Table of Contents

Iinkokeli zikarhulumente zinendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni iinkqubo ezikhokela amazwe, imimandla kunye noluntu. Izigqibo zazo zichaphazela zonke iinkalo zebutho labantu, ukusuka kumgangatho wemfundo yabantwana abayifumanayo ukuya kwinkqubo yonyango olukhusela impilo yoluntu, nakwimimiselo yezoqoqosho echaphazela amashishini ukuya kukhuseleko lwemekobume olukhusela ubuncwane bendalo. Ukuqonda indlela imigaqo karhulumente eyenza ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo yedemokhrasi inika ulwazi olubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi kwaye inceda abemi balwe-mikhosi baphumele ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi nabameli babo kunye neembambano ezibaluleke kakhulu kubo.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Kawonke - wonke Nokubaluleka Kwayo

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke ibhekisela kwizenzo ezithatyathwe ngurhulumente(iisigqibo esijoliswe ekucombululeni iingxaki nasekuphuculeni uhlobo lobomi babemi bayo. Le nkqubo isebenza njengesiseko apho intlalo zisebenza khona, imisela imithetho, imimiselo, kunye nemigaqo ethetha ngemibandela ethile okanye ephumeze iinjongo ezithile. Inkqubo kawonke-wonke iphuma kwizigqibo zikarhulumente kwaye ingumphumo wokukhetha ngabom phakathi kwezinye iindlela zokuhamba, okuphumela kwisenzo okanye ukwenza ngamabomu.

Umgangatho wenkqubo kawonke-wonke uphangalele ngendlela ephawulekayo. Kumgangatho worhulumente, kumiselwe iinkqubo zikarhulumente zokulawula ushishino, ukukhusela abemi bamakhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ukunceda oorhulumente belizwe nezixeko nabantu abafana namahlwempu ngeenkqubo zemali, nokukhuthaza iinjongo zentlalo. Ukusuka kwimithetho yokumisa yoluntu elawula izivumelwano zokulungisa imozulu yamazwe ngamazwe, imigaqo-nkqubo isebenza kulo lonke urhulumente kwaye ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla.

Inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo luludwe lwamanyathelo alungelelanisiweyo alungiselelwe ukuzisa iziphumo ezithile, ukuguqula iinjongo zezobupolitika zibe yimigaqo kawonke-wonke esebenzayo, nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo bejamelene nocelomngeni olubini lokulawula ngokukhawuleza, iindlela zokwenza izinto ngeli xesha bethetha ngemiba emide kunye nocalulo. Esi senzo sokulungelelanisa sidibeneyo sifuna iinkokeli ziqwalasele zombini iimfuno ezingxamisekileyo nezizisombululo ezizinzileyo eziza kunceda izizukulwana ezizayo.

Inkqubo yokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo oxhobisayo

Ukwenza inkqubo yemithetho yinto enzima ebandakanya iziphembeleli ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobisi. Ngelixesha inkqubo inokuchazwa kwimigangatho ekwi-sequeen, inkqubo yenkqubo ingeyiyo into ngaphandle kokubekwa emgceni `ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-nkqubo kungumonakalo odityanisiweyo kwaye uzele kukulingana nokuqalisa. Kodwa ke, ukuqonda amaqondo aqhelekileyo anceda ekucaciseni indlela iingcamango eziba ngayo imithetho nemimiselo.

Ukumiselwa Kweagenda Nengxaki

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke iqala ngokuchazwa kwengxaki kawonke-wonke, kwaye inzululwazi esisiseko nengokwentlalo inokubaluleka kakhulu kweli nqanaba lenkqubo, njengoko uphando lunokubonisa ukuba ngubani ochaphazelekayo yingxaki, ukuxhaphaka nokuqina kwengxaki ethile, kunye neendlela ezisenokuba zibangela le ngxaki. Eli nqanaba lokuqala libalulekile kuba asiyonto yonke ifumana ingqalelo karhulumente.

Phambi kokuba kwenziwe inkqubo, kufuneka kubekho ingxaki ebizwa kwingqalelo karhulumente. U-Agenda-Sketting ubandakanya ukwalatha nokubeka phambili imiba efuna ungenelelo lukarhulumente, ukuseka isiseko sophuhliso lwenkqubo ngokubalaselisa imingeni emayiqwalaselwe. Le nkqubo imisela ukuba zeziphi iingxaki eziza kufumana oovimba noovimba bakarhulumente.

Kufuneka kwenziwe ingcamango ngemigangatho emininzi, kuquka udweliso lwenkqubo ebanzi yezopolitiko, imimiselo yengqungquthela kunye nocwangciso lobumongameli, kunye nocwangciso lwezicwangciso zezikhululo, nabadlali abaphambili kucwangciso oluquka ukucinga ngeetanki, amaqela enzala, amajelo eendaba, namagosa karhulumente. Ukhuphiswano lwesithuba kucwangciso lwenkqubo lunzulu, njengoko imiba emininzi iphembelela ingqalelo karhulumente kunye noovimba abalinganiselweyo.

Ukunikezelwa kwamanqaku kubaluleke ekumiseleni izinto eziza kuqwalaselwa kuba kuchaphazela indlela abantu abacinga ngayo ukuba imicimbi ibalulekile kwaye ichaphazela amanyathelo enkqubo, ngoorhulumente abasebenzisa iindlela neengxoxo ezahlukeneyo ukukholisa izinto eziza kuqala kwaye bangayifaki kwimixholo ethile ngexesha lesigaba. Indlela efakwa ngayo ifuthe ingagqiba ukuba ifumana igalelo okanye iyaphela kusini na kwingqiqo yoluntu.

Umgaqo-nkqubo kunye nophuhliso

Xa imbambano ithe yafunyaniswa yaza yabekwa kwinqaku, inyathelo elilandelayo libandakanya ukuphuhliswa kwezisombululo. Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo yinkqubo yokufumana isisombululo sikawonke-wonke kwingxaki kawonke-wonke (8) kwamanye amagama, yintoni ekufuneka ingxowa-mali karhulumente ukusombulula ingxaki efunyenwe kwinqanaba lokuqala. Eli qonga lifuna uphando olunzulu, uhlalutyo, nokuthetha nabagcini-mathiriyeli abahlukahlukeneyo.

Ukulungisa ingxaki ekhoyo, abamisi-mthetho kufuneka baphuhlise iindlela nezenzo ezinokubakho, eziquka ukwenza uphando olucokisekileyo ukuze baqonde izisombululo ezinokwenzeka, ukudibana nabagcini-mathiriyeli kunye neengcaphephe zoluntu, nokufuna impendulo kubagcini-mathiriyeli. Inkqubo yokuyila inceda ngokweembono ezahlukeneyo nobuchule ukuqinisekisa ukuba izicombululo ezicetyiweyo zibanzi kwaye ziyasebenza.

Umgangatho womgaqo-nkqubo wokuyila kulapho iinjongo zihlolwa ngokucokisekileyo, izisombululo ezinokwenzeka ziphuhliswa, kwaye kwenziwa izigqibo malunga nezona zisebenzayo iindlela zokuyila, ngezicelo zenkqubo ezibunjwe njengemali yedrafti, imimiselo, okanye izicwangciso ezifuna ukucombulula iingxaki ezichaziwe. Lo msebenzi wobugcisa ufuna ingqalelo ngononophelo kulwazi nokuqwalasela indlela inkqubo eza kusebenza ngayo.

