Table of Contents

Isiseko Solawulo Lomthetho

Ulawulo lomthetho yinkqubo enyulwa ngayo amaqumrhu, ajonge, kunye nolawulo lokuphunyezwa kwemithetho kunye nokuphunyezwa kwamaziko karhulumente. Ngaphandle kokungakhathalelwa okusebenzayo, imithetho inokuba sengozini yokuba ngoonobumba abafileyo okanye izixhobo zengozi engacwangciswanga. Lo msebenzi ligumbi lesiseko lolawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba isebe elilawulayo lihlala linetyala kubantu ngabameli balo. Nangona ngokufuthi lingabonakali kakhulu kunokwenziwa kwalo ngokwalo umthetho, ukujonga kuyimfuneko ngokulinganayo ukugcina i-active, ekhanyayo, kunye norhulumente ophumelelayo.

Ukulawula kusebenza kumanqanaba amaninzi: kungenza umsebenzi, njengokuhlola imimiselo ecetyisiweyo ngaphambi kokuba iqalise ukusebenza, okanye ithathe inyathelo, iphanda ukungafezeki emva kokuba isenzekile. Kukwaquka ukunqumla lonke ibhayisekile lomthetho (ukusuka kwisigaba sokuqala sokuzalisekisa ukuvavanya ixesha elide. Olu hlolisiso luqhubekayo lunceda imigaqo-mthetho echanekileyo, ikhondo lokuphepha ngokusondeleyo, nokuphendula ekuveliseni iingxaki abayili bemithetho abangenakuzilindela ngexesha lenkqubo yokulungisa idrafti.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Kwezenzo Zolawulo

Ulawulo lwale mihla lowiso-mthetho lunemvelaphi enzulu engokwembali, ukusuka kwimibuzo yokuqala yepalamente eNgilani ukuya kwiinkqubo zeekomiti ezichuliweyo ezifumaneka kwidemokrasi yale mihla. Ukusetyenziswa kwePalamente eBritani yokukhetha iikomiti ukuphanda ulawulo lwamarhamente neengxelo zikawonke-wonke ukumisela umzekelo wokuqala wokuhlola ulungelelwaniso. EUnited States, umGaqo-siseko unika amagunya olonga-maBhunga, yaye uphando lokuqala lwengqungquthela lwenzekile lwenzekathotho lweNtlangalamza eliyilelo, ubonise ukuba ukuvelela okungundoqo kusuka ekusungulweni kohlanga.

Ukutyhubela inkulungwane yama-20, ulawulo lwaya lucwangciswe ngakumbi. IKhomishini ye-U.S. yaseka iikomiti ezimiyo ngokusisigxina ezilawulayo kwimimandla ethile yenkqubo, kwaye i-Ofisi yoLawulo lukaRhulumente (GAO) yasekwa ngowe-1921 ukuze inikezele ii-Profethi ezizimeleyo kunye nokuvavanywa. Inkqubela efanayo yenzeke ehlabathini lonke. Umzekelo, i-ofisi yePalamente yaseFransi yokuHlalulwa koMthetho yasekwa ngo-1998, kwaye i-UK’s National Accounting Office iqala ukuqulukwa kwangaphambili, nangona iingcambulo zayo zisuka kwi-ofisi yoochwepheshe, isuka kwimibuzo ye-hod eqhubekayo, ukujonganabo bungqina obusekelwe kwi-uchalathiso.

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, uphatho luye lwakhula luquka ukuhlolwa kwempembelelo yomthetho, ukutshona kwelanga okufuna ukuqulunqwa kwakhona kwamaqumrhu, kunye noqingqo-mali olusekelwe ekwenzeni umsebenzi. Ukwanda kwemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge evulekileyo iSebe likaRhulumente [ ikwakhuthaza ukubonakala nokuphendula ngokwemigaqo-siseko, ikhuthaza iintlawulo zowiso-mthetho ukuba zamkele ezona zinto zilungileyo zokwalathisa.

Imithetho isebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukuqhuba ulongamelo. Indlela ekhethwayo isoloko ixhomekeke kubuntsonkothileyo, imeko yezobupolitika, kunye nezinto ezikhoyo. Ngasezantsi zizona ziqhelekileyo, zinenkcazelo eneenkcukacha ngendlela esebenza ngayo imisebenzi nganye.

