Ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko kumi njengomnye wemisebenzi engundoqo enokwenziwa yingcaphephe engokwasemthethweni. Amazwi athi isikhumba sesikhumba sibumbe iimfazwe, imithetho ewisiweyo, kwaye achaza amalungelo ezigidi. Kodwa, uxwebhu mdala ngendlela ephawulekayo, lubhalwe ngolwimi olunokuvakala ludala kwaye lungaqondakali. Abagwebi, amagqwetha, nabaphengululi basuka kumbhalo wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo baye kutsho kwinyani yeminyaka engamashumi amabini- Eyokuqala? Le nkqubo ingumxube wendalo, imbali, kunye nentandabulumko. Eli nqaku linika njani ushwankathelo olucacileyo lolwimi lwezixhobo neendlela ezisetyenziswa ngumthetho ukugqiba oko kuthethwa nguMgaqo-siseko wezo

Isizathu Sokuba Ukutolika Umgaqo - siseko Kubaluleke Kumntu Wonke

UMgaqo-siseko ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, kodwa asiyoncwadi yokufundisa ezinqumlayo. Xa urhulumente egqithisa umthetho othintela ukuqhomfa, iBhunga lidala umbutho omkhulu wolawulo, okanye uMongameli uthi unelungelo eliphakamileyo, umntu kufuneka agqibe enoba ezo zinto zifanelekile kusini na phantsi komGaqo-siseko. Ngumsebenzi ongundoqo wokutolika komgaqo-siseko. Izibo ziphezulu kakhulu, zichaphazela yonke into esuka ekubeni nompu kunye nokuthetha ngokukhululekile kumalungelo obuqu kunye nolungelelwano lwamandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe. Ukuqonda indlela iingcali zezomthetho eziphendula ngayo le mibuzo kukhanyisela isiseko solawulo lwaseMelika.

Imvelaphi Eyintloko: Apho Kuqala Khona Ukutolikwa

Ngaphambi kokuba ingcali yezomthetho ivelise ingcamango, kufuneka iqokelele izinto ezisisiseko.

Umbhalo womGaqo-siseko

Olu hambo lusoloko luqala ngamazwi ngokwalo. Iingcali zezomthetho ziqeqeshelwe ukufunda umGaqo-siseko ngokuchanekileyo. Zibuza: Liyintoni intsingiselo eqhelekileyo yeli gama? Ingaba igama elithi “creast kunye nento engaqhelekanga” linonkcazelo eqinisekisiweyo, okanye iyanwebeka? Le ndlela yokubhala ixabiseke magama akhethekileyo kunalawo umtoliki anokuba ulunqwenela uxwebhu ukuba luthini. Umzekelo, uChwebiante Claus unika iKhomishini yeBhunga kumazwe asemzini, kunye nakumazwe amaninzi, kunye ne-Indiyan Balletin. Intsingiselo echanileyo ye- “Commerce” kunye “kunye eMazwe amaninzi” ibingumbandela wengxoxo enkulu ka-1900, ukwenza isiseko solawulo loburhulumente.

Isakhiwo Soxwebhu

Ngamanye amaxesha, intsingiselo isuka kungekuphela nje koko kuthethwa ngumGaqo-siseko, kodwa kulwakhiwo lwawo lonke. Oku kwaziwa njengokutolikwa kwesakhiwo. UmGaqo-siseko udala amasebe amathathu karhulumente, ahlulahlula amandla phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente borhulumente, kwaye amise inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisa. Kule ndlela, iingcali zemigaqo engachazwanga ngokucacileyo. Umzekelo, imfundiso yokwahlula amagunya ayibhalwanga kwibinzana elinye, kodwa iboniswa ngokucacileyo ngokudalwa kwemithetho ekhethekileyo, igqwesileyo, kunye namasebe egweba. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshay Marshall wasebenzisa esi sizathu sokwakha [[FLT:]. [umzekelo, i-Mcloch. [FLT] v. [19] [18]) ukuxhasa ukudalwa kwebhanki yesizwe, i-Gwalkthestiki ekwayayileyo ingunxathelela loo siseko.