Abangenisi-nxaxheba, abahloli bemiqathango kunye nabahlalutyi banendima ebalulekileyo ekufuneka bayenze kweli nqanaba, njengoko uphando lwabo lunika ubungqina ngokokuba yintoni imisebenzi okanye akunjalo, ngubani, phantsi kweziphi iimeko. Ukwenziwa kwemigaqo esekelwe kubungqina kuye kwabaluleke ngakumbi, iinkokeli zithembele kugcino-lwazi nophando ukuze zazise izigqibo zazo kunokuba zinikele ingqalelo nje kwithuku okanye kwezobupolitika.

Ezinye izindululo zenkqubo ziza kubandakanya inkqubo ende yenkqubela-phambili, ukwakha isiseko sobungqina, uvavanyo lweengcamango zabagcini-mathiriyeli kunye noyilo lwenkqubo yokucombulula. Le nkqubo yokulungisa ivumela ukuphuculwa nokuphuculwa phambi kokuba imigaqo isetyenziswe ngokusemthethweni, inokuthi iphephe iimpazamo ezibiza imali eninzi neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga.

Uhlalutyo loMgaqo-nkqubo kunye nohlolo lweeNdlela zokuSebenza

Phambi kokukhetha indlela yokugqibela yokufikelela, iinkokeli zikarhulumente kufuneka ziqwalasele ngenyameko iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo. Lixesha lokuqwalasela inkqubo nganye ecetyisiweyo ukufumanisa ukuba iyasebenza, inokwenzeka, kunye nempembelelo, enokuthi ibandakanye uhlalutyo lwexabiso lexabiso kunye neziphumo zohlolo-hlolo ukulinganisela indlela eluphumeza ngayo usukelo lwenkqubo nganye.

Ubuchule buvavanywa ngophando olujonga kwimfuno zobukho bezibonelelo, ulawulo, kunye nomthetho kunye nobugcisa, ngoxa uhlolo lwempembelelo lubandakanya ukuxilonga iziphumo zentlalo, zezoqoqosho, kunye nemekobume zokhetho ngalunye. Olu hlalutyo lunentsingiselo lunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo ekhethiweyo ayilo nje kuphela elisandi kodwa ikwanobuchule bokusebenza.

Uhlalutyo lwexabiso lwexabiso lusetyenziswa ukuvavanya amaxabiso kunye neengenelo zokubona ukuba uzalisekiso luza kunceda na. Olu hlalutyo lwezoqoqosho lunceda abalathisi benkqubo baqonde enoba iingenelo ezilindelekileyo zenkqubo zithethelela amaxabiso ayo, nangona uhlaziyo olunjalo lungantsonkotha kwaye lungaphantsi kocaciso olwahlukileyo.

Ulwamkelo loMgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokwenziwa kweZigqibo

Izigqibo ezithe zagqityelwa ngurhulumente zithetha ukuba ekugqibeleni zigqitywe ngabalungiseleli okanye kwezinye iimeko nguMongameli ophetheyo ongoyena unyuliweyo okanye otyunjwe ukuba abe linkokeli kwezobupolitika.

Amaqumrhu agunyazisayo okanye amasebe aphetheyo kufuneka avume izindululo zenkqubo. Le nkqubo yovumo iyahluka-hluka kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwenkqubo nomgangatho karhulumente. IBhunga limisa inkqubo ngomthetho, njengoMthetho weSithintelo soMguli noMsebenzi weCandelo oPhakamileyo ngo-2010, ngoxa iinkundla zinokumisela inkqubo ngokumisela imithetho ngemibandela echaphazela uluntu ngokubanzi, kuquka imibandela enxulumene namalungelo abantu, ukuvota, kunye nemfundo.

Abalungiseleli banendima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni izigqibo zenkqubo, kodwa bayakwazi ukubumba icebiso negalelo elichaza izigqibo. Iinkokeli zezobupolitika azikhethi phakathi kokhetho olulungiselelwe kwangaphambili; zilungisa inkqubo yokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo ngokujonga izinto eziza kuqala, imibuzo, kunye nokhokelo.

Eli qonga liquka iingxoxo phakathi kwamaqela afuna ukhetho lwawo lube sesisombululo esingundoqo sokucombulula le ngxaki. Indlela yezopolitiko yokufumana inkqubo yokwamkelwa ngokweziko ithetha ukuba ukulalanisa nokuxoxa ngokufuthi kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboneni iziphumo zokugqibela zenkqubo.

Ukuhlawulwa kwenkqubo

Ukwamkela inkqubo kukuqala kwe-(-ukuphumelela kokuphumeza kulapho iinkqubo ziphumelela okanye zingaphumeleli ekuphumezeni iinjongo zazo. Ukuzalisekisa okanye ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo kusoloko kufezwa ngamaziko angezo ezo zisunguliweyo nezimkelweyo, ngomthetho odla ngokunika umba obanzi nje wenkqubo.

Imithetho iguqulelwa kwimicimbi ngezigqibo zolawulo, iqinisekisa ukuba iinjongo ziphunyezwa ngezenzo ezicwangcisiweyo nangeenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zoovimba, ngonxibelelwano olucacileyo kunye nemigaqo efunekayo ngexesha lenqanaba lokuzalisekisa ukunceda abalawuli bachaze iinkqubo baze benze izigqibo zolwazi. Ukuguqulelwa ukusuka kwinkqubo yephepha ukuya kwinkqubo yokusebenza kufuna ukucwangciswa nokulungelelaniswa ngononophelo.

Ukusebenzisa imigaqo nemithetho emiselwe ngamaqumrhu karhulumente, ukulungiselela iinkonzo nokuqhuba amaphulo emfundo kawonke-wonke. Le misebenzi ibangela ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo iphile kwaye imisela indlela abemi abafumana ngayo iinkqubo nemimiselo karhulumente.

Ukuphunyezwa okuphumelelayo kuxhomekeke ekuntsonkothweni kwenkqubo, ekudibaniseniniseni inkqubo, nokuthobelana. Kwanemigaqo-nkqubo ecwangcisiweyo ingasilela ukuba uzalisekiso lulawulwa kakubi okanye ukuba leyo inomthwalo wokuphumeza inkqubo ayinazo ii-asethi okanye inkxaso efunekayo.

Ukwabiwa kwemali kuphembelela kakhulu ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, njengoko ukuphunyezwa okunempumelelo kweehenjisi kwiinkqubo ezaneleyo, ezixhomekeke kwiNgqungquthela ukuba umyalelo womongameli olawulayo uphunyezwa ngokusemthethweni. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso-mali kunye nobuncwane obaneleyo, kwanemigaqo-nkqubo efikelelekayo ingaphumeleli nto

Inkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo iza kulawula impumelelo yayo, njengoko inkqubo ixhomekeke kwinkxaso engaveli kubantu kuphela kodwa kwanakumagunya ajonge ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kunye nokuzalisekiswa, inkxaso eyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo. Ukwakha nokugcina inkxaso kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuzalisekisa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze inkqubo yexesha elide iphumelele.