IiNkqutyana zeQumrhu leMicimbi neNkqutyana

Iindlebe zezona ndlela zibonakalayo zobuveleli. IiKomiti zimema iintloko zamasebe, iingcali, kunye nabaxhasi ukuba baqinisekise phantsi kwesifungo ngokuphunyezwa kwemithetho. Ezi ntlanganiso zisebenza iinjongo ezininzi: ziqokelela ulwazi, zikhupha imicimbi, kunye namaqumrhu aphembelela ukulungisa iintsilelo. Umzekelo, iKomiti yeNtlanganiso yeeMali isoloko ihlola iindleko, ubunjani, kunye nokuthintelwa kobuqhetseba. Ukuva kusenokuba ngumgaqo okanye ipropati ephezulu, njengabo baphengulula ukusabela kwentlekele yendalo okanye i-ophandarfease.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Iikomiti zophicotho-zincwadi zomthetho zisoloko zifuna ukuba abaququzeleli beengxelo zenkqubo ezichaza iziphumo zexesha ngalinye, iinkcitho, kunye nokuthobela iimfuno zomthetho. Amaqumrhu ophicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo .[1] njengayo kwi-GAO e-U.S., i-Ofisi yoPhicotho-zincwadi yeSizwe e-UK, okanye iNkundla yaseYurophu yabaPronophengululi-zincwadi //iziko i-Phondo ezingathathi zifuneki ezisebenzisa abenzi bomthetho ukuchonga inkunkuma, ukuqhatha, ukuqhatha, okanye ukuphumelela. Uphenguluko lwemali ludlule ngaphaya kovavanyo lwemali ukuze kuvavanywe enoba iinkqubo eziceliweyo ziphumele iziphumo zazo. Umzekelo, uluhlu oluphezulu lwenkqubo zikarhulumente lubalasemdlamngeni wokuhlasela, ukuqhuba umbutho.

Uphando Neempendulo Ezikhethekileyo

Xa kumangalelwa ngokuziphatha okubi, ukwaphulwa komthetho, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi komthetho okugqithisileyo, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zingaqalisa uphando olusemthethweni. Oku kungabandakanya amandla angaphantsi kwepopu, i-ofice, kunye negunya lokunyanzela amaxwebhu. Uphando ludla ngokukhokelela kwiinguqu zowiso-mthetho okanye kwanabagqeba-mthetho. Imizekelo ephawulekayo iquka ukuchotshelwa kweKomiti yeCawa yowe-1970 ngokuxhatshazwa kobukrelekrele, okwakhokelela kuphengululo lwe-Intercilligent Surveillance, kunye no-9/11 Commission eyayidi eyaguqula uluntu olunolwazi lwe-U.

Imali edityanisiweyo edityanisiweyo kunye noluNcedo lukaRhulumente

Abaqulunqi bakwaxhomekeke kwigalelo elingqalileyo elivela kubemi ukuvavanya indlela imithetho echaphazela ngayo abantu. Iiholo zedolophu, amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, kunye nee-intanethi ezinika ingxelo zivumela abantu ukuba babelane ngamava nokuphakamisa inkxalabo. Nangona le ngxelo ingalungelelaniswanga kakhulu kunophicotho-zincwadi, inika imeko-mo yehlabathi yokwenene kwaye inceda ukubeka izinto eziza kuqala kwindawo yokuqala. Ezinye izikhulu zezindlu zowiso-mthetho, njengeJamani iBundestag, zisebenzisa iikomiti zokucela ukuhlola izikhalazo zabemi nokubhekisa imiba nemibandela kwiiqumrhu elijongelenqe.

Iimpinda zelanga ezithe tshona kunye namalungiselelo okuqulunqwa kwakhona

Eminye imithetho iquka imihla yokuphelelwa kwemithetho ezenzekelayo, efuna ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho iphinde ibhale kwakhona. Oku “kumisela” amandla obuchule bexesha ngalinye lokuhlola. Umzekelo, ugunyaziso lwe-U.S. lokusebenzisa Umkhosi womkhosi (AMF) luye lwaxutyushwa kamashumi eminyaka, ngokuvalwa kooooveleli betyala ukuqhubekeka kwayo. Ngokufanayo, amazwe amaninzi afuna amaziko alawulayo ukuze ahlole uhlolo lwexesha ngalinye lokutshona kwelanga, aqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ephelelwe lixesha iyasuswa okanye ihlaziywe.

