselo.

Ukugxekwa Nokusikelwa Umda Kwendlela Yokuva

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwazo, iindlebe zombutho zineziphazamiso ezibhalwe kakuhle ezilinganisela ukuphumelela kwazo ekusingatheni iingxaki zokunyanzelisa ukufuduka. Enye into exhaphakileyo kukuba ukuva kuyakwazi ukucutha ii-projekthi zezopolitiko, namalungu asebenzisa ixesha lawo ekumeni ngokuzukileyo kunokuba abuze ngokunyanisekileyo. Oku kuxhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo ezichanekileyo zemigaqo efana nokufuduka, apho isandi sidla ngokuthatha indawo yokuqala kunenkcubeko esezantsi.

Omnye umqobo kukukhetha ubungqina. Izihlalo zekomiti zingayila ingxelo yokuva ngokumema amangqina aneembono ezivumelana nocwangciso lombutho wombutho woluntu lodwa. Oku kunokuvelisa umfanekiso ongaphelelanga okanye odityanisiweyo wemibandela. Ngaphezu koko, amangqina avela kwiimvelaphi zobugqwirha asenokungasoloko efikelela kugcino-lwazi olufanayo namagosa karhulumente, edala i-asymmetriete kulwazi olunikiweyo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuva okuxhatshazwe kakuhle akuqinisekisi nyathelo lenkqubo. Umthetho onika ingcebiso uthetha ukuba izindululo ezininzi ezithembisayo ezixutyushwa ngexesha lokuchongwa zingenzeki zihambele phambili kwivoti. Iingcebiso ezingaphezulu ezivela kwiingxelo zekomiti zisenokungahoywa ngabameli abalawulayo ukuba iintshukumisa okanye oovimba bezobupolitika okanye oovimba abasetyenziswayo baphazanyisiwe. Ubuchule bokunyanzelisa bubangela ukuba uphazamiso luzenze nzima ngakumbi, njengoko amaqumrhu enokuthi ngamanye amaxesha axhathise okanye alwe kancinci izicelo zolwazi okanye alungelelwano oluthe rhoqo.

Obona Buqheliso Bulungileyo Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Ukwandisa impembelelo yokuva ekunyanzelweni kolawulo lwabafuduki, izihlandlo eziliqela ezingcono ziye zafunyaniswa ngabahlaziyi borhulumente namaqela karhulumente olungileyo. Oku kuquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba amacandelo afanelekileyo okunikela ubungqina, ukunikezela ixesha elaneleyo lokulandela imibuzo, ukubandakanya imibuzo ebhaliweyo ukuze kuchazwe iisithuba, kunye nokufuna ukuba amaziko aphumeze iimpendulo ezifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwizicelo zobuveleli. Amanyathelo okubonisa ngaphaya kwengqondo, afana nokukhupha zonke iindlebe nokwenza impembelele ezilula ukuphendla kwi-intanethi, kwakhona anyusa ukuphendula kukawonke-wonke.

Xa ujonga phambili, iindlebe zisenokugxininisa kwimingeni eshukumayo efana nokudityaniswa komthetho wokunyanzeliswa kwabantu abafudukayo ngobuchule obungeyonyaniso kunye nobugcisa bokuhlola, ukufuduka kwemozulu, kunye nokusetyenziswa okude kokugcinwa nokususwa kwemisebenzi. Ukusetyenziswa okukhulayo kobungqina obukwenye indawo kunye nokuva okubangelwa yindyikitya yokufa kwe-COVID-19, kusenokuphinda kubekho, kuvumela amangqina avela kumazwe asemida okanye kwamanye amazwe ukuba anikele ubungqina ngaphandle kokuya eWashington, DC.

Koogqr, abaxhasi, namalungu kawonke-wonke afuna ukubandakanyeka kule nkqubo, oovimba abanjenge .gov iphepha lekomiti , i-Ofisi yeNkcubeko ye-Plate [, kunye nenkqubo ye-USCIS iphepha[[ inika unikezelo kucwangciso lokuva, oovimba bobungqina, kunye nogcino-data lwezikomfako. Ukulandela umsebenzi wemibutho efana neqela lePFLT [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT]]]

Isiphelo

Ukuva okukhoyo kwemithetho-siseko kusisixhobo esisisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi kwindawo yokunyanzelisa ukufuduka. Zibhenca ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo, zinika iqonga lamazwi aphantsi, zize zinike isiseko esicacileyo seenguqu zemithetho-siseko. Nangona kukude nokufezeka ````ngokulula ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, amasuntswana, kwaye ziphumeze iinkqubo zedemokhrasi' kunye nokuzalisekisa imiqathango encinci/ukulawula iprojectal systems'. Zihlala zisesona sixhobo solawulo lwezikomposiso, zihlala zisenza ukuba iNgqungquthela iUnited States idibanise njani nelizwe elikhuphisanayo, zinike ingqalelo enzulu koko kwenzeka kumagumbi okuva. Iingxoxo, iingxelo, iingxelo eziveliswayo, azibonisi nje ukungqubana kwezobupolitika kwezobupolitika kwezobupolitika; zibumba imithetho, imigaqo yemiqatha, kunye nemilinganiselo elawula ubomi bezigidi. Ngoko ke, zimele ukuba zibonakale kwinkqubo elungileyo.