Uhlolo lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye noHlomelo

Inkqubo ayipheleli ngokuzalisekisa. Isigaba sokugqibela somgaqo-nkqubo kukuvavanya nokuhlola, ibuza ukuba inkqubo inokuba nempembelelo ecetyiweyo na nokuba iyayicombulula ingxaki kawonke-wonke njengoko ithenjiwe. Eli qondo lohlolo linika ingxelo ebalulekileyo enokukhokelela kutshintsho okanye ukupheliswa kwenkqubo.

Kwinqanaba lovavanyo, abenzi benkqubo baqwalasela iziphumo zenkqubo kwaye bafumanise ulungiso olufunekayo ukuze baphucule impumelelo yayo, ngovavanyo olulungeleleneyo olulinganisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo ngokuchasene neenjongo zayo kwaye lungabandakanya iindlela zokuqukuqela ugcino-lwazi kwimpembelelo yenkqubo, ukuphumelela, kunye nesiphumo sexabiso.

Uvavanyo luthetha ukufumanisa ukuba inkqubo isebenza kakuhle kangakanani, kwaye akuyonto ilula, ngabantu abangaphakathi nangaphandle kukarhulumente ngokusebenzisa uhlalutyo lwexabiso lokufumana intlawulo ukuzama ukufumana impendulo ("ukuba urhulumente uchitha i-x amawaka ezigidi zeerandi kulo mgaqo, zinzuzo ezifumaneka kuyo zifanele inkcitho.

Abadlali abaninzi bahlolisisa impembelelo yemigaqo-nkqubo ukuze babone ukuba bayazicombulula na iingxaki ezichaziwe neziphumezisiweyo, ngokuqwalasela iindleko neengenelo zemigaqo-nkqubo kunye neziphumo zabo ezingangqalanga nezingacwangciswanga, kunye neNkomfa esebenzisa umsebenzi wayo wobuveleli kunye ne-Ofisi yeNkcubeko jikelele ehlola umsebenzi wabo, abaququzeleli bangaphandle, kuquka amaqela enzala, iiplanga, i-academia, kunye namajelo-ndaba.

Uvavanyo lusoloko lubangela ukubonakala kweengxaki kunye nojikelezo olutsha locwangciso lwezicwangciso kunye nomthetho owenziwayo. Le ndalo ithetha ukuba ukwenza inkqubo yenkqubo yinkqubo eqhubekayo yokulungisa nokuziqhelanisa kunesiganeko sexesha elinye.

Ulungiso-nkqubo lomgaqo-nkqubo okanye uTshintsho

Imbali ibonise ukuba xa igqitywe, imigaqo-nkqubo kunzima ukuyiphelisa, kwaye xa iphelisiwe, kudla ngokuba kungenxa yokuba inkqubo iye yaphelelwa lixesha, ngokucacileyo ayisebenzanga, okanye ilahlekelwe yinkxaso yayo phakathi kwamaqela enzala kunye namagosa anyuliweyo ayenza ijonge phambili. I-ethenti yezopolitiko neyombutho egcina imigaqo isendaweni eqinile, kwanaxa ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ayisasebenzi.

Ngokuqhelekileyo kunokuphelisa ngokusisigxina, imigaqo-nkqubo iyalungiswa kwaye ilungiswe ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ezifunyenweyo kunye neemeko ezitshintshayo. Le ndlela yokuzitshintsha ivumela oorhulumente ukuba baphucule iindlela zabo zonyango ngeli lixa begcina ukuqhubeka becombulula iingxaki eziqhubekayo.

Oonobangela Abayintloko Abaphembelela Izigqibo Zenkqubo

Izigqibo ezininzi zezobupolitika ziphenjelelwa ziimeko ezininzi, ezinokuchazwa kwiindidi ezine ezibanzi zempembelelo kwizigqibo: ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, iingcamango, kunye nezithi gqi. Ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo kunceda kucacisa isizathu sokuba ezinye iimigaqo zithatyathwe ngoxa ezinye zichaswa, kwaye kutheni iziphumo zenkqubo maxa wambi zahlukile koko iingcali zinokukuncomela ngokusuka kuhlalutyo lobugcisa.

Uluvo Lwasekuhlaleni Nokuphendula Kwedemokhrasi

Uluvo lukawonke wonke nezinto eziza kuqala zinempembelelo enamandla kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngokuxhalabela okukhulayo kwabantu ngemeko-bume, amaxabiso aguqukayo amandla, nokutshintsha kwemozulu yomhlaba wonke kufanelekile kumashishini anokulondolozwa. Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, amagosa anyuliweyo kufuneka athabathe inxaxheba kwii-ofisi zawo okanye abe sengozini yokuphulukana nesikhundla.

Umongameli owenza izigqibo ezingathandwayo akanakuphinda akhethwe, kwaye ngoko, uluvo lukawonke wonke lungabumba okanye luphembelele abalathisi benkqubo abaphambili kwiimbambano ezahlukeneyo, ngoluvo lukawonke-wonke oluvakaliswe ngeendlela ezininzi, kuquka ngophando nonyulo. Eli lungiselelo lokuphendula liqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente ngokuqhelekileyo zibonisa imilinganiselo nezinto ezikhethwayo zabemi, nangona ulwalamano luntsonkothile yaye lungasoloko luchanile.

Bambi abantu bagxeka amaqumrhu karhulumente ngokwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe ekuthandekeni kwawo, ngokusebenzisa uphando lukarhulumente olufuna ukuphuhlisa inkqubo engomnye wemiqathango yolu tyekelo, kodwa ngoxa uphando lunokusetyenziswa kwaye imigaqo isenokunconywa nje ukuze ikhethe oko kuthandwayo, le mbambano ayilula kangako, qha, emva koko sikhetha oorhulumente ukwenza izinto esizithandayo, ngoko akuyomfuneko ukuba sibagxeke ngokuthatha iimbono zethu phambi kokuba benze izigqibo.

Abantu banokuchaza iimbono zabo kwimibandela enjengokutshintsha kwemozulu neemfazwe zamanye amazwe ngokulungiselela imiboniso, ukuqhatha, neminye imibutho yoluntu, yaye uluvo lukawonke wonke lunokuba nempembelelo yaye maxa wambi lunyanzelise abalawuli benkqubo. Imicimbi yentlalo iye yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeni iinguqu kwiinkqubo eziquka amalungelo abantu nokukhuselwa kwemekobume.

Iimeko zezoqoqosho kunye nokungalungelelani

Imigaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke iphenjelelwa ziimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo eziquka uluvo lukawonke-wonke, iimeko zezoqoqosho, izinto ezintsha ezifunyenweyo zenzululwazi, utshintsho lobugcisa, amaqela anomdla, imibutho engekho kwizoburhulumente, ukukhuthaza amashishini, kunye nezinye izinto zezobupolitika. Phakathi kwezi, iimeko zezoqoqosho zinendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni imigaqo enokwenzeka neyona ibalulekileyo.

