IXesha Elitsha Kwidemokhrasi YaseIndiya: IArc Eguqula Utshintsho

Izobupolitika zaseIndiya ziphakathi kwenguqulelo enkulu, iqhutywa kungekuphela nje sisiganeko esinye kodwa yinkqubo ezinzileyo, elungeleleneyo yonyulo. Kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo, uthotho lweenguqu zolawulo nobugcisa luye lwalungisa indlela oonobumba abaqhutywa ngayo, indlela abaza kubekwa ngayo kwityala, nendlela abavoti ababandakanyeka ngayo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Olu tshintsho, oluqhutyelwa phambili yiKhomishini yonyulo yaseIndiya (ECI) kunye noorhulumente abalandelelanayo, ngenjongo yokucombulula iingxaki ezinzulu ezinjenge-cronyism, ukurvota, ukurla, kunye nempembelelo yemali engekho mthethweni. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nabani nabani na onomdla kwidemokhrasi, ukuqonda ezi nguqulelo akusemgangathwali namhlanje kuyimfuneko ukuva unyulo olwahlukileyo kwezo sizukulwana.

Isikali sokhetho lwamaIndiya (--90,000 lezigidi zabavoti ababhalisweyo ngowama-2024) senza kwaneenguqu ezincinci zemveli ezikhoyo. Okulandelayo kujongwa ngokunzulu kwiinguqu ezinkulu eziye zaphunyezwa, impembelelo yazo ecacileyo kwezobupolitika zamaIndiya, iingxaki ezingqongqo ezisele, nendlela engaphambili yenkqubo emele iqhubeke iguquka ukuze ihlale ilungile kwaye ithembekile.

Imbali: Isizathu Sokuba Kufuneke Utshintsho

Inkqubo yonyulo yaseIndiya, efakwe kumGaqo-siseko wayo kwaye ikhokelwa yi-medication of the People Act (1950 kunye no-1951), yayiyilelwe ixesha elahlukileyo. Kwiminyaka engamashumi eminyaka, unyulo lwenziwe ngee-coloot nonyulo lwamaphepha, ubalo olubhalwe ngesandla, nokungahoyi ngokwezimali. Le nkqubo yayinokuchanabeka ekusebenziseni: ukuphamba umnquba, ukuthamba, ukuthoba, nokurhoxiswa kwemali emnyama emaphunyezweni. Unyulo lweKatua lwamayela lweminyaka yee-80 kunye novotiko yeBhar yeNtlanga, apho kwabikwa khona unyulo olubanzi lwemikhwali, lwabala inkqubela yenkqubo yokhetho. IKhomishini yonyulo yalebhula leengxelo zonyaka ka-1990 kunye nowasekuqaleni kowama 2000 eyayibizwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuphelisa impembelelo lwemali, amandla empathso, kunye nokwenziwa kwezobupolitika.

Incopho yotshintsho yafika ngomqathango weNkundla ePhakamileyo yonyaka ka-2013 kwisigwebo seVoter Verification Trail v. Umanyano lwe-Indiya, eyagunyazisa ukuveliswa kwendlela “engapha phezulu” (NOTA) kumatshini wokuvota. Oku kwalandelwa yimfuno yeVoter Verification trackel Trail (VPAT) efunwa yiNkuNkundla yeNkundla, ezi zincopho zidityaniswe nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa obuzinzileyo, kusekwe kumgangatho wamaza eenza atshintsha ngokucacileyo ulungiso lwendawo ekhethiweyo.

Utshintsho Olungundoqo: Ukusuka kwii-EVM ukuya kwiiNorms ezibonisa ngaphaya

Utshintsho lungahlanganiswa kwiindidi ezine ezibanzi: unyuso lobugcisa, ukuthatha imilinganiselo yokuphendula, imiqathango yephulo lemali, kunye namanyathelo okuvota. Nganye inefuthe elahlukileyo kwindlela unyulo lwamaIndiya oluye lwaliwa ngayo kwaye lwaphumelela ngayo.

1. Imatshini yombane (EVM) neVVPAT

Isiqalo sombane we Voting Machines (EVM) ngo 1980 yaba yeyona iphambili yobugcisa bobugcisa obukhawulezayo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo okusasazekileyo kwaqala kuphela emva kowama 2000. Namhlanje, zonke iivote- jikelele kunye nophando oluninzi lukarhulumente luqhutywa ngeEVM. Umatshini uphelisa iivoti ezingagunyaziswanga, isantya sokubala, kwaye unciphisa ubungozi bebhokisi yebhola efakwa kuyo. Noko ke, inkxalabo ngokutshintsha kukhokelela kwisiqalo se Voter Verification Pagella Calle (VPAT).

