Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwesizwe yimfundiso esisiseko ethintela ukumangalelwa kwinkundla yesizwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Ithathwe kwiSimemezelo seshumi elinesine ukuya kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Lo mgaqo unentsingiselo enzulu kwimisebenzi yezenyuselo zikawonke-wonke . "Iindlela eziphakamileyo, iibhulorho, iinkqubo zamanzi, izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza. Xa kuvela iimpikiswano ngezi projekthi, ukuma komgangatho wokuzikhusela kobuso obunokubangela ukumangalelwa, lowo, phantsi kwazo naphantsi kwazo. Ukuqonda le mfundiso kuyimfuneko kubenzi bezomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke, oomatiloshe, oomatiloshe, nabasebenzi abahamba ngezomthetho abahamba ngeendawo ezintsonkothile.

Imvelaphi yoMgaqo-siseko wokungahambelani koMongami weMmandla

IA111th Amendment, eyamkelwa ngowe-1795, iyanika: “Nangona amandla eeJaji eUnited States engasayi kuthathwa njengadlulisela nakuyiphi na isambatho somthetho okanye sokulingana, eqaliswe okanye egwetywe nxamnye nenye i-United States yi-Patizence of the State, okanye yi-Citizens okanye yiMigadelis okanye iZiphetho zayo naliphi na Izwe Lasemzini.” Nangona le mibhalo ibonakala imxinene, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayiyitoliki umgaqo obanzi: amajoni akulwiwa nakumangalelwana kwabucala kwinkundla yorhulumente ngaphandle kokuba avume ukuquququzelelwa okanye ikhotholo olusemthethweni lokhuselo. Oku kunwebela kwimibutho nezixhobo ezisebenza njengezixhobo zelizwe, njengemibutho yezothutho, ii-omitchela, kunye neenkqubo zeyunivesithi.

Le mfundiso inemvelaphi enzulu kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, apho isiBhulu sasingenakumangalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yaso. Abalawuli bathwala le ngcamango kumgaqo-siseko waseMelika, bayijonga njengebalulekileyo ukugcina isidima nozinzo lwemali loorhulumente. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iphucule imfundiso kwiimeko zesiphawuli njenge i-Hans v. Louisiana [1890], ekholelwa ukuba ukhuseleko lukwizinyuko loluntu ngokwalo, kwaye i-Sminolev] Florida [v[FLT] [FLT] [96] [96], ekwayimithelela amandla okuxhasa i-Pronglayervesss [ign] (189090]), ekwaneejoyinyanise kwimigrame eliphantsi solawulo oluphantsi kwemiqathathi I-Gwayilelo-Gene.

Indlela Ukungalawuleki Okuchaphazela Ngayo Ukusasazwa Kwemithetho Kawonke - wonke

Iiprojekthi zezibonelelo zikawonke-wonke ziyinto engaqhelekanga. Iingxabano zingavela ngokuchaphazelekayo kwesivumelwano (umz., urhulumente akakwazi ukuhlawula ikontraka), ukwenzakala ngokobuqu (umz., indlela engalungiswanga kakuhle ibangela ingozi), umonakalo wemeko-bume (umz., iprojekthi yokwakha ingcolisa imimandla ekufutshane), okanye imicimbi ephambili. Kwimeko nganye, ukukhusela umgangatho wolawulo kungakuthintela ukufikelela kwe-mzimeli kwinkundla yorhulumente, kubanyanzele ukuba aphishekele ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza kwinkundla yenkundla yeli lizwe.

Iimpikiswano Ezimanyeneyo

Xa ikontraka yabucala ityikitya isiqinisekiso sokusebenza nesebe lezothutho lesizwe lokwakha ibhulorho, isivumelwano singaba phantsi kwesokuthintelwa kwemithetho. Ukuba urhulumente waphula isivumelwano, ikontraka ayinakugweba kwinkundla yephondo ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uluyekele ukuthintelwa kwesivumelwano okanye ngomthetho karhulumente. Amazwe amaninzi afuna ukuba ingingqi zivume ukuvuma ukupheliswa kwesigqibo sokulawula okanye ukumangalelwa kwinkundla yephondo. Oku kunokulibazisa ukuhlangulwa nokunyuka kwemali yamaqela azimeleyo asebenza namaziko karhulumente.