Izigqibo zemigaqo-nkqubo zichaphazeleka nakuhlolisiso lwezoqoqosho. Ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho, oorhulumente basenokujamelana nengcinezelo yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa okanye ukugxininisa kwiinkqubo ezikhuthaza ukukhula kwezoqoqosho. Kwelinye icala, amathuba empumelelo yezoqoqosho anokuvelisa amathuba okwandisa iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle okanye okutyalwa kweeprojekthi zengqalelo zexesha elide.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokungalinganiswa kwendlela yoqingqo-mali elindelekileyo. Kwanaxa kukho izivumelwano ezibanzi zokuba ingxaki kufuneka ilungiswe, ukungavisisani ngendlela yokuxhasa izisombululo ezinokukhutshwa ngayo kwinkqubo ephazamisayo. Ukwabiwa koovimba abalinganiselweyo kufuna ukuthengwa okunzima phakathi kwezinto eziphambili ezikhuphisanayo, ngohlalutyo lwezoqoqosho kunceda ukwazi kodwa kungaqiniseki ezi zinto zikhethiweyo.

Amaqela Anomdla Nokuzifica

Amaqela anomdla aquka unxulumano lwezoshishino norhwebo, imibutho yobugcisa, imibutho yezengqesho, imibutho ekhuthaza ukulawulwa kwemekobume, kunye namaqela akwindawo entle yabemi kunye namashishini, nawo alungelelanisa abantu ngabanye kunye namashishini amaqela anomdla ngenxa yezizathu ezithile kunokuzama ukuphembelela urhulumente. La maqela alungelelanisiweyo adlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokulungiselela inkcazelo, ngokukhuthaza abaxhasi, nokukhuthaza izikhundla ezithile zemigaqo.

Amaziko asoloko ebandakanyeka kwimisebenzi ekhuthaza urhulumente ukuphembelela imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, kunye nemibutho emikhulu enezinto zokutsala izibonelelo ngokunempumelelo ukwenzela imimiselo eyingenelo kwindawo yawo yentengiso okanye ukutyhalela emva nxamnye nemithetho abayijonga njengenzima. Le mpembelelo yenkampani ekwenzeni inkqubo iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nokuba ziziphi izilangazelelo ezikhokelwayo nokuba onke amazwi anokufikelela ngokulinganayo kubenzi bemithetho.

Enye impembelelo kusetyenziso lovo okanye ezinye imilinganiselo yoluvo zixhomekeke kwiingcinezelo eziziswa ukuthwala amaqela ahlukeneyo, aneengxaki zawo, njengokuba amaqela alungelelanisiweyo naphezulu kakhulu esenokuba ngabameli bamanani abantu amancinane. Ucelomngeni lolawulo lwedemokhrasi luqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zenkqubo zibonisa izilangazelelo zikawonke wonke ezibanzi kunokuba zibonakale zincinane zizinto ezikhetheke kakhulu.

Imbono Nemilinganiselo Yezobupolitika

Wonke umntu uneenkolelo, ezininzi zazo ezabethelelwa xa sasiselula, kwaye nangona maxa wambi sisebenzisa igama elithi "unqulo" ukucalula abo singavumelani nabo, iingcamango zithetha ngokobume, ubukhulu becala, ucwangciso lwamaqela ezobupolitika kunye nathi sonke njengabantu ngabanye. Ezi nkolelo zisisiseko ngendima efanelekileyo karhulumente, amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kunye neembopheleleko zoluntu zinempembelelo enkulu kwimigaqo-nkqubo ethandwayo.

Ukuba ubani uqala ngenkolelo yokuba abantu abazukusebenza ngaphandle kokuba benyanzelekile ukuba basebenze ngaphandle kokuba benziwe ngamapolisa, ngoko ubani utyekele kwiinkqubo ezifana nokuvavanywa kwabafundi okanye ukuvavanywa ngokusondeleyo kootitshala, ngoxa ekholelwa ukuba ubuhlwempu bungunobangela osisiseko weengxaki zemfundo, umntu uya kutyekela ekuxhaseni iinkqubo nemisebenzi enciphisa okanye ebangela ukuba kubekho iziphumo ezithile zendlala, ezifana neenkqubo zemfundo zeskodi okanye iinkqubo zesikolo, kunye neengcamango zabantu ngabanye namaqela aneziphendulo eziyingozi kwizigqibo ezininzi zemithetho yempatho, ngokuyintloko ngokulungisa ezinye izinto eziqwalaselwe kwindawo yokuqala.

Iinkokeli zezobupolitika zinendima ebalulekileyo ekuboneni ukuba ziziphi izindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo eziqwalaselwayo nezibekwa kuqala, ngemigaqo neenkolelo zazo, ngokufuthi zikhokelele ulwalathiso lwemigaqo ejolise kwiinjongo zazo zezobupolitika. Le ngcamango yokwenza inkqubo ithetha ukuba unyulo luneziphumo zokwenene zemigaqo ephunyezweyo nendlela iingxaki ezichatshazelwa ngayo.

Ubungqina Benzululwazi Nolwazi Olunzulu

Uphando luvelisa ulwazi olutsha olunxulumene nomgaqo-nkqubo kwaye lungaphembelela inkqubo ukuba ifakwe kakuhle. Indima yobungqina benzululwazi ekwenzeni inkqubo ikhule ngokunzulu, oorhulumente befuna ngokuqhubekayo ukuseka izigqibo kugcino-lwazi oluneminxeba nohlalutyo olungqongqo kunokuba kuphengululwe kuphela kwezobupolitika.

Noko ke, ulwazi okanye uphando luphantsi kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo, ngenye ingcaciso yingcamango "yamaqela amabini" echaza idichotomy phakathi kwemibutho emibini(ii-"reochemists", izazinzulu kunye neengcali kummandla wolwazi, kunye nabezobupolitika, abalawuli kunye namagosa amiselweyo kummandla wezobupolitika. Ukuvala lo msantsa phakathi kophando nenkqubo kuhlala kungumngeni oqhubekayo.

Ubungqina bokunxibelelana bokusebenza busoloko bulucelomngeni kuba abaphengululi bayaziyo into yokuba sinobungcathu kunye nokungaqiniseki, kwaye umgangatho wenkcukacha nokungabi naziphumo ezicacileyo usoloko udida iinkokeli zenkqubo, ngokuguqulela izinto ezifunyenweyo ngokucacileyo nangokucacileyo nangokucacileyo ngexa kusenokwenzeka ukuba zihlale ziyinyaniso kwizibakala ezisoloko ziluntambo eziqinileyo abaphandi abamele bahambe ngazo. Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo esebenzayo kufuna uphando olungqongqo kunye nonxibelelwano olunempumelelo lwaloo nkcazelo kubenzi besigqibo.

Okusingqongileyo kolwazi lwezixhobo ze-media nezolwazi

IJournalism inendima ebalulekileyo kulawulo-lawulo-lawulo lolawulo-bume olusempilweni, njengoko ijelo leendaba elikhululekileyo nelizimeleyo linokuphendula iinkokeli ngokucacisa ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya yaye lisenokunikela inkcazelo efike ngexesha nenokuthenjwa enceda abemi benze izigqibo ezinolwazi. Amajelo eendaba asebenza njengesixhobo sokugada nesixhobo solwazi, esikhuthaza ukuqwalaselwa kwabantu ngeembambano nokwenza korhulumente.