NgoAprili 2019, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela ukuba iVVPAT ityibilika kwizikhululo zovolo ezihlanu ezikhethiweyo ngokuzenzekelayo kwindibano nganye kuqikelelo lubalwa njenge-check ngokuchasene ne-EVM iziphumo. Oku kuye kwandisa kakhulu ukuthemba uluntu kwiimatshini, nangona iingxoxo ngokhuseleko lwazo ziqhubeka. IECI iye yaqinisekisa ukuba ii-EVM zikhuselekile, kwaye ii-Piconication ezizimeleyo zixhase kakhulu intelekelelo. Sekunjalo, impikiswano eqhubekayo igxininisa imfuneko yobuchule obuqhubekayo nokubonakala kwinkqubo yokhetho.

2. Ukuxilongwa kweCandidasm kunye neNdlela yezaphuli-mthetho

Enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zotshintsho kukubonakala. Ukususela ngogwebo lweNkundla Ephakamileyo yowama-2003, abatsha - ntliziyo kufuneka bafake ifayile ye-affidavit discs yabo echaza iirekhodi zabo zolwaphulo-mthetho (ukuba zikho), iimfaneleko zemfundo, kunye nempahla yemali (kuquka ezo zamaqabane abo kunye nabaxhomekeke). Le nkcazelo igcwaliswa kwi-webhsayithi ye-ECI, ivumela abavoti ukuba benze ukhetho olunolwazi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, izimfuneko zokutyhilo zimele zibe ziqine: abafuni kufuneka bavakalise ngoku imvelaphi yempahla yabo kunye nayo nayiphi nayiphi na imiba eqhubekayo echasene nabo.

Isiphumo siphawulekile. Inani labameli abanyuliweyo abanamatyala acocekileyo lihlale liphezulu ngokungqongqo, ngaphaya kwama-40% ee-MP onyulwe ngowama-2019 aye avakalisa amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. kodwa ukubonakala oku kubangele ukuba amaqela oluntu afana ne-Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) akhuphe uhlalutyo oluthe rhoqo kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba ngeengxelo zabo ezicocekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yanyanzela ukuba “umlomo wobomi” uvalelwe kwabenzi bomthetho abagwetyiweyo abasuka ekukhuphiseni unyulo, nangona ipalamente yawavala kuphela ngexesha lokubanjwa kwe-2013, kwaye iminyaka emithandathu emva koko. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka, yaye ezinye iziphendumiso ezingo zomthetho ziyalandela.

3. Imali yeCandelo neMida yeNkcitho

Imali ibisoloko iyindlovu kummandla wokuvota. Ukuphelisa impembelelo yayo, iECI imisela imida engqongqo yokusebenzisa imali kwabo batshayo: kunyulo lwe-2024 Lok Sabha, umlinganiselo waba ngu-995 lakh (R114 000) kumvotelwa ngamnye kumaphondo amakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, amaqela ezobupolitika kufuneka afake iingxelo zemali zonyaka nokusasaza iminikelo ngaphezu kwama-762020 000. Ukuqalisa kwemibutho yabavoti ngo-2018 yayilutshintsho oluyimpikiswano olumele ukucoca inkxaso yezopolitistiki ngokuvumela iminikelo engachazwangaziwayo. Kodwa, imibophelelo yabethwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngoFebruwa 2024, ngenxa yokuba aphule umthetho owe-mvume yokuba abemi bangayichazi ngokwezimali. Inkundla iyalela ukuba iRhulumente yeInvenlands of India ikhuphe zonke iinkcukacha zokuthenga, ukufuduswa kweminyanise.

Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwemali esetyenziswayo, iECI iye yahlahlela ukusasazwa kwemali ekhululekileyo kunye nemali ngexesha lamaphulo. Amaqela ahamba ngenqwelo-moya, amaqela okuhlola iividiyo, kunye namaqela okuhlola athe ngqo athunyelwa ukuba ajonge aze athabathe imali engekho mthethweni, utywala, kunye nezipho. Kunyulo jikelele lwama-2024 kuphela, ngaphezu kwe-7610 000 yemali kunye nempahla zathinjwa kwiingxelo ezibalaselisa umlinganiselo wengxaki kunye nokusebenza kokusebenza.

