Yintoni Inkqubo Karhulumente?

Inkqubo karhulumente yinkqubo yolungiselelo lwemibutho, imithetho, kunye noqheliselo apho urhulumente okanye uluntu lulungelelaniswe luze lulawulwa. Imisela indlela igunya elisasazwa ngayo, indlela ezinokwenziwa ngayo izigqibo, nendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo phezu koluntu. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente zibumba zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu. Eli nqaku lichaza ngokucokisekileyo iindidi ezingundoqo zeenkqubo zikarhulumente, ukuqwalasela iimpawu ezingundoqo zenkqubo karhulumente, nokuhlola indlela abanokuzenza ngayo izinto.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zeenkqubo zikarhulumente

Ngaphambi kokuntywila kwiindidi ezithile, inceda ukuqonda izinto ezisisiseko ezichaza nayiphi na inkqubo karhulumente. Ezi mpawu ziquka:

  • Umthombo wegunya: Ufumana phi urhulumente ugunyaziswe? Iindlela ezinokuquka imvume ethandwayo, ilungelo lobuthixo, ukulandelelana kwefa, okanye umkhosi.
  • Intsabelo yamandla: Amandla ajolise kumntu omnye okanye kwiqela elincinane, okanye ayabelwe amasebe namanqanaba karhulumente? Oku kunxulumene nesakhiwo somanyano kunye nolwahlulo lwamandla.
  • I-'umthetho': Abalawuli babotshelelwe ngumgaqo-siseko okanye yikhowudi esemthethweni, okanye bangenza izinto ngokuthanda kwabo? Umthetho ukhusela abemi kwigunya elingathintelwanga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuthatha Inxaxheba:[ Abantu baluphembelela njani urhulumente? Okukhethwayo kusuka kuvota kunye nentetho ekhululekileyo ukuya kuxinzelelo kunye nokususwa ngokupheleleyo.
  • Ulawulo lwezoqoqosho: Umbuso ulawula uqoqosho? Iinkqubo zahluka ukusuka kulawulo lwecapital ukuya kuqoqosho lwezolawulo lwezwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amalungelo nenkululeko: Ingaba inkululeko yabemi ikhuselwe ngumthetho, okanye ngaba urhulumente angaphazamisana nazo ngokokuthanda?

Ezi mpawu zenza isilanga se-alytical esinokuthelekisa kuso ezi nkqubo zilandelayo zikarhulumente. Akukho nkqubo yehlabathi yeyona igqibeleleyo; amazwe amaninzi adibanisa iziqalelo ngentlobo ezininzi.

Iintlobo ezinkulu zeenkqubo zikarhulumente

La macandelo alandelayo ahlolisisa ezona nkqubo ziqhelekileyo zikarhulumente, eneengcaciso ezandisiweyo, imizekelo engokwembali kunye nohlalutyo olucacileyo.

Idemokhrasi

Idemokrasi, ukusuka kumagama esiGrike ivote ngqo kwimithetho nemigaqo-nkqubo (abantu) kunye kratos[ (umthetho, isambatho, amandla kubantu. Kwimo yayo ecocekileyo, abemi bavota ngqo kwimithetho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo", inkqubo esetyenziswa eAthene yamandulo. Namhlanje, ulawulo-democractation oluninzi luyidemodeliyo [[[FLT:]], apho abemi bavotela amagosa ekwenzeni izigqibo ngenxa yabo. Iimpawu ezingundoqo ziquka inkululeko nekhethelo olulungileyo, ulawulo oluphezulu, ulawulo oluphezulu olubhekisele kumalungelo abantu abambalwa, kunye nolwabantu abahlala kunye noluntu.

Imizekelo yeenkqubo zedemokhrasi iquka iUnited States (irepublic yezentlalo-ntle), iIndiya (i-demokhrasi yezentlalo-ntle), neJamani (iparamente ekhoyo). Ngokwe- i-Economist Intelligence Unity Unity Index Index [[[[FLT: 1]], amazwe amiselwe kwinkqubo yonyuselo, ukusebenza kukarhulumente, inxaxheba kwezobupolitika, impucuko yezobupolitika, kunye nenkululeko yabemi. I-Democracracism ifuna ukubotshelelwa kwequ, i-mediothe, impucuko yokuthemba amaziko. Ngelixa idemokhrasi isenokukhokelela kwi-gropt okanye ukungazinzi, ihlala iyindlela ethandwayo yokhuseleko nenkululeko yoluntu.