Amajelo eendaba ayakwazi ukubumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke, agxininise imiba kunye nabayili benkqubo abanobutyala, ingxelo yabo ikwazi ukunyusa umba wobulali kubukhulu besizwe okanye agcine uxinzelelo oluzinzileyo kwimimandla ehamba kancinci. Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba ingagqiba ukuba yiyiphi imiba efumana ingqalelo kawonke-wonke nendlela eqondwa ngayo, ngaloo ndlela iphembelela ucwangciso lwenkqubo.

Cinga Ngezikhundla Nophando

Njengemvelaphi ephambili yohlalutyo lobuchule, iitanki zingazisa kwaye ziphembelele inkqubo karhulumente. Le mibutho ivala umsantsa phakathi kophando lwemfundo nokwenza inkqubo esebenzayo, ivelisa uhlalutyo kunye noncomo olulungelene neemfuno zabenzi benkqubo.

Alaadimia kunye neenkanunu zokucinga zinika ingqiqo yokusebenza kwenkqubo, ukuvela kweengxaki, nezisombululo ezintsha. Ngokudibanisa izinto ezifunyenweyo zophando kunye nokuzinika ngeefomati ezifikelelekayo, la maqumrhu anceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zenkqubo zixelwe ngobona bungqina bukhoyo.

Utshintsho Lobugcisa Nokubuyiselwa

Njengoko ubugcisa bukhula ngesantya esiphezulu, imigaqo yethu kufuneka ilungelelanise ize ikhule ukuze ihlangabezane nezi nguqulelo. Uphuhliso lobugcisa ludala amathuba amatsha nocelomngeni olutsha olufuna iimpendulo zenkqubo, ukusuka ekulawuleni ubukrelekrele obungeyo yabukho okanye ekulawuleni ukhuseleko lwezisongelo zekhompyutha kuneziphene zokuzihambela ngokwamaqela emsebenzini.

Ubuchwephesha obutsha, obusezantsi, nobulula, bunganyusa inkxaso kawonke-wonke kwimigaqo-siseko ekhuthaza amandla avuselelekayo kunye namandla okusebenza kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo wemeko- bume kunye nemizekelo emitsha kunye nezixhobo zokupakisha ezinciphisa amaxabiso okusingqongileyo, ubugcisa obutsha obufumana ukuveliswa kobunzima be-cell zelanga ezipheleleyo ezinciphisa ixabiso lamandla elanga, kwaye iprogramme edityaniswe ngothungelwano lweselula elwenza ukuba kube lula ukusetyenziswa ziintsapho ukwenza izinto ezisebenza kakuhle.

Iimpembelelo Zamazwe Ngamazwe Nemeko - bume Yomhlaba

Kwihlabathi elizaliseke ehlabathini lonke, imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iBhanki yeWorld Health Organization iphembelela iinkqubo zasekhaya ngezivumelwano, imigaqo nangenkxaso yemali. Oorhulumente besizwe abasasebenzi bezedwa; izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, imikhosi yezoqoqosho yomhlaba wonke, kunye neengxaki zamazwe ngamazwe zinegalelo ngokuhambelana nemigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya.

Iimbambano ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukusabela kwezifo, urhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe nokufuduka kufuna ukuba kulungelelaniswe imicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe, nemigaqo yamakhaya ngokufuthi ebonakalisa izibophelelo ezenziwa kwiimeko zelizwe lonke.

Indima Yabasebenzi Abahlukahlukeneyo Bakarhulumente

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke yenziwe ngawo onke amasebe orhulumente, yaye amacandelo awahlukeneyo omjikelo asebenza ngqo ngakumbi kwimimandla ethile karhulumente. Ukuqonda iindima ezahlukileyo zabadlali abahlukeneyo bakarhulumente kunceda kucacise indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo.

Ukhokelo olunolawulo oluphezulu

Kwiinkqubo ezininzi umlawuli (urhulumente) akayenzi okanye aqhubele phambili ukwenza inkqubo. Oomongameli, abalawuli, abalawuli, kunye noosodolophu baqhubela phambili ucwangciso lwemigaqo, bemisela amanyathelo okubeka iliso kuluntu ngokubanzi, besebenzisa nemigangatho yabo ukunikela ingqalelo kumbandela othile.

Abalawuli bamisela inkqubo ngokuyintloko ngemiyalelo yabalawuli, izibhengezo, nemisebenzi. Le misebenzi ivumela iinkokeli ukuba zizalisekise iinkqubo kwimimandla yazo yegunya ngaphandle kokufuna imvume yowiso-mthetho, nangona zisenokuphantsi kweengxaki zomthetho kwaye zinokutshintshwa ngabaphathi abalandelayo.

Kwezinye iimeko, abalungiseleli basenokuziva benyanzelekile ukuba baphuhlise inkqubo yokuphendula kwingxaki ephezulu, nokuba inkqubo yenjongo ende okanye ukusabela kwingxaki eqhambukayo, kukho iindlela ezingundoqo zokufikelela kwinkqubo yokwenza inkqubo ezakunceda ukufumana icebiso elingcono kwaye ivelise inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo.

IMigangatho yoMgaqo-siseko

Iipalamente zingenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuphakamiseni ukubonakala kwemibandela ngengxoxo, ukuqwalasela nokuvuma izindululo zikarhulumente, ukuphikisana, ukuguqula nokudlulisa umthetho ofunekayo ngokufuthi ukwenzela ukuba uzalisekiswe, ukuvunywa kwerhafu nenkcitho, nokuhlalutya oko kwenziwayo nokunconywa. Imithetho isebenza njengemibutho engakwaziyo ukufikelela imibandela apho kuphikiswana ngeembono ezahlukeneyo kwaye kuxoxwa

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibandakanya ukuchongwa kweekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, ukulungisa, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota ezivumela ukuhlolisiswa ngokucokisekileyo kwemigaqo ecetywayo. Le nkqubo yokuzikhulula, ngeli xesha ithe yacotha kwaye inxunguphalisa, inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezininzi ziyaqwalaselwa yaye imigaqo ixhaswa kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba yenziwe.

Isebe Lejaji

Iinkundla zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni inkqubo ngokutolika imithetho, ukuhlolisisa ubukho bomGaqo-siseko wezenzo zikarhulumente, nokumisela imizekelo ngemithetho yazo. Izigqibo zogwebo zingenza inkqubo ngokunempumelelo ngokumisela indlela imithetho ekhoyo esebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezintsha okanye ngokubetha imigaqo echasene nemigaqo-siseko.