4. Ikhowudi yemodeli yehambo nokunyanzelwa

Imodeli yeKhodi yeNdebeko yeNdlela (MCC) luludwe lwezikhokelo ezikhutshwe yi-EIC elawula ihambo yawo onke amaqela ezobupolitika kunye nabanyuli ngexesha lonyulo. Iyakwalela ukusetyenziswa koomatshini bakarhulumente bokunyulwa, ukufunxa, ukubopha abavoti, ukwenza intetho yentiyo, nokutsala ucalucalulo okanye iimvakalelo zoluntu. I-ECI iqinise ulawulo lwayo ngokuseka inkqubo yokuzinzisa kwiizikhundla ezicetyiweyo ezithe cala, ukukhupha amandla angundoqo ekuthinteleni uqhankqesho, nokususa ngokukhawuleza amagosa aphula loo mgaqo.

I-MCC ivele njengesixhobo esinamandla sokuqinisekisa umgangatho wokudlala. Ngo-2024, i-ECI ngokukhawuleza yathatha inyathelo ngokuchasene noninzi lwezobupolitika ngokwenza iintetho ezikralayo, kuquka ukubanqanda ukulwa nokuqhushumbisa ixesha elithile elimiselweyo. Ngoxa abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi i-MCC maxa wambi inyanzeliswa ngokukhetha, isiphumo sayo siphela besikukunciphisa ukungalungisi nokunika i-ECI amandla njengempempeke engenamkhethe.

5. Ubhaliso loMkhosi kunye nokuXhotyiswa

Utshintsho lukwajoliswe ekukwenzeni kube lula kwabemi ukubhalisa nokuvota. I-ECI yasungula ubhaliso lwe-intanethi nge-National Voters Portal (NVSP) kunye neVoter Helpline App. Ikhadi le-Voter ID ngoku linganxulunyaniswa no-Aadhaar ukukhupha iikopi eziphinda-phindiweyo. IKhomishini ivavanye ukuvota kwasekuqaleni kwabemi abadala kunye nabantu abaneziphene, icwangcisa ii-amps, i-brollle signage, kunye ne-s calls. Kubasebenzi abafudukayo, ucelomngeni olukhulu lonyulo lonyulo lwamaIndiya, i-ECI iqhuba oomatshini bokuvota abakude abazakubavumela ukuba bakhuphele iibhola zabo ngaphandle kohambo lwabo lwendlu yabo.

“ Abavoti abaphambili” bathatha inyathelo lokukhetha. (kuquka ukuphaphela isantya phakathi kwabavoti, abafazi, kunye nabemi basemaphandleni) baye bafak' isandla kulwando oluqhubekayo kuvoti abajikayo. Turrout ngonyulo jikelele lwama-67.4%, ukusuka ngo-1998. Ukufakwa kwabatsha abatsha abangaphezulu kwe-2.5.2% ku-crootor Revotions kumqulu wama-2024 kubonisa impumelelo yezi migudu yokufumana ingeniso.

Impembelelo Kwezobupolitika ZaseIndiya: Asingoomatshini Nje

Isiphumo esinyuselayo sezi nguqulelo besiyinkqubela engenakuthelekelelwa kumgangatho wonyulo lwamaIndiya. Ukuthemba okuninzi kwinkqubo kuye kwakhula, phezu kwazo nje izityholo zokurhoxisa. Ukusetyenziswa kweVVVPAT nokubala okucace gca kunciphise ngokuphawulekayo inani lezibongozo zonyulo neempikiswano. Amaphulo ezobupolitika ngoku axhomekeke kakhulu kwizixhobo zezenzululwazi kunye nogcino-lwazi kunokufumana imali nezihlunu.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezobupolitika kuseyinto exhalabisayo, kodwa ukutyhilwa okunyanzelekileyo kweengxelo zolwaphulo - mthetho kuye kwanyanzelisa amaqela ukuba acinge kabini ngaphambi kokuba athathe amanyathelo angcolileyo. Amanye amaqela aye amkela iikomiti zangaphakathi zokuhlola abantu abaza kubhalisa, yaye abavoti basebenzisa iiplatfomu zeInternet ukuthelekisa iingxelo zabaza kubhaptizwa ngaphambi kokuba bafake iibhola zabo.