I-Riphabliki

Iriphabliki luhlobo lorhulumente apho intloko yesizwe ingenguye umlawuli kodwa ingumlawuli onyuliweyo okanye omiselweyo, yaye ilizwe lithathwa njengelithi "ngumbandela kawonke-wonke" ngokwesiqhelo, ii-riphabliki zisebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko omisela igunya likarhulumente kwaye uthintela umthetho. Kwiiriphabliki ezininzi, ezinjenge-United States neFransi, igunya lahlulwe phakathi kwegunya, imigaqo-mthetho, namasebe enkundla ngenkqubo yee-checking kunye nolungelelwano.

IiRiphabliki zinokuba ngumongameli (umz. Brazil) okanye ipalamente (umz., iItali). Umahluko ongundoqo phakathi kweriphabliki nedemokhrasi udla ngokungaqondakali: zonke ii-Riphabliki ubuncinane zilawulwa yidemokhrasi (ezinokhetho), kodwa asizizo zonke iidemokhrasi eziyirepublic `irepublic' . Ulawulo lwezomGaqo-siseko olufana noloMbuso we-United Kingdom lizwelonke kodwa aliyiyo irepublic. IiRiphabliki zigxininisa isidima soluntu kunye nokulungileyo kwabantu, kodwa abagxeki banokuchasana novotiko ukuba abameli abameleki.

Imonarchy

Ukumkani ungomnye weyona ndlela endala yorhulumente, enomlawuli omnye (umlawuli) okwisikhundla esiphezulu, ngokufuthi kubomi nakulandelelwano lofuzo. Kukho iindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo:

  • Absolute Monarchy: Imodem iqhelisa kufutshane ne-68 epheleleyo ukulawula urhulumente kwaye ayibotshelelwa ngumgaqo-siseko. Imizekelo yembali iquka uLouis XIV wase Fransi kunye nemizekelo yangoku enjenge Saudi Arabia ne Oman. Kwezi nkqubo, igama lokumkani ngumthetho, kwaye akukho ngqikelelo olusemthethweni kumandla awo.
  • I-Constigational Monarchy: Amandla okumkani alinganiselwe ngumgaqo-siseko okanye imithetho, kwaye igunya lokwenene lezobupolitika lilele kwipalamente enyuliweyo kunye nomlungiseleli omkhulu. Ukumkani usoloko esebenza njengentloko yesithethe karhulumente. Imizekelo iquka iUnited Kingdom, Japan, kunye neSweden. Kule nkqubo, ulawulo lobukumkani lunika uzinzo nokuqhubekeka ngexa iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zilawula imicimbi yemihla ngemihla.

Ulawulo lookumkani lunganika imvakalelo yokuba lungomntu wesizwe nokuqhubeka, kodwa lusenokungabi nakuphendula ukuba umlawuli uhlala enamandla abalulekileyo. Kwaneenkqubo zolawulo olulawula ulawulo lomgaqo-siseko zijongene neengxoxo ngexabiso nentelekelelo yentloko yelifa lesizwe.

Umbhali

Ubugunya bobubhali bugxininisa kumphathi omnye okanye kwiqela elincinane, ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwezobupolitika eziziindawo ezininzi nokuthatha inxaxheba kuluntu ngokubanzi okulinganiselweyo. Ngoxa ulawulo oluneedentiliki lusenokwenza unyulo, ezi azikhululekile okanye azinabulungisa, kwaye urhulumente ubeke imiqathango enzima kwinkcaso. Iimpawu ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Ukunikela ingqalelo kumntu okanye kwiqela elincinane, ngokufuthi elixhaswa ngumkhosi okanye iqela elinye.
  • Ukucinezelwa kokungavumelani nonqulo ngokuhlolisiswa kwemibuzo, amapolisa asemfihlekweni, okanye ngokukhathazwa ngokusemthethweni.
  • Imithombo yezosasazo nebutho labantu abalawulwa kakubi.