Ingxelo Enconywayo

Ukuba ummi wokonakaliswa ngumqondiso owayo kwisakhiwo esizimeleyo sikarhulumente okanye kwingozi yemoto ngenxa yohola wesithintelo sikarhulumente olondolozwe kakubi, umgangatho wokuzikhusela usenokubamba ityala elithe ngqo ngokuchasene norhulumente. Umthetho weFederal Tort Ipenits Act (FTCA) awusebenzisi kurhulumente; endaweni yoko, urhulumente ngamnye unento yakhe yokwenza enokuthi i-tort yenze into enokuthi ikhuseleke ukuya kwimida ethile. Noko ke, le mimiselo idla ngokufuna isaziso sokuzithethelela kwi-freyithi yexesha elifutshane, ilahleko yentsika, kwaye ikhuphe iintlobo ezithile (umz., izigqibo ezicacileyo).

Ucelomngeni Lokusingqongileyo Nolawulo

Amaqela okusingqongileyo okanye abemi abameleneyo basenokuyicel ’ umngeni iprojekthi yesiseko sombuso yokwaphula imithetho yemekobume. Ukuzikhusela okungalawulekiyo akuwavumeli amagosa karhulumente akwisikhundla sawo soburhulumente sokufumana isiqabu phantsi kwemfundiso emiselwe exde Young[ [1988]. Oku kucaphula kuvumela abasemagunyeni ukuba bangenise amagosa asekuhlaleni angafuni mithetho emiselweyo okanye aphula imithetho yesizwe, kodwa akuvumeli ukuba afumane umonakalo lwemali nxamnye norhulumente ngokwawo. Njengesiphumo, abasebenzi kufuneka ngononophelo lwezingciphelo zabo kwizikhalazo ezijolise kwaye bafune uncedo olukhoyo.

Isitshixo Esikhethekileyo Kulawulo Oluphezulu

Naphezu kokufikelela kwayo ebanzi, ukhuseleko oluphezulu lukarhulumente aluphelelanga. Iindidi eziliqela ezingaziwayo zivumela ukumangalelwa kuqhubekeke kumazwe achaseneyo nenkundla yorhulumente, nganye eneziphumo ezibalulekileyo zokukhutshwa kwezibonelelo.

Ukuphulwa Kwamalungelo Abemi

Phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-Mphetho weshumi elinesine, iBhunga lowiso-mthetho wesizwe elilawulayo lombuso linokulwa nowiso-mthetho olugunyazisa ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Eyona nqwelo-mafutha iqhelekileyo yi-42 U.S.C. .1998, evumela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bamangalelwe amagosa karhulumente ngenxa yomonakalo nenkululeko xa abo basemagunyeni bevukela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko okanye amalungelo omthetho. Umzekelo, ukuba ulwakhiwo lohola-ndlela lucalula ngemposiso ngokuchasene noluntu oluncinane olukwi-Celaniso, abahlalingeneyo basenokugwetyelwa amagunya asemthethweni ngokwawo. Noko ke, isuti ega ngokuchasene norhulumente ngokwawo (ngangokuchasene namagosa awo) ingavalwa ngaphandle kokuba umgangatho wokhuseleko.

I-Express

Ama-odoli angavuma ngokuzithandela ukuba abekwe ityala. Uvumelo olunjalo kufuneka lube lucacile kwaye lungaqiniseki. Uninzi lwamazwe akhusela ukunqanda ukunqanda ukudibana kwemiqobo, njengakwizenzo zawo zokukhetha itort, ngokufaka kwizivumelwano eziquka iirejistamente ze-yum, okanye ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokunika imvume yokufaneleka. Abaphuhlisi benkqubo yomthetho kufuneka basoloko bethetha nabaxhasi abasoloko bethetha ukuba banokufumana usuku enkundleni xa kuvela impikiswano. Abaxhamli-wa bangaba nocalucalulo-calulo, umzekelo, urhulumente angavuma ukufaneleka kwiinkundla zawo kuphela, okanye avume kuphela imali ethile.