Enye yezona mpembelelo zibonakalayo yindima encitshisiweyo ye- “amacala eenqanawa” esekelwe kwicandelo lodidi kunye nonqulo. Ngoxa i-politiki isekho, inkxalabo iyaqhubekeka kwimpumezo nenkqubela. Imigudu ye-ECI yokunyanzelisa i-MCC iye yanciphisa intetho yentiyo kunye nentetho ethethayo ephakathi esemthethweni kwintetho yephulo, nangona amajelo-ndaba entlalo esele ekho entshona engalawulekiyo.

Ngaphezu koko, utshintsho luye lwanika amandla kwiKhomishini yoNkhetho ngokwayo. I-ECI ibonwa njengelungu lobudume, ngoku ihlonelwa ngokubanzi njengelungiselelo elinamandla, elizimeleyo elikwaziyo ukumisela imithetho enxamnye nabona banamandla bezobupolitika. Iindlela zayo zangaphakathi zokusingatha izikhalazo nesohlwayo esigqwesileyo ziye zomelezwa, zisomeleza ngakumbi ukuthenjwa kwayo.

Iingxaki Ezingakupheliyo

Ngaphandle kwenkqubela, imingeni ebalulekileyo eseleyo. Eyona inzima kukungalawuleki kwemali ***. Ngexesha imida yenkcitho ikhona, banyeliswa ngokubanzi “ngabasebenzi bekhompyutha” kunye nobalo lokuyila. Abahloli bokhetho baqikelela ukuba imali esetyenziswayo inokuba ngumlinganiselo osemthethweni kahlanu ukuya kwishumi, ingakumbi kumaqela esizwe. Ukuqhatha kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kuvule ibala elitsha kwidabi lokuvela, kodwa iya kuthabatha ixesha elipheleleyo lokuvakala.

*** Isoyikiso samaVoter** * ihlala iyinkxalabo kwiipokotho ezithile, ingakumbi kumaphondo anembali yogonyamelo lwezobupolitika. IECI iye yathumela imikhosi esembindini “ukuqinisa,” kodwa iimeko zokuthimba iminquba ziyaqhubeka kwiindawo ezikwanti, ezisoloko zingaxelwa. Impembelelo ye ** amaqela eepali*** ezobupolitika iyaqhubekeka, yaye abantu abaninzi abaza kuba namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho anzulu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yanyanzela ukuphelisa ukumanyana okusisigxilo, kodwa iPalamente ayikadlulisi mthetho onjalo.

* * * * Misinformation kunye nemingeni yenkohliso yeendaba** kwi-media yezentlalo yoonontlalo-ntle iye yaba zizisongelo ezingundoqo. Ngexesha lonyulo lwama-2019 kunye no-2024, i-ECI yakhupha imigaqo yokubhengeza kwezobupolitika kumaqonga afana ne-Facebook, i-Whachsapp, kunye ne-Twitter. Yaseka iKomiti yokuHlolitha i-" (MCMCC) ukukhusela izibhengezo ezibhalwe kwangaphambili. Kodwa isantya sonxibelelwano lwe-intanethi sikwenza kungabi nako ukufumana zonke iimposiso zomfakezo kunye neevidiyo ezisetyenziswayo ngexesha le-2024 kugxininise imfuneko yokufumana ixesha lokwenene kunye nohlobo lwe-AIAD.

*** Ukungabi namdla kwabantu abahlala ezidolophini** phakathi kwabemi abancinane kukwahlukile. Nangona kubhaliwe, amaphesenti okuvota kwizixeko ezisemadolobheni anjengeBengaluri, Mumbai, neDelhi abekwe ngasemva kwemimandla yasemaphandleni. Amaphulo okufikelela ngaphandle kufuneka abe nobuchule obungakumbi ukudibanisa lamanani, mhlawumbi ngokukhuphisana okanye ngokukhetha izicelo ezinika uhlaziyo lomgangatho wexesha lokwenene.

Ekugqibeleni, * ** ufako lwesithuba* phakathi kwemithetho esembindini kunye nokunyanzeliswa komgangatho osemhlabeni ngumba onganyangekiyo. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kweVVPAT kuyinto ekhoyo jikelele, kodwa ukuxinana kwephepha kunye nobuchule bobugcisa bubangela ulibaziseko. IECI ithetha oku ngokuqeqesha amagosa ngokucokisekileyo, kodwa iimpazamo zabantu kunye nobugcisa azinakupheliswa ngokupheleleyo.