Iingxaki Nezithintelo Ekulawuleni Okuphumelelayo

Nangona kubalulekile, ulawulo lowiso - mthetho lunokubangela ukuba lungabi nampembelelo ingakumbi.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nokubanjwa Kwabantu

Xa ulawulo lulawulwa liqela elininzi, lungasetyenziswa ngokuchasene nesebe eliphetheyo okanye ngokuphikisanayo, lusetyenziselwa ukukhusela amaqabane ekuhlolweni. Kwimekobume egabalekileyo, iikomiti zingafuna uphando ukuze kungenelwe abalawuli kunokuba zihoywe ngokunyanisekileyo. Olu hlolisiso lungaphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu. Umzekelo, iKomiti yeNdlu ye-U.S. igxekwa ngokuqalisa uphando olubonakala luqhutywa yimiba ekhethekileyo kunokuba iphuculwe.

Uthintelo lobuchule nobuchule

Ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna abasebenzi abanobuchule, izixhobo zobungcali, kunye nexesha. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo, ziswele iiyunithi zophando okanye iiofisi zophicotho-zincwadi. Kwanakwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezilungiselelwe kakuhle, abasebenzi bekomiti banokuthwaliswa lubuninzi bemimiselo neenkqubo zokuhlola. Uhlolisiso lwangonyaka ka-2018 olwenziwa yiBhanki yeWorld lufumanisekufumana ukuba kuphela ama-40% eepalamente kumazwe angenayo anekomiti yolawulo eyahlulele eyaneleyo. Ubugcisa bunganceda, kodwa izixhobo zokulinganisa ii-michini zokuhlalutya i-data zikarhulumente zisengaphantsi kwemithetho yowiso

Ukuxhathisa kwe-arhente kunye noqikelelo lolwazi

Amaqumrhu alawulayo asoloko elawula ugcino-lwazi nobuchule abamele balwenzele ulawulo. Iinkqubo zingalibazisekisa iimpendulo ezingaphelelanga, okanye zichaze amaxwebhu angenalwazi. Kwiimeko ezinzima, abameli basenokukuthintela ngokungxamisekileyo ukuphengululwa. IBhunga lemibutho liye lawagxeka amagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa yokungavumi ukunikela amaxwebhu. Ukuphumelela oku kufuna amandla anamandla angaphantsi kwepopu, azimeleyo, kunye nempucuko yokubonakala okubonakala kwinkonzo yasekuhlaleni.

Ukuntsonkotha Komthetho Wanamhlanje

Imithetho yanamhlanje idla ngokusetyenziswa ngobuchule, isasaza amawaka amaphepha anemithetho entsonkothileyo. Ukuchaza impembelelo yawo kufuna ubuchule kwimiba yempilo, inzululwazi yemekobume, okanye ukukhuselwa kwekhompyutha. Abaphathi-mikhosi kunye nabasebenzi babo basenokungabi nalo olo bunzulu, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuqwalasela enoba umthetho uyawufikelela kusini na usukelo lwawo. Ukuphendula oku, ezinye iipalamente zisebenzisa iingcaphephe okanye zixhomekeke kwii-ofisi ezizimeleyo, ezifana ne-ofisi zoHlahlolo-mali lweBhunga e-U.S. okanye i-Institute for Government in UK.

Iimbono Ezithelekisayo: Ukuphakanyiswa Kwenkqubo Zezobupolitika

Indlela yokulawula iyahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeka ekubeni ilizwe lisebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yomongameli, yepalamente okanye yemixube.

Inkqubo yobuMongameli: Imodeli yaseU.S.

EUnited States, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kunika iBhunga izixhobo ezinamandla zokulawula. IiKomiti zingakhupha iipopona, ziphulaphule, zibhekise imicimbi engxengxeni. IGO, iCBO, kunye nabahloli jikelele abasemaqulwini banikela uhlalutyo olungelulo lwamacartinal. Noko ke, inkqubo ityekele ekuhlaseleni i-griplock kunye nemfazwe yama-xractic. Impeachment, isixhobo esisesona sikhulu, asifane sisetyenziswe kwaye sisetyenziswe kakhulu.