Ukuziphakamisa Okumiselwe Ligunya Elifanelekileyo

IKhomishini iyakwazi ukukhulula amaphondo okukhusela amagunya ayo okusebenza, ingakumbi phantsi koMthetho weshumi elinesine woLawulo olugqwethekileyo. Umzekelo, amaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka, ucalucalulo lweNkathi kwi-Arhente, kunye neSihloko se-Cuvil Rights Act, konke kuxhaswe njengokuvalwa kokusemthethweni kwimo ethile. Kwizibonelelo, oku kuthetha ukuba amatyala okucalucalucalucalulo kwimisebenzi yokuthulela abantu abaqeshiweyo okanye ucalucalulo lobudala kumsebenzi weminyaka e-Rhulumente lungaqhubekeki norhulumente nangona umgaqo owedwa. Ngoko, iBhunga lokuzikhusela i-Rhulumente (um. Clast Claussme) esebenzisa amandla ayo okusebenzisa iGwando I (umz. Clavis) njengoko kumiselwe [FLD: 0]

Isuti ezichasene nabaphathi belizwe: Ex nxenye encinci

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, imfundiso ye- ex e Young ivumela amagosa azimeleyo ukuba adlulise icala kumagosa karhulumente ukuze akhulule i-oyile ukuphelisa ukwaphulwa komthetho karhulumente okuqhubekayo. Oku sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuhlahlela amalungelo emeko-bume kunye ne-ogracy. Umzekelo, ukuba urhulumente wakha idama ngokwaphulwa koMthetho we-Ectooc Water, iqela elisingqongileyo lingamfaka kumphathi wesibonelelo sobume bokusimisa ukwakhiwa. Ukumangalelwa kuthathwa kuchasene nomphathi-ofisi, hayi norhulumente, ngoko ukuthintelwa akusebenzi. Noko ke, nawuphi na umbhiyo kufuneka uhlawulelwe ngokobuqu okanye ngemeko ukuba uyavuma ngokuzithandela.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Unxulumano phakathi kokhuseleko olulawulayo nezibonelelo zikawonke-wonke ludala imekobume entsonkothileyo esemthethweni abagcini-matyala kufuneka bahambe ngayo ngenkathalo. Abenzi-nkqubo, abaququzeleli bezicelo, kunye nabaphathi beprojekthi bonke kufuneka bacinge indlela abaza kuchaphazela ngayo ukuthintelwa kwempikiswano kunye netyala.

Iindlela Zokurhwebelana

Ukwamkelwa kwemiqobo yokumangalela urhulumente, amatheko angawabo kufuneka aquke izigwebo ezicacileyo zokukhulula izivumelwano zawo namaqumrhu karhulumente. Ngaphandle komthetho onjalo, indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe imisele imithetho egunyazisa amaqumrhu ayo ukuba avume ukuvumelana nemiqathango ethile. Umzekelo, isebe lezothutho lingavuma ukukhupha izivumelwano zokudibanisa izivumelwano zokubophelela okanye kwinkundla emiselweyo yenkundla enegunya lokuzikhusela. Ngaphandle komgaqo onjalo, isakhiwo sisenokulinganiselwa ekunikezeleni ulawulo okanye kufuneke kuxhomekeke kwintlawulo olucacileyo, ezi nteko zezo zithandabuza ukufumana.

Enye impikiswano

Ngenxa yokuba ukuchasana norhulumente kusoloko kunyanzelekile, enye ingxubusho yempikiswano (ADR) iindlela zokulwa (ADR). Umzekelo, ulwahlulo, kunye novavanyo oluncinci , kwaye luye lwaxhaphaka kwizivumelwano zoncedo lukawonke-wonke. I-ADR ingakhawuleza, ingabizi kakhulu, kwaye ingabi namali ingako kunezi ngxelo zenkundla. Iimeko ezininzi zifuna okanye zikhuthaze i-ADR kwiimpikiswano ezivela kwizivumelwano zikarhulumente. Umzekelo, uLawulo lweNtentele-amsla yendlela ephakamileyo luye lwaxhasa i-ADR kwiprojelo yooomasipala ezixhaswa ngurhulumente, kwaye amazwe amaninzi aye amkela iinkqubo ezifanayo.