Indlela Engaphambili: Ukwamkela Utshintsho Namandla Alo

Uhambo lolungiso olukhethiweyo lukude kakhulu. IECI icebise amanyathelo aliqela alindele ukuphunyezwa ngurhulumente:

  • [ ngokutsha uvotelo lwabasebenzi basekhaya abafudukayo -Iprojekthi yomqhubi osebenzisa i-EVMs isendleleni esezantsi ekukhetheni ii-confituences. Ukuba iphumelele, ingafaka ingxengxezo yabasebenzi abaqikelelwa kwi 10 abangakwaziyo ukuvota ngoku kuba besebenza ngaphandle kwemo yabo yasekhaya.
  • [[NTLT:0] Unyulo oluzenzekelayo (Uhlanga olunye, unyulo olunye) – urhulumente umise ikomiti yomgangatho ophezulu ukuhlolisisa ukubonakala kokuphatha iLok Sabha kunye nolo luhlu lwendibano kunye ukuze kuncitshiswe iindleko kwaye kupheliswe ukukhuphiswana okuqhubekayo. Isicelo sixhaswa ngamandla kwiBJP elawulayo kodwa sijamelene nenkcaso evela kumaqela esizwe ayiphikisayo.
  • Ukuqinisa iKhowudi yeNdlela yokuziphatha – izindululo ziquka ukunika iECI amandla okususa amaqela ezobupolitika abhaliswayo achasene nezithethe ze-MCCC nokugqiba isigqibo sezicelo zonyulo kwisithuba seenyanga ezintandathu.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukubonisa ukubonakala kwemali yeqela [ - Post isigwebo seqhina lonyulo, i-ECI iqhubela ukutyhilwa kwezona minikelo yezopolitiko yexesha lokwenene ngaphezu komnyango omncinane, kunye nee-akhawunti ze-akhawunti zeqela nyaka ngamnye.
  • [[FLT: 0] uvoti ojikelezayo unamava – I-ECI iceba ukundulula i-app ehambayo ukwenzela ukuvota okungekhoyo nokuvumela ukuvota kwiindawo ezininzi kudlula kumqulu wesizwe. Ezi nguqu zingenza ukuvota ngokufanelekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Uhlaziyo lobugcisa olufana ** i-blockchain yovoto*** lufundwa ngamaphondo aliqela anokusetyenziswa kunyulo lwangaphakathi, nangona i-ECI ihlala ilumkile malunga nomngcipheko wokhuseleko. Ingcamango yekhadi le-ID lika- *** elinye lovoti likazwelonke elidityaniswe ku-Aadhaar idityaniswe ukuphelisa ukhuthuzo kunye nokuqhatha, nangona inkxalabo yezobuqu kufuneka ixoxiswe.

Isiphelo: Indaleko Eqhubekayo

Utshintsho lwe-Electoral eIndiya asiyondawo ekhoyo. Zizinto eziqhubekekayo zokutshintsha. Isiqalo se-EVMS neVVPAT, ukomelezwa kwekhowudi yemodeli yeNdlela, ukuvela kwentelekelelo, kunye nedabi elinzima elichasene nemali kwezobupolitika zonke zinikele kwinkqubo ethembeke kakhulu namhlanje kunakwiminyaka engamashumi amabini eyadlulayo. Ukholo lubuyiselwe kwiinkalo ezininzi, kwaye i-ECI iveliswe njengemodeli yemodeli yemibutho yabalawuli bokhetho ehlabathini lonke.

Kanti ucelomngeni lolwaphulo-mthetho, iingcamango eziphosakeleyo, kunye neziphengululi ze-libheral ziyaqhubeka, zisikhumbuza ukuba idemokhrasi ifuna ukuhlala iphaphile. Igalelo elilandelayo lotshintsho liza kujolisa ekwenzeni ukuvota kufikeleleke ngakumbi, ukulawula amaphulo amanani, kwaye ngokubhekele phaya ukunciphisa indima yemali. Kwabo bafunda ngezopolitiko zamaIndiya, ibali lokuguqula unyulo luyinto exabisekileyo yokubona ukusetyenziswa kwedemokhrasi enkulu yehlabathi, elinodemokhrasi engafezekiyo, kodwa elisoloko lizama ukuzalisekisa idinga layo lenkululeko nelungileyo.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, kuhlolisiswa iingxelo ezisemthethweni zeKhomishini yoNnyulo yaseIndiya, uhlaziyo olupapashwe luyi-Association for Democratic Reformations [ADR], kunye nogwebo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo kunyuso. Abaphengululi bangabhekisela nakuhlaziyo i-Carnegie Endowments yophindo lwedemokhrasi kwi-demokhrasi kwi-[ kunye noluphando olukhoyo [FLT:]