Imeko yembali namaPhepha oLuntu

Ukuqonda intsingiselo yombhalo obhalwe ngo1787, iingcali zomthetho zizibamb ’ iliso kwimbali yexesha lokuFunyaniswa. Zifunda iingxoxo kwiConvention yoMgaqo-siseko, iFederali Papers [ (engqinela ukudityaniswa kombhalo obhalweyo, kwaye iAnti-Federalist. Injongo isoloko iqonde “intsingiselo yokuqala” yombhalo, indlela umntu onengqondo ngexesha loqikelelo uzakuwaqonda ngayo amagama. Le mbali inika umongo obalulekileyo ukuze kuchazwe amagama acacileyo. Xa isiHlelo sesibini sikhusela ilungelo lokuphatha kunye ne-Alm, iingcali ukukhangela ukusetyenziswa kweshumi elinesibhozo ukugqiba ukugqiba ukuba lomntu ngamnye.

Indima Yembali Nembali

Ngoxa umbhalo nembali zisisiseko, iinkulungwane zezigwebo ziye zayila ungqameko olunzulu lokutolika amagama angacacanga. Lo maleko, owaziwa njengomzekelo, unamandla kumthetho wezomgaqo - siseko.

ICheckis yeStar: Imfundiso Yophando

[[NTLT][10] [Iimeko] [[FFF] [FFF] [FFF] [ezeendle] [ezeemeko] [iindlela ze-Latin] (ithetha “ukuma ngokweemeko ezigqitywe yi-") ngumgaqo osemthethweni wokuba iinkundla zimele zilandele izigwebo zangaphambili. Inika uzinzo, ukuqikelelwa, nokungaguquguquki komthetho. [[FFFFF]] [FFF:3] okanye [FF] izigwebo ezingalunganga, [FON] okanye izigqibo ezithenjiweyo. [ekhomba zeNkamele :] [FFU] [10] [ev], zinokuvunywa ngaphaya kweyambulo, ukuphikisana neNguqulelo.[FFON]

Uqheliselo Lwembali Lwamasebe Ezobupolitika

Omnye umthombo “we-glos” kumgaqo-siseko ngumkhwa owenziwe ixesha elide weBhunga kunye neSebe eliphetheyo. Ukuba uMongameli ebesebenzisa amandla athile iminyaka eli-150 ngaphandle kokuchaswa yiBhunga, lo mkhwa unokukunceda umisele ubugqeba belo gunya. Oku kusoloko kusetyenziswa kwiingxoxo zegunya elilawula igunya kunye nemithetho yamanye amazwe. Umzekelo, ubukho borhulumente ozimeleyo (inkqubo efana ne-EPA okanye FCC) ithethelelwa kakhulu kukuqhelisela ixesha elingokwembali emva kweRiphabliki yangaphambili, phezu kwako nje ukuthi cwaka komko komGaqo-siseko kwimi kwezo zinto. ULugwebeko lukaFrankter wayengumxhasi onamandla wale “mthetho wolawulo oluzimeleyo.

Izikolo Ezikhulu Zokutolika UmGaqo-siseko

Zonke iingcali zomthetho zinentanda-bulumko okanye indlela yokuhlola ezi mvelaphi zikhuphisanayo. Ngoxa ezi zikolo zengcinga zidibana kwaye ziguquka, zimela umahluko osisiseko kwindlela umGaqo-siseko ofundwa ngayo.

Ubuxoki

Ukwenziwa komGaqo-siseko yimbono yokuba umGaqo-siseko unentsingiselo emiselweyo, enqunyulwa ngoko kwakuthethwa ngabantu abawuxhasayo. Kukho iingcambu ezahlukeneyo, kodwa eyona ibalaseleyo namhlanje . U-Original Public Meaning Transformism[. Oku akufuni iinjongo zomGaqo-siseko zikaJames Madison okanye iiFramers, kodwa kunoko ukuqonda okubhaliweyo ngendlela ebekunokuqondwa ngayo nguwonke-wonke ngexesha lokwazisa. UJaji Antonin Scalia wayengoyena mxhasi odumileyo kule mbono. Ingthsicacimo yendlela yokuba oku kuthintela abagwebi, kubathintela ekubekeni amaxabiso abo obuqu ngomthetho. Imfundiso yedemokhrasi efuna ukuba itshintshe ngemithetho yomthetho okanye ngokunganyulwayo.