Inkqubo yePalamente: Westminster kunye nangaphaya

Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, umphathi okhutshwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, evelisa ukudityaniswa kwamagunya. Ukulawula kudla ngokwenzeka ngamaxesha ombuzo, ukukhetha iikomiti, nendima yenkcaso ‘ njengorhulumente osisithunzi.” IUK House of Commons's komiti ekhethiweyo, umzekelo, iyaziwa ngemibuzo yayo enzulu, ngokufuthi ipapasha iingxelo ezithi ziguqule inkqubo. Iikomiti zepalamente zaseCanada ngokufanayo ziqhuba uhlolo olunenkcukacha olungomthetho nenkcitho. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba urhulumente ulawula ngokusesikweni, ulawulo lunokuba buthathaka xa iqela elikhulu lisebenza.

Ukuhlambuluka Nokudityaniswa Kweedemocracs

Amazwe anjengeFransi neBrazil adibanisa amalungu azo zombini iinkqubo. IBhunga lomGaqo-siseko laseFransi lihlola imithetho yezomGaqo-siseko, ngelixa iCompletee Nationale isebenzisa iikomiti kunye neekhomishini zophando. IKhomishini yeBhunga laseBrazil i-Congregational Inquirery Commissions yoomze-operal, efana nekomiti ye-U. Kulawulo lwedemokhrasi olutsha, kusoloko kukho ulawulo oluphantsi oluphantsi lweziko-mfashoni. I-Interractation for Deviciatebration and Eltal Intellicial Istation (IS)[FLT] inikela ukhokelo lokomeleza ulawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo-lawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo lwesizwe eUnited States.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ulawulo luyasebenza

Ukuhlolisisa iimeko zehlabathi lokwenene kukhanyisa indlela ukuvelela okunokuphumelela ngayo, okanye ukungaphumeleli.

Uphando lwamanzi (1972-1974)

Ukuchotshelwa kweKomiti yeNdlu yeNdlu yaManzi yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kungumqondiso obalulekileyo wolawulo lowiso-mthetho. Ngeenkqubo ezinconyelweyo, ikomiti yatyhila indlela yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya nguMongameli Nixon kunye nolawulo lwakhe. Uphando lwakhokelela ekurhoxisweni kukaNixon, ukutshutshiswa okuninzi, kunye nezindululo zezentengiso zezemali ezithe kratya. Yabonisa amandla endlu yowiso-mthetho ezimiseleyo okugcina ityala lomphathi-mthetho, kwanaxa kujongene nokuchasana neNdlukwano yabamhlophe.

I-Afford Care Act Imodelity (0/% Presenters)

Emva kokuba i-ACA iwiswe, iBhunga lenza iindlebe ezininzi ekuzalisekisweni kwayo. Ukulawula kwatyhilwa kweengxaki zonyango. Ukundululwa kwe-website yezempilo.gov, ukwanda konyuso, kunye nokuthathi-nxaxheba kwe-inshorensi. Abenzi bomthetho basebenzisa olu lwazi ukudlulisa ubuchule kwaye, kamva, ukuphinda balunike ugunyaziso. Noko ke, kwathi, kwavela ukuvelela, nokuchotshelwa okugxekwa njengokuqwalaselwa kobugcibo bemidlalo yemidlalo yeqonga kunokuba kuqwalaselwe ngokunyanisekileyo. Ulawulo lwe-ACAA lubonisa ukuba ukuvelela kunakho ukuphucula imithetho kwaye kamva, ukuba luncedo ekuthinteleni.

ICapture Inquiry yaseMzantsi Afrika (206-2022)

Emva kokutyholwa ngorhwaphilizo phantsi koMongameli uJacob Zuma, iPalamente yaseMzantsi Afrika yamisela ikhomishini yokugweba. Ukuchophela kwetyala kwala matyala kwabhenca ukubanjwa kwemeko ngokubanzi ngenxa yezilangazelelo zobuqu. Nangona le nkqubo yayikhokelwa yijaji, ukujongelwa kwemithetho-mthetho kwadlala indima ebalulekileyo: iikomiti zepalamente zanikela ubungqina kwaye zanyanzelwa ukuba zithathe inyathelo. Uphando lwakhokelela ekurhoxisweni kweZima, izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokuphuculwa kwemithetho esetyenziswayo. Le meko ibalase indlela ukujonganazo ezinokusebenza ngayo nakwiimeko-politiki ezivavanyazayo.