Imizekelo yembali iquka iSoviet Union phantsi koStalin, iJamani yamaNazi, kunye neemeko zanamhlanje ezifana neTshayina (nangona iTshayina idibanisa ulawulo lobuzwilakhe noqoqosho) kunye neBelarus. Ulawulo lobuOstreliya lungadala ukuzinza okufutshane kunye nolwando lwezoqoqosho (njengoko kubonwa kwimimandla ethile yaseMpuma Asia “ehambele phambili”), kodwa luzicinezela ngokungapheliyo inkululeko yaye ludla ngokukhokelela kwinkohlakalo nokungalungelelaniswa ekugqibeleni xa kuvela iinguquko.

Ulawulo Lolawulo Lolawulo Lobuzwilakhe

Ulawulo loozwilakhe luluhlobo olugqithisileyo lolawulo olungqongqo olufuna ukulawula ngokupheleleyo zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu kunye nabo basese. Eli lizwe lingena kuzo zonke iingqukuva(iipolitics), izoqoqosho, inkcubeko, unqulo, kwaneenkolelo zobuqu. Ukungaguquguquki kubandakanya:

  • Ukulawulwa kwezoqoqosho nemveliso yelizwe.
  • Ukuhlalutya okuthe rhoqo kunye nokusasazwa kwengcamango ukuze kuxoxwe iingcamango.
  • Ukusebenzisa uloyiko nokugada ukuze kupheliswe inkcaso.
  • Yingcamango enye, engaphezulu kweyonke emele yamkelwe ngabo bonke abemi.

Imizekelo efana nayo yiJamani ka-Adolf Hitler ne-Joseph Stalin’s Soviet Union. UMntla weKorea phantsi kolawulo lukaKim ngurhulumente wolawulo olumaxosholo, apho urhulumente elawula khona inkcazelo, emisela imiqathango, kwaye efuna ukunyaniseka okupheleleyo. Ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lugwetyelwa ityala ngokubanzi lokudala ingcinezelo eninzi, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu, nokungafezeki kwezoqoqosho. Ukuwa koorhulumente abanjalo kudla ngokushiya imiphumo enzulu yentlalo.

IOligarchy

I-oligarchy yinkqubo apho iqela elincinane labantu linegunya, ngokufuthi elisekelwe kubutyebi, amaqhina entsapho, ulawulo lomkhosi, okanye impembelelo yenkampani esebenzelanayo. Ngokungafaniyo nolawulo lookumkani, olusekelwe kulawulo olulifa, ii-oligarchy zinokuba ngocwangco kwaye zinokubakho kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Umzekelo, kwamanye amazwe, iqela leentsapho ezityebileyo okanye amashishini anegunya elinamandla kwimpembelelo enkulu kakhulu kwimithetho, eendaba, kunye nonyulo. Oku kusoloko kubizwa ngokuba ngumthetho we-

Imikhosi yakudala iquka izixeko zorhwebo ­ ­ .Iindawo zeNguquko zeItali, njengeVenice. Imizekelo yanamhlanje iquka iRashiya, apho iqela elincinane lee-oligarchs laqokelela amandla amakhulu ezoqoqosho nezobupolitika emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union. IOligarchis inokuba luncedo ekwenzeni isigqibo kuba iqela lincinane, kodwa lityekele ekuzityesheleni iimfuno zabemi abaninzi, ukunikela ingqalelo kubutyebi, kwaye ijongela phantsi iinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Amanqanaba

I-Anarchy ngokoqobo ithetha "engekho mthetho. Ichaza ukungabikho kwegunya elisembindini elilawulayo. Enyanisweni, ukungalawuleki kungakhokelela kwisiphithiphithi, ugonyamelo, kunye nokonakalisa umthetho, njengokuba kubonwa kumaphondo angaphumelelanga njenge Somalia ebudeni beminyaka yee-1990. Noko ke, ezinye izithandi-lwazi zezobupolitika ziphikisa ngelithi isiphithiphithi sikwayinkqubo yokuzithandela, esekelwe kwintsebenziswano yomntu ngamnye, isigqibo esihloniphekileyo sokwenza i-gradityjini, kunye nedemokhrasi yolawulo-demokhrasi.