Ubhalo

I-Textism inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nobuTshazi bobuGama kodwa igxininisa ngokungqongqo ngakumbi kumbhalo ngokwawo. Ijaji ye Text inika amazwi omGaqo-siseko intsingiselo yawo eqhelekileyo ngexesha lokumiswa kwemithetho, ukwala ukukhangela kwimbali yemithetho-mthetho okanye injongo esekelwe kuyo. Ingumyalelo wokulawula imigaqo-mthetho, ukuchaza okungqongqo, umbhalo ngugunya lodwa. Ukuba umbhalo ucacile, isiphelo sophendlo. Le ndlela iphembelela kakhulu kuko kokubili umGaqo-siseko kunye notoliko lwemithetho, ixhaswe nguMgwebi uNeil Gormoth. Inguwo ukuqeqesha ukuthintela ukuba umgwebi asebenze ngoko kuthethwa ngumthetho ngokwenene, hayi oko bacinga ukuba kumele kuthethe.

UmGaqo-siseko Ophilayo

Ngokungqalileyo inkcaso kwi-Frantiism yintanda-bulumko eyaziwa ngokuba ngumGaqo-siseko ophilayo. Le mbono ikholelwa ukuba umGaqo-siseko luxwebhu olunamandla olumele luguqulelwe kwibutho labantu. Amagama awo abanzi (“umgaqo oyaphambili,”“ ukhuseleko olulinganayo,”” isohlwayo esingaqhelekanga”) imema ukucaciswa ukuba kuboniswe “imilinganiselo ecacileyo ebonisa inkqubela phambili yebutho labantu abakhulayo.” IJaji William Brennan noJaji uStephen Breyer ikhokela abaxhasi. Oku kuvumela umGaqo-siseko ukuba uqhubeke notshintsho lwezobugcisa (njengendawo yobugcisa) kunye nenkqubela yezentlalo-ntlalo. Abagxeki bephikisa ukuba le ngcamango inika abagwebi amandla amakhulu okuphinda ikhuphe umGaqo-siseko phantsi kokutolika.

Ukwakhiwa kwemithetho

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, iBhungalism igqiba imithetho nemigaqo esuka kwisakhiwo somGaqo-siseko jikelele. Igxininisa kulwalamano phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente kunye namazwe. Le ndlela ayikhathazeki kangako kumbhalo okhethekileyo webinzana elinye kwaye ixhalabele inkqubo njengendlela epheleleyo. Umzekelo, wonke umthetho wesizwe wokukhululwa (xa umthetho karhulumente ulawula ude uwise umthetho) usekelwe kwimigaqo yesakhiwo esupremacy Claus nobume besizwe. Ijaji ye-bhusi inokulawula ngokuchasene nesenzo solawulo, kungengenxa yokuba isithintela esithe ngqo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iphazamisa umlinganiselo wegunya phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wesizwe.

Ukubethana Kwabantu Nokungalingani

IPragmaticism yintanda-bulumko exhaphakileyo. Ijaji ye-Pragmatic igxininisa kwiziphumo zehlabathi zesigqibo. Abakhathazeki kakhulu kukunamathela ngokungqongqo kokubhaliweyo okanye kwimbali yantlandlolo kwaye baxhalabele kakhulu ukuyila umthetho osebenza kakuhle. IJaji Justice Wendell Holmes Jr. lilo lisiCwangciso sembali sezomthetho waseMelika we-Pragmatism. I-Minimalistism, enxulunyaniswa noJaji uDagesti Sandra O’Connor noJastice Bader Ginsburg, licebo elinxulumene nalo. Amatyala akhetha ukugqiba iimeko ezimfakileyo, ukusombulula impikiswano ngaphandle kokubeka imithetho ebanzi yezomthetho yexesha elizayo. Bakholelwa ukuba le migaqo yolwahlulo inxulumane nenkqubo enxulumene nomthetho wokuxokolozwayo ikhule ngokucothayo.

Indlela Ukutolika Okusebenza Ngayo

Kunqabile ukuba oku kusetyenziswe iindlela ezininzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe isigqibo.