Indima Yoluntu Nabezopolitiko Ekulawuleni Okukhulu

Ulawulo lomthetho alusebenzi kwi-athom. Imibutho yabemi, iintatheli eziphandayo, kunye nabaphandi bemfundo badla ngokunika ubungqina bokuqala obubangela uphando olusemthethweni. Iinzuzo ezifana ne-Ombudsman Watch yokujonga uxanduva lukarhulumente, ngelixa ii-mediage zigqobhoza ekungalawuleni kweziququ. I-Whittlecupper idlala indima ebalulekileyo, izisa ulwazi lwangaphakathi ekukhanyeni. Imithetho evulelwe kwigalelo langaphandle ithambeka lokuqhuba ulawulo olunempumelelo. Ezinye iipalamente zimisele iiofisi ezinikezelweyo ukuze zifumane izikhalo nokuququzelelwana nokujonga kunye namaqela amaqela ajongeneencwadi.

Izindululo kunye nekamva lolawulo lomthetho

Njengokuba ubugcisa kunye nolawulo ziguquka, kufuneka zikholwe ngendlela efanayo. Izimo ezininzi zibumba isizukulwana esilandelayo sokugada imithetho.

Izithintelo zogcino-lwazi kunye ne-Al ukwenzela ukulawula

Imithetho iqalisa ukusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi olukhulu kunye nobukrelekrele obungebobobobokufakela ukufumanisa ukusetyenziswa kolawulo lukarhulumente, ukuthobela ulawulo, kunye neziphumo zocwangciso. Umzekelo, i-ofisi kaRhulumente kaRhulumente kaRhulumente we-U. isebenzisa umatshini ukuchaza iindleko ezingafanelekanga eMedicare. Izixhobo ezifanayo zinganceda iipalamente kumazwe asakhasayo ukuba zihlolisise ukubhaliswa koqingqo-mali ngexesha lokwenene. Noko ke, inkxalabo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nge-algorithric nemficio eyimfihlo kufuneka ilungiswe.

Ulawulo lweqela kunye nolawulo oluseluntwini

Amaqonga amanani avumela abemi ukuba banikele ingxelo ngqo ngeengxaki zeenkonzo zikarhulumente, ukunganyaniseki kweflegi, okanye ukucebisa ngemibandela yolawulo. Abemi baseBrazil abahlala eCadania bangenisa iingcamango zabo ngenxa yemibuzo eququzelelwe yi-conoration. I-website yezicelo yePalamente ye-UK ibangele ukuba kukhethwe uphando kwiimeko ezifana nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemela kunye nenkxaso-NHS. Ezi zixhobo zisebenzisa ulawulo lwezikongamela kodwa zifuna umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ubunjani nokukhusela ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.

Intsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nempinda Yoontanga

Imiba yemida enqamlezileyo enjenge-intetho, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokungathotyelwa kwentsebenzo egqugqisayo kwezolawulo ngaphaya kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe. Iintlangano ze-inter-paraliament njenge- Inter-Parliament Union (IPU) zivumela ukutshintshisana ngemisebenzi emihle. Amanye amazwe atyikitye izivumelwano zokwabelana ngeemfuno zophicotho okanye ngokudibeneyo ukuphanda ukuziphatha kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. I-Inter-Controliption Profectal Magues (IACA) ixhasa ukuphatha kolawulo lwemithetho-yongatholo-yo

Isiphelo: Ukwakha Isithethe Solawulo Oluqhubekayo

Ulawulo lomthetho asisosiganeko sexesha elinye kodwa sisesona sibophelelo esiqhubekayo. Lufuna ubuchule bolawulo, ulawulo lwezopolitiko, kunye nokugada abami. Xa umsebenzi wobuveleli usebenza kakuhle, luqinisa idemokhrasi ngokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ifeza injongo yayo, ukuhlawula irhafu kusetyenziselwe ngobulumko, kwaye urhulumente uhlala ebuza ngetyala. Imingeni. //" ukusuka kwi-droubration locky ukuya kwimiqathango / "yokwenene" kodwa azinakuthinteleka. Ngokufaka ulawulo kumaqumrhu, ukuxhasa ubugcisa, kunye nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano nebutho yoluntu, iindlu zowiso-mthetho zinokutshintsha amaxesha zize zikwazi ukutshintsha nokuphakamisa indima yazo njengomgqeqeshelwano wabantu.