Ukucaca kwenkqubo kunxulumene nokucokiseka kwenjongo yomgaqo-nkqubo, kwaye ezinye imiyalelo zenkqubo zicacile kwinjongo yazo, njengentsalela ecacileyo yezikolo zikawonke-wonke, kodwa ukuzalisekisa kwazo kufezekiswa ngokuguquguqukayo ngenxa yezenzo ezingaqhelekanga zokubulawa kwazo, kunye neBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo elawulayo ukuba ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngokwasemthethweni kwakungekho mthethweni kodwa ingathethi ngokucacileyo indlela yokudibanisa izikolo, ngesigqibo senkundla imele yenze ngesantya esiphezulu.

Imicimbi yolawulo nolawulo

Uphando oluchaza ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo nokuhlolwa lusoloko lusebenza ngakumbi kumaqumrhu aphetheyo okanye olawulo, ngoxa ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kusebenza ngqo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Amaqumrhu oLawulo aguqulela izindululo zomthetho ezibanzi kwimimiselo neenkqubo ezithile, enza izigqibo ezingenakubalwa ezichaphazela indlela imigaqo-nkqubo echaphazelekayo echaphazela ngayo abemi.

IBhunga lingagunyazisa ukuphuculwa komgangatho wamanzi, kodwa i-Arhente yokusingqongileyo inika iinkcukacha kwezo migangatho kunye neenkqubo zokulinganisa ukuthotyelwa ngemigaqo. Lo msebenzi wolawulo unika impembelelo ecacileyo kwiziphumo zenkqubo, njengokuba iinkcukacha zokuzalisekisa zisoloko zibalulekile njengendlela yomgaqo obanzi.

Abalungiseleli Abancinane Nolawulo

Xa kugqitywe isigqibo, oonobhala belizwe basenokungabi naxesha lokulandela ngokusondeleyo inkqubo ngomjikelo wobomi babo, kodwa abanye abalungiseleli kwisebe basenokuba nobuchule obungakumbi bokwenjenjalo, abalungiseleli abancinane besenza umsebenzi ophambili wokubandakanyeka kwabagcini-mathiriyeli ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa okunempumelelo.

Imigaqo emininzi iza kubandakanya iqondo elithile lokusebenzisana nemibutho engaphandle korhulumente, ngoko abalungiseleli abancinane kufuneka benze kangangoko kunokwenzeka kobuchule babo bokwakha ulwalamano namaqabane angundoqo okuhambisa, kuquka imizimba ephakamileyo yengalo, enokuthi ibandakanye ukuxutyushwa kwemiqobo ekunikezelweni nokuphuculwa kwecebo lokuzalisekisa, okanye kwanenkqubo, ngokufanelekileyo.

Ucelomngeni kwinkqubo yokwenza inkqubo

Nakanjani na imigudu elungileyo yokwenza imigaqo eqiqayo, esekelwe kubungqina, inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo ijongene nocelomngeni oluninzi olunokuthi lukhokelele kwiziphumo ezincinci okanye ukungaphumeleli kokuphumeza.

Ukuntsonkotha Nokulungelelana

Ukuntsonkotha kweemfuno zolawulo zokuzalisekisa kunguthunywa obalulekileyo, njengokuba ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo kunokuthi phambuke kwinjongo yomenzi wenkqubo ukuba ulawulo lwenkqubo lufuna umanyano oluthe tyaba noluthe nkqo. Inkqubo yanamhlanje idla ngokunqamleza imida elawulayo kwaye ifuna intsebenziswano phakathi koorhulumente abaninzi, amanqanaba orhulumente, kunye namaqabane angaphandle.

Ukunqongophala kwabanikezeli kusoloko kungumnye wemiqobo emikhulu ekuphumezeni okuphumelelayo. Kwanemigaqo-nkqubo ecwangcisiweyo ingangaphumeleli ukuba akukho basebenzi baneleyo ukuba bawuphathe okanye ukuba izibonelelo ezifunekayo zokuzalisekisa zilahlekile.

Iingcinga Ezingekho Ngqongqo Zezobupolitika Nezimfutshane

Imijikelo ye-Electoral yenza uxinzelelo lweziphumo zexeshana ezinokungqubana nengqiqo ende efunekayo ukusingatha iingxaki ezinzima. Izobupolitika ezijongene nonyulo kwakhona zingaxhasa iinkqubo ngenzuzo ezikhawulezileyo kunabo bafumana umvuzo othe xhaxhe, kwanaxa olulandelayo luza kuba nempumelelo engakumbi.

Ngenxa yomahluko omkhulu woonobangela abaphembelela ukutsala nokutyhala inkqubo ekwindlela ezahlukeneyo, utshintsho lwenkqubo kawonke-wonke lusoloko lusenzeka kancinci. Imfuneko yokwakha imiQela, ukuxokelelwa, kunye nokoyisa ukuxhathisa kwabo bangenelwayo kubume bomthetho bangenza utshintsho ngokucothayo, kwanaxa kufuneka kwenziwe ngokukhawuleza.

Imiqobo Yolwazi Nokungaqiniseki

Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka benze izigqibo ngolwazi olungaphelelanga okanye ngenxa yokungaqiniseki ngeziphumo zokwenene. Iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zentlalo nezoqoqosho azisoloko zisabela kungenelelo ngendlela eqinisekisiweyo, kwaye iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga ziqhelekile nanemigaqo enenjongo.

Uhlalutyo lwexabiso lusekelwe kugcino-lwazi olunzima olufikela kwingeniso eyahlukileyo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha oluphikisanayo, ukutolikwa. Ucelomngeni lobuchule lokuxela kwangaphambili iziphumo zenkqubo luthetha ukuba uhlalutyo olungqongqo alunako ukuphelisa konke ukungaqiniseki kwizigqibo zenkqubo.

IMithetho

Ngokufuthi, yonke into ebuzwayo yimibutho ezalisekisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente kukuba ingaba ikhonza inani labantu abathembise ukuba baza kukhonza kwaye bayichithe yonke imali ababeyinikiwe. Oku kujolisa kwiziphumo kunokuba kubangele iziphumo kungakhokelela kwiinkqubo ezinokuphumelela ngobuchule kwiinjongo zazo ezikhawulezileyo ngexa zingaphumeleli ukucombulula iingxaki ezizizizo eziziziinjongo ezizizo.

Utshintsho lwenkqubo oluchaphazela abaxhasi kumgangatho wesitrato apho abameli babenganikwanga izibonelelo zokuqeqesha abasebenzi okanye ukuqesha abasebenzi abanobuchule bokuvelela ukubulawa lungaphumela ekuphunyezweni okungalunganga ngenxa yokusebenza kwentengiso nokuxhathisa okukhulu kwabenzi abajongene nokuphunyezwa komthetho.

Uqheliselo olulunge kakhulu ekwenzeni inkqubo

Nangona iingxaki zingenakuphepheka, uphando namava abonisa izinto ezinokuphucula iziphumo zenkqubo aze andise amathuba okuba ziphunyezwe ngokunempumelelo.

Ubandakanyeko lwabathathi-nxaxheba novavanyo

Ukudibanisa uluntu nokuqokelela iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwimigaqo ecetyiweyo kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iinkqubo zithetha ngeemfuno zokwenene kwaye zinenkxaso kwezo zinokuchaphazela. Ukuncokola kwangethuba nokuqhubekayo nabafaki-mathiriyeli kuyakwazi ukuchaza iingxaki ezinokubakho ngaphambi kokuba zibe ziingxaki, kwakhiwe iminqophiso efunekayo ukuze kuphunyezwe impumelelo.