Umthetho noMthetho

Kwimibutho esoloko isebenzisana noorhulumente belizwe ngokunjalo neqela lorhwebo, izinto eziluncedo zikamasipala, okanye ukungancedi nzuzo yemekobume . Ukusetyenziswa kweenguqu zemithetho elawula ukunqanda ukukhusela ulawulo kwimimandla ethile kunganempumelelo. Amanye amaphondo aye amisela abaxhasi abaphangaleleyo kwizivumelwano kodwa agcinwe ekhuselekile kwimibutho encinane; amanye adala iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zezityholo ezisingatha iingxoxo zesiseko. Ukuqonda ummandla wezopolitiko kunye nokusebenza kunye nemithetho yezomthetho yokuthintela ukupheliswa kwemiqathango kungane neengxaki zomthetho esemthethweni kuwo onke amaqela abandakanyekileyo.

Utyekelo nophuhliso Lwakutshanje

Umthetho wokongamela ukukhusela uyaqhubeka uguquka ngezigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo kunye nesenzo somthetho sorhulumente. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iNkundla iye yacacisa iinkalo eziliqela ezinxulumene nezibonelelo.

I- I-Terres v. Isebe le-Texas loKhuseleko loLuntu Imeko

.Ityala libandakanya ijoni elithe lamangalela iSebe loKhuseleko loLuntu [202], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi awanakuzithethelela ukuba akhuselekile xa ethatha inxaxheba ngokuzithandela kwinkqubo yesizwe equka ukuthethwa okucacileyo kwemeko yokuthintelwa. Ityala libandakanya ijoni elili likarhulumente elamangalela iSebe loKhuselo loLuntu lweTexankelse ngokutsha phantsi kweSebe leMisebenzi yeNkonzo kunye namalungelo eMthethweni e-Rodwa. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba xa urhulumente emkela imali okanye inzuzo phantsi kwenkqubo ecacileyo yokuthatha inxaxheba kwimeko ethintelayo, imo yezomthetho inyani ivume ukuba ivume ukuba ivume ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kusebenza ngqo ekuchazeni ukuba ulawulo lwemali phantsi kwe-Fokixterneassss (Urtsss) i-Act, ithect eyamkelekelele ityala letyala letyala letyala letyala lemali.

IMidlalo yeSizwe kunye noManyano loLuntu

Umanyano lwamaqumrhu oluntu (ooo-P3) lusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ukuxhasa nokudlulisela imisebenzi emikhulu yezibonelelo. La malungiselelo adla ngokubandakanya ukwabiwa komngcipheko ontsonkothileyo, kuquka ukuba netyala lokuyila iziphene, ukulibaziseka, nokungasebenzi. Ukutsala utyalo lwabucala, amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela imithetho yokuba ukhuseleko olumxinwa lweprojekthi kwiP3. Umzekelo, eminye imimiselo ithintele ukuchanabeka okucacileyo ekuphuleni izivumelwano okanye ukukhuselwa kwe-tort okuvela kwizivumelwano zeP3, ephantsi kwemiqaqolomba. Eminye ifuna iqabane labucala ukuba ligcine i-inshorensi yokhuseleko, lize liqinisekise imo yokhuseleko.

Iingxelo zetort zoManyano kunye nokungahambelani kweLizwe

Kubalulekile ukwahlula ukhuseleko olulawulayo lorhulumente kwi-operation of the commental solution phantsi kwe-FTCA. Ngoxa i-FTCA ithintela ukhuseleko lwehambo yabasebenzi abangakhathaliyo be-oculi, ayisebenzi kurhulumente. Noko ke, xa amaphondo esebenza inkxaso-mali-mandla yenkxaso-mali . Okufana nezixhobo zokukhusela imfumba-mva okanye isixokelelwano sokuthutha esinguwonke sombuso. Umbuzo wokuba kusini na ukuthintelwa kweso solawulo kusebenza. Ukuba ikomkhulu lendlu iyakwazi ukugatya iprojelo kwiprojekthi exhaswa ngurhulumente, urhulumente angaqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwesonga phantsi kweNtloko iPhondo i-omatilite, icandelo eliqhelekileyo lineeproject [FFoctive]. Imali evumela ukusetyenziswa kwe-Roctive.[10]