Amacandelo Olwakhiwo

Iingcali zomthetho zisebenzisa iseti yemithetho yolwimi, eyaziwa njengemithetho yolwakhiwo, ukunceda ukucacisa umbhalo. Ezinye yimithetho yolwimi lwesithethe: igama elithi “futhi” lithenjiswa; igama elithi “okanye” lichaziwe. Ezinye zichanekile kumthetho. Canon Against SurPlacage [ icinga ukuba igama ngalinye elikuMthendeleko linentsingiselo. Esdem [iiicess Generis uluhlu lwezicwangciso] luthi xa ibinzana eliqhelekileyo lilandela uluhlu lwamagama akhethekileyo, isigama jikelele sisebenza kuphela kwizinto zohlobo olufanayo. Ezi zinika intsingiselo efanayo yolwimi oluchane.

Umlinganiselo Wokufunda

Xa umthetho ucetyiswa njengowatyolo lomGaqo-siseko, iNkundla isebenzisa umgangatho othile wokuhlola, oluluvavanyo lwezomthetho. Umgangatho okhethwe ngokufuthi umisela iziphumo. Ratifastial Sission Review[ ngumgangatho onzima kakhulu; umthetho uthathwa njengosebenzayo ukuba unxulumene nengqondo nenzala karhulumente esemthethweni (umz., imimiselo yezoqoqosho). [[FLT:] Scristinthy[[[FLT: 3] ngumgangatho onzima kakhulu; umthetho uthelekelelwa ukuba awusebenzi ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente ubonise ukuba usebenza ngokusisigxina ekusebenzeni inzala epheleleyo (umz., imithetho echaphazela i-sclect.). [FTLT] [FT]]

Iingxoxo Zale Mihla

Idabi elingaphaya kwenkcazo yomGaqo-siseko lisembindini wolwahluko lwezopolitiko lwaseMelika. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ngoku ineeNkundla ezinamandla zobuProtodist nezobuTraclitic, ezikhokelela kutshintsho olubalulekileyo kwiindawo ezifana nokuqhomfa, amalungelo emipu, kunye nonqulo. Ingxoxo nge IMajor Question Doctrictrine [[[FLT:]]] .[1]Inkqubela yakutshanje efuna iBhunganiso ukuba ithethe ngokucacileyo xa ifuna ukugunyazisa icandelo ukugqiba ngokubaluleka kwezoqoqosho okanye kwezobupolitika.

Abahlalutyi bathi oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-Fractalism kudla ngokufundwa ngokukhetha imbali eyenzelwe ukufikelela iziphumo eziqhelekileyo. Abameli baphikisa ngokuthi umGaqo-siseko ophilayo (`a Home ) yisimemo sokuba abagwebi baphume kwibhedri. Zombini amacala athi akhusela umthetho. Amadabi aqinisekiswe kumatyala aPhakamileyo ngoku ngoku angamadabi achaza indlela yokuchaza ingqiqo aza kulawula.

Isiphelo: Impikiswano Engenasiphelo

Ukugqiba oko kuthethwa ngumGaqo-siseko asikokwenza uqheliselo lobuchule. Kukuzama kwabantu ngokunzulu ukudibanisa imbali, ulwimi, intanda-bulumko, kunye nezobupolitika. Umbhalo usisigxina, kodwa indlela esiwuqonda ngayo iphenjelelwa yingxoxo engapheliyo phakathi kwexesha elidlulileyo nelikhoyo. Iingcali eziphambili zezomthetho zizisa ukunyaniseka kobulumko nokuthobeka kumsebenzi, ukwamkela imbopheleleko enkulu yokuchaza uxwebhu olulawula uhlanga olukhulu nolwahlukeneyo. Enoba ubani ungumsunguli okanye ukholwayo kwiSigqeba esiphilayo, injongo iyafana: ukwenza umbhalo ongcwele ofanelekileyo, ongqinelanayo, ovumelanayo, nolulaza, nolulamela abantu baseMerika namhlanje. Ingxoxo engokwenyaniso ngentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko yindlela ezininzi, incoko ngokwayo yaseMerika.

Oovimba Abangakumbi

Kwabo bakhangela ezi ngqiqo ngokubhekele phaya, oovimba abaninzi abalungileyo bakhona kwi-intanethi. [[FLT: 0] Ikhonsothi.gov umGaqo-siseko unika uhlalutyo olubanzi lomthetho womgaqo-siseko njengoko uchazwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [FLT]] inika isaziso kunye nokucaciswa kwezi meko zeNkundla zeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ekugqibeleni, ifunda izigqibo ezifana nezobuzwe [FLT:].[2]