Inyathelo ngalinye liqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo isungulwe kakuhle, iphunyezwe ngokunempumelelo, kwaye isoloko iqwalaselwa kwaye iphuculwa, ngokusebenzisa indlela ecwangcisiweyo yokukhuthaza ukuphendula, ukungaququzeli, nokuvumelana phakathi kwabemi kunye nabenzi bomthetho.

Ukwenza Isigqibo Esisekelwe Kubungqina

Ukuba nezicwangciso ezicingisiswe kakuhle kunye nobungqina kufuneka zikhokelele ekukhetheni eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokusebenza. Ukubeka izigqibo zenkqubo kuphando olunzima kunye nohlalutyo logcino-lwazi lunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindlela ezikhethiweyo zinokuba luncedo kwaye oovimba basetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo.

Ukuchaza iingxaki ngokufanelekileyo, kubalulekile ukuqokelela nokuqwalasela ugcino-lwazi, nokuqonda unobangela ongundoqo kunye nempembelelo kwibutho labantu. Ukuqonda kakhulu iingxaki kusoloko kukhokelela kwizisombululo ezikhankanyiweyo ezisilela ukucombulula iziphumo ezizizo.

Ukubuza Imibuzo Echukumisayo

Owayesakuba ngunobhala wemekobume uGeorge Eustice wacebisa ukuba abalawuli bafune ukunyusa amagosa, ukusuka kumagunya angaphantsi kakhulu ukuya kwisekela lomphathi, kwaye thetha nzulu ngenkcukacha zezinto uze ubuze imibuzo elungileyo, ngokubuza imibuzo enzima nefuna uphando kumanqanaba okuqala enkqubela-phambili yenkqubo eyindlela esebenzayo yokuthintela iingxaki ekuveleni kamva kwinkqubo.

Ukubuza imibuzo erhabaxa kunceda ukuqiqa okuphezulu, kubone ukuba ubuthathaka, yaye kuqinisekise ukuba zonke iingqwalasela ezifanelekileyo ziphendulwe ngaphambi kokuba kubhekiswe kumgaqo othile.

Iinkqubo zesikhokelo kunye nophuhliso lophuhliso

Uvavanyo lwemigaqo kwisikali esincinane phambi kokuba uzalisekiso luvumele ukufunda nokulungiswa. Iinkqubo zesikhokelo zingabonisa ucelomngeni olusebenzisekayo neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga ezazingacacanga ngexesha loyilo, zivumela ukuphuculwa phambi komqulu obanzi.

Le ndlela inika imvume iqonda ukuba ukwenza inkqubo yinkqubo yokufunda kwaye ukwenziwa komyili kusoloko kufuneka kulungiswe ngokusekelwe kumava ehlabathi lokwenene.

Unxibelelwano Olucacileyo

Ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo kufuna ukuba abo bajongene nemigaqo-nkqubo baqonde oko kulindelekileyo kubo nokuba kutheni. Ukucacisa unxibelelwano lwemiqathango, iinkqubo, kunye nolindelo kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa okuzinzileyo nokulwa nolwazi noncedo loluntu.

Ukucaca ngaphaya kwesizathu seesigqibo somgaqo-nkqubo, ubungqina obuzixhasayo, kunye nokungangeni rhwebo okubandakanyekileyo kunceda uluntu luthembeke kwaye kuvumela ingxoxo yedemokhrasi emalunga nezinto eziza kuqala kurhulumente.

Oovimba abaneleyo nokwakha izakhiwo ezinamandla

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba abameli abasebenzayo banezinto, uqeqesho negunya abafuna ukuliphumeza kakuhle imigaqo-nkqubo, kubalulekile ukuze baphumelele. Oku akuquki nje ubuncwane bemali kodwa kubandakanya nekomkhulu labantu, izibonelelo zobugcisa kunye nobuchule bokulungelelanisa.

Ukuveliswa kwemali kubuchule bamasebe karhulumente namaqabane awo ukuze azalisekise iinkqubo ngokunempumelelo kuyingenelo kwiziphumo eziphuculiweyo nokusetyenziswa kakuhle kobuncwane.

Ulawulo oluqhubekayo

Kunokuba kunyangwe uzalisekiso lwenkqubo njengesiganeko esinye, ukwenza inkqubo esebenzayo kubandakanya ukujongwa okuqhubekayo kweziphumo nokuvuma ukwenza uhlengahlengiso olusekelwe koko kufundwayo. Le ndlela ilungelelanisayo iyaqonda ukuba iimeko ziyatshintsha kwaye imigaqo isenokufuna ukuphuculwa ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ulwakhiwo kunye nenkqubo yokuchaza imigaqo-nkqubo yasekuqaleni iqinisekisa ukuba abenzi besigqibo banenkcazelo abayifunayo ukwenza uhlenga-hlengiso ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye ubuncwane abusetyenziswanga kwizinto ezingasebenziyo.

Imeko yedemokhrasi yokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo

Ukwenza inkqubo kwibutho ledemokhrasi kusebenza kucwangciso lokuphendula, lokubona, nokuthatha inxaxheba kukawonke-wonke olwahlulayo ekwenzeni izigqibo kwiinkqubo zegunya eliphantsi.

EUnited States kunye nedemokhrasi ezifana nayo, imikhosi emininzi engaphandle korhulumente yokwazisa kunye nokwenza inkqubo, kunye nale mikhosi yangaphandle equka ushicilelo, uluvo lukawonke-wonke, amaqela abantu abanomdla okhethekileyo, kunye neetanki, ngelixesha kumazwe azimeleyo, loo mikhosi idlala indima engeyonto ibalulekileyo, njengoko oorhulumente besoloko bexhobisa okanye bephepha unyulo, becinezela ungquzulwano kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni, bevumela urhulumente wezoshishino-omatshini ukuba asebenzise ulawulo olusondeleleneyo kwinkqubo yokwenza inkqubo.

Ukusuka kumathematilo-nkqubo oluntu ukuya kucinga ngamatanki, abadlali abangengorhulumente baphembelela idemokhrasi yaseMelika kwaye baqinisekise ukuba abenzi benkqubo abangasebenzi kwindawo engenamthetho, nezigqibo zabo ezibumbah/amaxesha ngendlela zombini ezinkulu nezincinane(__ngendlela yangaphandle, kuquka nabemi bemihla ngemihla. Le nkqubo yobuninzi yenza ukuba kube nzima kwaye ngamanye amaxesha incede ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo ziqwalaselwe kwaye imigaqo ibonisa izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke wonke.

Utshintsho lwenkqubo kawonke wonke lumela ukubetha kwentliziyo yento ephilayo, eshukumisayo ibutho labantu, ngokuqhubekayo phakathi kolawulo kunye nolawulo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba njengamaxesha atshintshileyo, iinkqubo azigcini nje isantya kodwa zisoloko zikhokelwa, ziqhuba indlela yexesha elizayo.