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Kwababambi

Ibone ukuntsonkotha kokhuseleko olulawulayo, amaqela abandakanyekileyo kwiiprojekthi zezibonelelo zikawonke-wonke kufuneka athathe amanyathelo asebenzayo ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokoyisa. Ezi zicwangciso zilandelayo ziyanconyelwa kwizindlu, amaqela okwakha, nabaxhasi beprojekthi:

  • [[NTL: 0] I-Negotiate ichaza ii-asethi zokurhoxisa kuyo yonke izivumelwano neziko lorhulumente. Umxhasi kufuneka achaze umlinganiselo wemvume (umz., yeyiphi inkundla, iindidi, iindidi zomonakalo, iintambo zomonakalo) kwaye kufuneka zibhalwe phantsi.
  • [[UMTL:0] quka amalungiselelo afunekayo e-ADR amisela inkqubo ecacileyo yokukhupha okanye ukuhlaziywa, kunye namalungiselelo okuba ukhuseleko lwesizwe luthintele ukugcinwa kwamandla nayiphi na iziphumo.
  • Utshintsho lwemithetho-mthetho olukhoyo kumgangatho wombuso nowolawulo. Njengoko kuboniwe ku Troress, iKhompathiswa ingayimisela inkxaso-mali yesizwe kwimiqathango. Amazwe kwakhona ngamaxesha athile ahlaziya izenzo zawo ze-tort kunye nemimiselo yesivumelwano.
  • Ukumangalelwa kwamagosa karhulumente kunokuba kufuneke ukukhululeka okungenayo. AmaPlaintiff kufuneka anike amagosa ngamanye kumandla awo asemthethweni kwaye aqhubeke nomthetho-siseko okanye umthetho-siseko.
  • Qwalasela ifomati. Ngelixesha inkundla yequmrhu ingafumaneka, iinkundla zikarhulumente ziqhelene kakhulu nemithetho yazo yokuzikhusela engokwasemthethweni. Ukuqonda inkundla karhulumente yezibhengezo okanye inkqubo yokuva ikhokelele inganika enye indlela esebenzayo.

Isiphelo

Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwesizwe asingomqobo omileyo kodwa yimfundiso esebenzayo esebenzisana nesigaba ngasinye sophuhliso lwezibonelelo zikawonke-wonke. Ukusuka kwisivumelwano sokuphikisana nesigqibo, ukukwazi ukumangalela urhulumente (okanye ukuswela kwawo) /ukuchaphazela iingozi zeprojekthi. Ngokuqonda imvelaphi yeSimi seSiphendu seshumi Elinye nenye, iimfuno ezinkulu (amalungelo e-aluvoluni, ukuquluzela, ukuquluza, ukuquluza, ukuquluza, ukuquluza, ukungabikho kweprojekthi yayo kuchaphazela iprojekthi yeprojekthi, kwaye izicwangciso zakutshanje zezomthetho, abaxhasi-matyala banokuhamba kakuhle kwilizwe elisemthethweni. Njengoko ukusetyenziswa kolawulo olusemthethweni kuphela kuya kukhula, ukubekwa komthetho, kunye nokusebenza kunye nokulawulwa kweenkqubo zezongamelana nokulawulwa kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho xa kulawula.

Kwabo bafuna iinkcukacha ezithe kratya, oovimba abanegunya baquka iCornell Legal Information Institute yocatshulwa yeNkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yeshumi elinesibhozo , ingxelo yeNkonzo yoPhicotho-zincwadi yeKhompyutha yoLuntu yeSigqeba soLawulo lwe-Immuny kunye noMmiselo weshumi elinesibhozo [[FLT]], kunye neembono zakutshanje zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zeNkuNkundla [FLT].[FLT] .TREres v v. Isebe loKhuselelo loKhuselo lwamanyulo .. Atnorss ukwenziwa okukhethekileyo kwisivumelwano somthetho kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke [indawo kufuneka kudibane ijongene imimiselo yemeko yesizwe nemeko yemeko yomthetho echawabo, njengoko imfundiso yomthetho, injalo ifundisa ukukhusela