I-narchy ayifane ibekho njengenkqubo karhulumente ezinzileyo, ende. Ivela okwexeshana ngexesha lemvukelo, iimfazwe zamakhaya, okanye ukuwohloka korhulumente. Iintlalo ezininzi ekugqibeleni zakha uhlobo oluthile lukarhulumente ukuze zinike ukhuseleko, izibonelelo kunye nesigqibo sempikiswano. Le ngcamango isebenza njengentsomi elumkisayo ngemfuneko yokulawula kunye neengozi zokungabi namandla.

Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lweenkqubo zikarhulumente

Inkqubo nganye karhulumente ithwala amandla nobuthathaka obungachaphazeliyo obuchaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi, impumelelo yezoqoqosho, kunye nozinzo lwexesha elide. Ngeli ngezantsi kuqwalaselwe ngokufutshane:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Democracy: Inyusa inkululeko yezopolitiko kunye nokuziphendulela kodwa isenokubekwa phambili okanye iphenjelelwe yipopulism. Ifuna ummi ofundileyo kunye namaziko omeleleyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Republic: ulinganiselo lwamandla ngemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko kunye nomelo kodwa lungavelisa ukuqhawula unxulumano phakathi kwabameli kunye nabameli ukuba abalawulwanga kakuhle.
  • [[NTL:0] Inika ukhokelo olucacileyo, oluzinzileyo kunye nokuqhubekeka kwesizwe, kodwa ulawulo olupheleleyo lwemonarchy lusemngciphekweni wobuzwilakhe, ngexa umGaqo-siseko ungazixakekisa ngexabiso nangokubaluleka kwentloko yesithethe sorhulumente.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Authoritarism: ingenza ucwangco lunyanzeliswe kwaye inkqubela-phambili ekhawulezileyo (ingakumbi kwimo yenkqubela-phambili) kodwa ngokulahlekelwa yinkululeko yobuqu, amalungelo ezobupolitika, kunye nokuziphendulela ixesha elide.
  • I- UbuTataliyani: iphumele ulawulo olugqithisileyo kunye nokufana kweengcamango kodwa ikhokelela kwingcinezelo eninzi, ukungafezeki kwezoqoqosho, kunye neentlekele zamalungelo abantu.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Ivumela isigqibo esikhawulezileyo, esidityanisiweyo seqela elidibeneyo kodwa ayikuhoyi ukuzala koluntu oluninzi kwaye inikel ’ ingqalelo kubutyebi, isoloko ibangela ingqumbo nokungaguquguquki.
  • [[UMTL:0] Abaphathi abaphezulu, banika inkululeko epheleleyo yobuqu kwinkcazelo kodwa ngokwesiko badla ngokuhlahlela ukunganqabiseki nogonyamelo, ukungaphumeleli ukunikezela ngezinto ezisisiseko zikawonke wonke.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba amazwe amaninzi adibanisa izinto. Ngokomzekelo, iSingapore idibanisa unyulo lwedemokhrasi notyekelo olunamandla lwedemokhrasi, yaye uBukumkani obumanyeneyo bungumlawuli olawulwa ngomGaqo-siseko kunye nedemokhrasi yepalamente. Iintlobo ezinyulu zinqabileyo.

Indlela Iinkqubo zikarhulumente Ezinciphisa Ngayo

Azimi kunye iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Ziguquka ngeenguqu, utshintsho, utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko oluthe lwahamba ngokuthe ngcembe, okanye uxinzelelo lwangaphandle. Umzekelo:

  • INguquko yendaleko: IMvukelo yaseFransi yabhukuqa ulawulo olupheleleyo lwemonarchy yaza yakhokelela kwiriphabliki. IMvukelo yaseRashiya yazisa ulawulo lobukomanisi bobukhomanisi.
  • Utshintsho oluqulethweyo: UBukumkani bomanyeneyo bandisa intsebenziswano kangangeenkulungwane, buguqula ukusuka kulawulo lwedemokhrasi olusikelwe umda bube yidemokhrasi epheleleyo ngexesha lokugcina ulawulo-kumkani.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwe-decolon: Amathanga amaninzi angaphambili amkela iinkqubo zikarhulumente zabahlaseli bawo, ezidibanisa nezithethe zabomthonyama. IIndiya yaba yirepublic yedemokhrasi; amazwe amaninzi aseAfrika amkela iinkqubo zolawulo-lawulo-mpatho ezisembindini ezathi kamva zatshintshela kwidemokhrasi.
  • Ikhollapse kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona: Ukuwa kweSoviet Union kwakhokelela kwiliza lolawulo-lawulo-lawulo lwedemokhrasi olutsha kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi kwiMpuma Yurophu naseMbindi Asia.

Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo kunceda kucacisa isizathu sokuba amazwe anemiqathango efanayo enolawulo eyahluke kakhulu. I I-IDEA'S Global State of Democracy Indicas ilandela ezi mpawu maxesha exesheni, ibonisa indlela umgangatho wedemokhrasi oguquguquka ngayo emhlabeni wonke.

Indima Yeenkqubo Zoorhulumente Kucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje

Uhlobo lwenkqubo karhulumente lusamkela impembelelo ngqo kwindlela echaphazela ngayo imicimbi emikhulu yexesha elinye enjengeenguqu zemozulu, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, impilo yoluntu, kunye nemfazwe yamazwe ngamazwe. Imikhosi yolawulo oluphezulu isoloko izama ukumisela iinkqubo zexesha elide ngenxa yomjikelo omfutshane wonyulo, ngelixa ulawulo olungqongqo lungazalisekisa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kodwa lungangasihoya intelekelelo kawonke-wonke. I-COVID . Isifo sobuzwilaliso solawulo oluphantsi kolawulo lwentlalo (njenge-Tshayina) sigxininisa ngokukhawuleza ukurhoxa, ngoxa amazwe olawulo-demokhrasi ephikisana ngemiqathango phakathi kwemijini yonyulo olufutshane kunye nenkululeko yabantu. Kodwa, ukubonakala nokuphendula kolawulo lolawulo-mthetho kunceda ukuthemba nokulungisa imigaqo-siseko esekelwe kubungqina nakwimbono kawonke-wonke-wonke.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Iinkqubo Zikarhulumente Kubalulekile

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqilima kweenkqubo zikarhulumente kungaphezulu nje kokuzilolonga kwemfundo. Kukhuthaza [[FLT: 0] ukufunda nokubhala , kunceda abantu ukuba babandakanye ngentsingiselo kwiingxoxo zobupolitika, bavavanye iinkokeli, kunye nabameli botshintsho. Kukwakhuthaza ukuphaphandle kwehlabathi lonke [, ukunceda abantu baqonde isizathu sokuba amazwe alawule ngokwahlukileyo nendlela ezo ngxabano ezichaphazela ngayo ulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe, urhwebo, namalungelo abantu. Kwihlabathi elingu 09, ulwazi lwenkqubo zikarhulumente lungundoqo ekubeni ngummi nomntu osebenzayo emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zorhulumente zingunobangela wokwahlula intlangano yezobupolitika, iphembelela yonke into ukusuka kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye ukuya kumazi wesizwe. Oku kuqwalasela kuye kwabalaselisa iindidi ezinkulu ze-(democracy, republic, i-mondism, i-tolikistism, i-otalitantist, i-oligarchy, kunye nesiphithiphithi-phithiphithi-phithi-zithi-zimo-zimo-zokwahlula, amandla, kunye nentsebenziswano-mandla. Akukho nkqubo egqibeleleyo, kwaye amazwe amaninzi adibanisa izinto ukusuka kwiindidi ezininzi. Ngokufunda ezi ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo, abafundi nabafundisi banokuvelisa uxabiso olulungeleyo ngendlela ekwenziwa ngayo amandla, nendlela esetyenziswa ngayo, nendlela abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo ekulungiseni ulawulo lwabo. Kwabo banqwenela ukuqhubekela ulawulo, ubuncwane obufana nobezo [FLD:0]