Indima Yemfundo Ekwenzeni Umgaqo-nkqubo

Izigqibo zokwenza inkqubo zisekelwe kubuchule, ngeziseko zemfundo ezibanzi, ezidityanisiweyo ezinika abenzi benkqubo abanezixhobo ezifunekayo zokuhlalutya ngokunzulu imiba, ukuvavanya izisombululo ezinokwenzeka, kwaye ukwenza izigqibo ezicetyiweyo. Ubunjani bokwenziwa kwemigaqo buxhomekeke ngokuphawulekayo kulwazi nakubuchule babo babandakanyekileyo kwinkqubo.

Imfundo iqinisa ingqiqo noxabiso, inika uluntu ulwazi lokunyanzelisa utshintsho kwiinkqubo ezibachaphazela ngqo nokuthatha inxaxheba ekuthembiseni isongiseleni, abantu beqonda ngakumbi imibandela enyanzelisayo ngemfundo, ngaloo ndlela bephembelela umgaqo wenkqubo ngamazwi abo, ngemivoti, nangezenzo. Ukuba ngummi onolwazi kubalulekile ukuze ulawulo lwedemokhrasi luphumelele kwaye uphendule.

Amaziko emfundo anendima ebalulekileyo ekuxonxeni iingqondo neenjongo zabenzi benkqubo yexesha elizayo, kunye neenkqubo ezijolise ekucingisiseni ngokugxeka, ekuqwalaselweni kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, uluvo lwehlabathi lonke kunye nentanda-bulumko exhobisa iinkokeli zexesha elizayo ukusingatha ubunkimbini bokwenziwa kwenkqubo yanamhlanje.

Ukwalathisa inkqubo esetyenziswayo kufuna ubuchule obuphangaleleyo benkqubo, ubuchule bokuhlalutya nokuxoxa, namandla okwenza izigqibo zolwazi, ezibandakanya ubuchule kwinkqubo yobugcisa kunye nobuchule bokusebenza ngaphakathi kwemeko-bume yezobupolitika, ukulindela iziphumo zezigqibo, kunye nokuqhelanisa nokutshintsha iimfuno zentlalo-ntle, nabenzi benkqubo abanempumelelo abaphawulwa bubuchule babo kwimiqathango yophuhliso lwenkqubo.

Khangela phambili: Ikamva lokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo

Inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo iyaqhubeka iguquka ijongene nokutshintsha kobugcisa, iimeko zoluntu, kunye nocelomngeni lolawulo. Intsingiselo eninzi ibumba indlela iinkokeli zikarhulumente eziza kwenza ngayo iinkqubo kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ubugcisa bamanani buvelisa amathuba amatsha okubandakanyeka koluntu kunye nokwenza izigqibo zogcino-lwazi, lo gama bunyusa imingeni emitsha ngokuphathelele ukuzimela, ulwazi oluphosakeleyo, kunye nokwahlulwa kwamanani. Izixhobo zonxibelelwano ziguqule indlela ezifikelela ngayo iinjongo zocwangciso-nkqubo nendlela abemi ababandakanyeka ngayo norhulumente, bevelisa amathuba okuba nenxaxheba kakhulu kunye nomngcipheko wokuchitha ixesha kunye nokusebenzisana.

Ukunyuka kwentlupheko kunye nokudibana kwenkqubo kudida-----ukusuka ekutshintsheni kwimozulu kutshintsho kwintsebenziswano yemozulu kukuphazamiseka kobugcisa, --requres iindlela ezithe chatha kukwenza inkqubo enokucombulula imiba yenkqubo kwaye ilindele iziphumo zexesha elide. Oku kungabandakanya ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwemiqathango yokucinga, ucwangciso lwemeko, kunye nentsebenziswano yemijelo enqamlezayo.

Imfuneko ekhulayo yokubonakala nokuziphendulela inyanzelisa oorhulumente ukuba bavuleleke ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zabo zokwenza izigqibo nokulungiselela ulungiso olungcono lwemiqathango yabo. Ukuvula amanyathelo ogcino-lwazi, uqingqo-mali lokubonelela, nezinye izinto ezintsha zidala iindlela ezintsha zokubandakanyeka neziphembelelo kwiinkqubo zenkqubo.

Kwangaxeshanye, ukuthatyathwa kwezobupolitika kulawulo-melo oluninzi kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukwakha imibutho efunekayo kwinyathelo elingundoqo lenkqubo, elinokukhokelela ekuhlaseleni kwemiba ebalulekileyo. Ukufumana iindlela zokudibanisa iingcamango zebhulorho nokudibanisa iinjongo kusoloko kulucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda indlela iinkokeli zikarhulumente ezenza ngayo iinkqubo zolawulo-moya kunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo ngendlela ingingqi yoluntu olusebenzisana ngedemokhrasi eziluvo olululo kwaye zisukela ngayo usukelo olwahlulweyo. Inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo intsonkothile, ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi ukusuka ekuzibonakaliseni ngeengxaki ngokuzalisekisa nokuvavanya, kwaye iphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi eziquka uluvo lukawonke-wonke, iimeko zezoqoqosho, izilangazelelo, iqela lezakhono, ubungqina benzululwazi, kunye neengcamango zezobupolitika.

Ngoxa inkqubo inokuba yethe chu kwaye idimazeke, imigaqo-nkqubo isoloko isilela kwiinjongo zayo, ikwabonisa umgangatho wedemokhrasi wocwangciso, ukuphendula, nokusabela kwiimfuno zikawonke-wonke. Ukwenza inkqubo esebenzayo kufuna ubuchule bobugcisa kunye nobuchule bezobupolitika, ukudibanisa uhlalutyo olungqongqo namandla okwakha imibutho nokuqhubana kwezilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo.

Kubemi abafuna ukuphembelela inkqubo okanye nje ukuqonda isizathu sokuba urhulumente enze izigqibo azenzayo, ulwazi lwenkqubo luxabisekile. Ngokuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo, ophembelela, nemiphumo ebangelwa ziimeko, abemi banokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi baze bagcine iinkokeli zabo zimele ziphendule ngezigqibo abazenzayo.

Imingeni ejongene namabutho anamhlanje ."susela ekutshintsheni kwemozulu ukuya ekungalinganini kwezoqoqosho ukuya kukuphazamiseka kwezobugcisa/ukuvuselelwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo esekelwe kubungqina, kwiimfuno zikawonke-wonke, kwaye ekwaziyo ukusingatha iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo, ezidibeneyo. Ukuphucula indlela iinkokeli zikarhulumente zenza ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo eyimfuneko ukuhlangabezana nezi ngxaki kunye nokwakha ikamva elingcono kubo bonke abemi.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngomgaqo-nkqubo nolawulo lukawonke-wonke, oovimba bakhona ngemibutho efana ne- i-Institute kaRhulumente, enika uphando kunye nohlalutyo kwiinkqubo zokwenza inkqubo, kunye iConucil on Foreigntions, enika oovimba bemfundo kwindlela izigqibo zenkqubo ezenziwa ngayo. Academic kunye nokucingela iitanki zinika uluvo olubalulekileyo kwinkqubela-nkqubo kunye nokuphumeza okunokuphucula ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kolawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi.