Ukwazisa: Ulawulo oluphakamileyo

Isakhiwo senkqubo yezopolitiko yezwe simisela indlela amandla asasazwa ngayo phakathi kwegunya elisembindini kunye nemimandla yalo ekhoyo. Oku kwabelwa kuphembelela ngokunzulu amandla omanyano lwesizwe kunye neqondo lozizimele zengingqi. Phakathi kwemodeli ezifundwe kakhulu zino eziziko-mkhethe kunye federal] [FLT] , [[FLT]] . [FLT] .[FLT] .[FLT] .[1] .[iindlela zombini] isiseko sesiseko somanyano [indlela] esikhoyo somanyano [indlela] [indlela] yezopolitiko] [[FLT] [iiiiiindlela] [indlela] elungele ukulinganiswa kwemiqatha neenkqubo zolawulo, abasebenzi bemibutho langoku.

Eli nqaku linikela uhlalutyo olwandisiweyo lwenkqubo zorhwebo nezorhulumente, ukuhlolisisa iziseko zazo ezithelekelelwayo, indaleko yembali, ukuphunyezwa kwehlabathi lokwenene, kunye noxinezeleko oluqhubekayo phakathi komanyano kunye nenkululeko. Siza kuhlolisisa indlela inkqubo nganye elubumba ngayo ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe nengingqi, urhwebo olubandakanyekileyo, kunye nezifundo ezinokuzotywa kwiingxaki zolawulo zale mihla.

Ukuchaza Inkqubo Ebandakanya

Inkqubo yesivumelwano (ngokufuthi kubhekiselwa kuyo njengesivumelwano) lumanyano lwelizwe elizimeleyo, elilawulayo elinolawulo lobunyhadala lokwabela igunya elisembindini amandla alinganiselweyo ngokuzithandela. Kweli lungiselelo, amaphondo angamalungu ahlala engoovimba abaphambili begunya lezobupolitika, kwaye urhulumente osembindini ukho kuphela kwiinjongo ezicaciswe ngokumngcisayo ngezantsi . Ngokuqhelekileyo, lawo anzima kurhulumente omnye ukulawula eyedwa, njengokukhuselana, ukuqhubana nolawulo lwamanye amazwe, okanye imali efanayo. Igunya elisemgangathweni alinawo amandla okunyanzelisa ngokungqalileyo ukuba abemi bamazwe; endaweni yoko, kufuneka axhomekeke kwintsebenziswano nokuvuma kukarhulumente.

Iziko lombuso liphawulwe ngecala elibuthathaka [ kunye kunye ezinamandla [. Urhulumente osembindini akanakuyifaka irhafu, akanakuphakamisa irhafu, okanye adlulise imithetho esebenza ngqo kubantu ngaphandle kokuqhatha ngamazwe angamalungu. Izigqibi zidla ngokufuna i-atmosfera okanye imvume epheleleyo, enika urhulumente ngamnye ulawulo olusebenzayo kwimigaqo emikhulu. Olu lawulo lwengingqi luzimisela ulawulo ngaphezu kwayo yonke enye, lusenza ulwamvo olugqithisileyo kumalungu awo kodwa lusoloko lusebenza kwimisebenzi elungelenee.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yeempikiswano

Owona mzekelo udumileyo wembali ngu United States exhaswe yiUnited States phantsi kweZihloko zeConfederation (1781-1789). Emva kokuvakalisa uzimeleyo kwiBritane, amazwe alishumi elinesithathu aqala aseka umanyano olukhululekileyo olwagcina ulawulo lwezwe ngalinye, inkululeko, kunye nenkululeko. Urhulumente osembindini yayiyiKhompisi engekho mandla erhafu okanye urhwebo olulawulayo. Ukungakwazi ukunyusa ingeniso okanye ukunyanzelisa izivumelwano ezikhokelela kwisiphithiphithiphithi-phithi-xhathi-xhayo sezoqoqosho kunye nokungazinziswa kwezobupolitika, ekugqibeleni kwakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-US.

Umzekelo wakutshanje nguMbutho we- we-EUN [[FULT:1], obonisa iimpawu ezithile ezidibeneyo. Amazwe e-EU ahlala engowona negunya, kodwa anike amagunya athile . njengawomthetho worhwebo, ukhuphiswano, kunye nenkqubo yemali yamalungu e-euro onion(to u-upraweal commentations, iBhunga le-European Union, kunye nePalamente yaseYurophu. Noko ke, i-EUM ayiyombuyiselo epheleleyo ngenxa yokuba amaziko ayo anokukhupha imithetho ebophelela ngokuthe ngqo kumalungu nakubemi bawo, kunye neNkuMasitho yezo-EUS (union).

Ezinye izihlanganisi zembali ziquka i-Swiss Confederacy (1291-1798) `umanyano olungekho mthethweni lwezikhephe olusuka kwilizwe lengingqi ngo1848(48] kunye ukuvunywa kweRhine (1866), umthengisi wephondo lamaqumrhu aseJamani. EAfrika, isifrishi i-Confection [1,8] [1,8][19989])] i-Senegalgalvel kunye ne-Genegame phantsi kwe-ecerder, kodwa ayiphumelelanga kukungabikho kwezobupolitika zezobupolitika.

Amandla Nobuthathaka Bezingqino

_Iimpawu

  • Izilawuli zommandla ezigciniweyo: Amazwe angavumelanisa iinkqubo zenkqubo kwizinto ezikhethwayo zasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kugunya elisembindini.
  • I-engile kunye novavanyo: amazwe awahlukeneyo angenza “njengobuchule bedemokhrasi,” iinkqubo zokuvavanya ezinokumkelwa kamva zezinye.
  • [[Ulwakhiwo:0] IKontenesi: Ifuna incoko kunye nokulalanisa, okunokwenzeka ukwenza izivumelwano ezide ngakumbi xa zifikelelwe.

Ubuthathaka

  • Ukwenza izigqibo ezingaphumeleliyo: Iimfuno zokungalingani zidla ngokukhokelela kwiqhina eliya kwigridi kunye nokungakwazi ukuphendula kwiimeko ezinzima (umz., i-U.S. azikwazanga ukuhlanganisa umkhosi wesizwe ukucinezela uvukelo lukaShays ngo17866).
  • Unyanzeliso lwamavuku-zi: Igunya elisembindini linamandla amancinane okunyanzela ukuthobelana okuvela kumazwana, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxaki ezikhululekileyo.
  • Umanyano lwesizwe: ngaphandle kwamaziko aqhelekileyo anamandla, ukuphawulwa kusoloko kusekwe kummandla kunokuba kube luhlanga, kwenza udibaniso lube sengozini yokutshatyalaliswa.

Ukuchaza Inkqubo Yomanyano

Inkqubo karhulumente yorhulumente ophakathi noorhulumente bengingqi (ngokufuthi babizwa ngokuba ngamaphondo, amaphondo, okanye iinkanunu). Zombini ezi nqanaba zifumana igunya kumgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo onika igunya elithile ngalinye, kwaye akukho nanye enokuyitshintsha ngokungalindelekanga unikezelo. IFederalism yenzelwe ukufikelela kumhlaba ophakathi: urhulumente ophambili usingatha imicimbi yenkxalabo yesizwe (iinkxalabo yemali, inkqubo yemali, intengiso yezoshishino yezoshishino), ngoxa oorhulumente bengingqi bephethe imibandela yasekuhlaleni (ingeniso, izithuthi, i-ofisi, umhlaba, ukusetyenziswa kwelizwe).

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente, abemi baphantsi kwemibutho emibini yolawulo eyahlukeneyo: urhulumente wesizwe norhulumente wabo. Umgaqo-siseko uquka uluhlu lwamagunya adwelisweyo kurhulumente osembindini, onamandla okuphinda ashiyeke kumazwe. Eli lungiselelo lidala ulawulo oluzimeleyo [ulawulo loburhulumente] apho omabini amanqanaba asebenza ngokwawo phakathi kwemibhobho yawo, ukanti asoloko esebenza kunye nokusebenzisana ngentlani ephakathi kwe-ogropu.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zeenkqubo zomanyano

  • Icandelo lamagunya: Oorhulumente besizwe kunye nemimandla banamandla akhethekileyo namanyeneyo abekwe ngokucacileyo kumthetho omkhulu.
  • Indlu yowiso-mthetho yeBHASIKA: Ngokufuthi indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe iquka indlu emele abantu (umz., Indlu yabameli) nendlu emele amazwe ngokulinganayo (umz., iCantenal) ukukhusela izilangazelelo zengingqi.
  • Ijaji ezimeleyo: Inkundla engokomGaqo-siseko okanye inkundla ephakamileyo isombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamanqanaba karhulumente.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Imimandla yezopolitiko ezimeleyo: Ama-As States anemithetho-siseko yawo, iintlawulo zowiso-mthetho, abalawuli, kunye nabagwebi.
  • Irhafu eHlanganisiweyo: [ omabini amanqanaba angayifaka irhafu ye-ving, nangona urhulumente wesizwe esoloko enemithombo ebanzi yengeniso.

Imizekelo Ebalaseleyo Yomanyano

I- iUnited States yinkqubo yorhulumente engundoqo, emiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe ananye. Urhulumente wesizwe uwabalile amagunya (I, iCandelo 8), ngexesha uLawulo lweshumi lokuLamlelwa phantsi lugcina onke amanye amagunya kumazwe okanye kubantu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amandla orhulumente anwenwenwe ngeMentel Claus, imfazwe kaNomfazil, kunye neenkqubo zokunika inkxaso-in-aid, kodwa ulawulo lugcina igunya elibalulekileyo kwiindawo ezifana nobulungisa, imfundo, kunye nolawulo lwelizwe.

IsiJamani [ ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo wenkqubo yentsebenziswano yesizwe (esoloko ibizwa ngokuba “igunya lolawulo”). Urhulumente wesizwe (iBound) ubhilate, kodwa amaphondo (Länder) azalisekisa imithetho emininzi. IBoundesrat (indlu ephezulu) imela oorhulumente beLänder, ibanika impembelelo engqalileyo kumthetho wesizwe ochaphazela izilangazelelo zabo.

Indiya yamkela inkqubo karhulumente enomkhethe onamandla wokuhlalisa iinguqu ezinkulu ngolwimi, unqulo, nobuzwe. Umgaqo-siseko udwelise izihloko phantsi koLuhlu lwe-Union, ULuhlu lwe-Rhulumente, kunye noLuhlu lwamaxesha ahambelanayo. Nangona kunjalo, umthetho we-Union Union ukhona. Nangona kunjalo, i-Indiya iye yabona amaxesha okuzinza, ingakumbi ngexesha longxamiseko.

Ezinye izicwangciso zorhulumente ziquka i-Canada, Australia, Brazil, kunye Mexico. Isiboniso ngasinye siquka ulungiso olungaqhelekanga kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, umzekelo, inkqubo yeKhanada ibandakanya i-asymmetricganiism (umz., i-Quebec kunye nomthetho wamakhaya nokhuseleko lwamasiko).

Amandla Nobuthathaka Benkqubo Yomanyano

_Iimpawu

  • Umahluko phakathi komanyano nolwahluka-hlukeneyo: Umanyano luvumela imimandla ukuba igcine ii-MALI ezahlukeneyo ngexa ifak' isandla kwiprojekthi eqhelekileyo yesizwe.
  • [[UMTL: 0] ubuchule ekulawuleni: iingxaki zasekuhlaleni zingalungiswa kwindawo ethile, ngokwesizwe, ukunqanda imigaqo-nkqubo yobukhulu obunye.
  • Check kumandla ombindi: Ama- States angenza njengobunzima obuphikisanayo kwigunya lesizwe, akhusela inkululeko.
  • [[UMKCIT: 0] Ulwandiso kunye nohlaziyo: Amazwana angabuvulindlela bemigaqo-nkqubo (umz., utshintsho lwentlalo-ntle, umgaqo wemekobume) onokusasazwa kamva kwilizwe lonke.

Ubuthathaka

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuntsonkotha nokuntsonkotha: umaleko omninzi karhulumente ungakhokelela kumacala agqithisileyo, ukungafezeki kolawulo oluphezulu, kunye nokudideka.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukungalingani phakathi kwamanani: amazwe obutyebi anganikezela iinkonzo ezingcono kunalawo ahlwempuzekileyo, anyusa inkxalabo ye-everse.
  • Iimfazwe zeFederal-pal: umlo ongaguqukiyo phezu kobungakanani obufanelekileyo bamandla omgangatho ngamnye ungakhokelela kumadabi asemthethweni kunye noosomashishini bezobupolitika.
  • Inguqu zoorhulumente abahlukeneyo kumanqanaba omabini banokuphazamisa inkqubo yomanyano.

Ikhompathimenti yeNkqutyana kunye neeNkqubo zoManyano-Umanyano--Unity-I12010-Unicenomy Trade-eyedwa

Zonke iinkqubo zezobupolitika kufuneka zicombulule uxinzelelo phakathi komnqweno wokusebenza (umanyano) nomnqweno wokuzilawula ngokwazo kunye nolawulo lwangaphakathi. Uququzelelo kunye nolwandiso lumele iincam ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezisecaleni kolu lwahlulo.

Kumanyano, iziqu zamazwe zinyuswa ngendleko yomanyano lwesizwe. Urhulumente osembindini unamandla amancinane okunyanzela imigangatho eqhelekileyo, ukukhupha ubuncwane, okanye ukulungiselela isenzo somanyano lwesizwe. Oku kunokuba fanelekileyo xa amazwe asabelana ngeempawu ezimfutshane kwaye anqwenela ukusebenzisana kuphela kwiindawo ezisikelwe umda okanye kwingingqi ekhululekileyo. Kodwa ke, iimvo zombutho zizama ukwenza izinto ngokungqongqo, ingakumbi ngamaxesha emfazwe okanye amaxesha ezoqoqosho. Ingxelo yembali ibonisa ukuba inkoliso yamalungu abhenela kwizinto ezidityayo okanye afuna ukuphumelela, njengoko engenazo iziko zokuziko ukumelana ixesha elide.

Kwinkqubo karhulumente, umanyano lwezizwe ngezizwe lungamiswa ngokukhusela izikhundla zengingqi ngesiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko. Urhulumente osembindini unegunya lokunyanzelisa imithetho yesizwe, irhafu, kwaye anike uluntu, kodwa azimeleyo. Umlinganiselo ungatshintsha ixesha: iinkqubo zesizwe zinokuba sembindini (njengoko kuUnited States emva kwe-New Accoration) okanye zibekwe kakuhle ngakumbi (njengoko ziseKhanada ngedevoli). Ingongoma ebalulekileyo kukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziyakwazi ukuzitshintsha iimeko ngaphandle kokwahlulwa, kuba zineenkqubo zesivumelwano sokwenza izigqibo kunye nezongqungquthelano.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ukusuka Kwisivumelwano Ukuya Kumanyano EUnited States

Ukutshintsha kweNkqutyana zoNxulumaniso ukuya kuMgaqo-siseko kubonisa ubuthathaka obusemzimbeni bolawulo lweziNtloko. Phantsi kweZihloko, iKhomishini ayikwazanga ukuphakamisa umkhosi wokukhusela iingozi zolawulo lwamaBritane, ayinako ukulawula urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe (ukukhokelela ekurhwebeni iimfazwe kunye noorhulumente) kwaye ayinakukwazi ukuhlawula amatyala emfazwe yendaleko. Ukungakwazi ukuphendula kwiNqaqolo kaShays (imvukelo yabalimi ababotshelelwe amatyala eMassachusetts) kwabangela ukuba iinkokeli ezininzi zezorhwebo ezikhoyo zifuneke ngakumbi. Umgaqo-siseko wabangela ukuba kubekho inkqubo yorhulumente enegunya elinamandla, isikhululo sizwe, isomelele kwirhafu nezo zezoshishino. Oku kukhuthaza umanyano oluphawulekayo kwintlalo-ntle yesizwe nakukhula kwezoqoqosho, nangona kwabangela ukuphakama kwempikiswano kwiimeko zamazwe.

Ufundisiso Lwetyala: IEuropean Union Njengemodeli Yehybrid

I-European Union idla ngokuchazwa njenge “engqinelanayo” ngenxa yokuba amazwe ayo agcina ulawulo, kodwa aguqukile. I-EU inemali yayo (yokusetyenziswa kwe-eurozone), ibhanki esembindini (ECB), ipalamente enyuliweyo ngqo, kunye nenkundla elawulayo ebophelele amatyala akwilizwe angamalungu. Kodwa, iEUU ayinayo inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ayinayo imikhosi ehlangeneyo, kwaye isebenza kuphela ngaphakathi kwamandla agunyaziswe ngokucacileyo yi-Treansferacy. I-mvomfono ihlala ingumzamo okhethekileyo wokuzama ulawulo oludityanisiweyo ngaphandle kokwenza ityala elipheleleyo lombuso wombuso. Ngomnyaka we-Unicolom, i-Breactive , i-Breactive zombini zobume be-EUScelcet proces procesme (evement).

Izicelo zomanyano lwesizwe nezombutho kwiPhondo

Ukukhetha phakathi kwamalungiselelo e-compfederal kunye ne-overal akuyomfundo nje kuphela; ineziphumo ezinzulu. Amazwe ajongene nobuzwe, ulwimi, okanye izahlulo zonqulo asoloko ejonga ubuzwe njengesixhobo sokugcina urhulumente kunye ngokunika ulawulo lwamaqela amancinane. Imizekelo iquka iBeligium[ [iiindawo ephakathi kwe-Flemish, i-FLT] (iyahlukene phakathi kwemida yobuzwe, i-FLT), iSpeyin (indawo ezimeleyo efana ne-Balksko), kunye neengcinezelo ze-Intevokions.[FLT][FLT]] [5] [iotiotiota] [ieorg (iedia kunye nemigca yohlanga)], ezi meko zobuzwe-omgalelo-om)

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imizekelo yentengiso ayisetyenziswa kakhulu kwilizwe langoku kuba ibuthathaka kakhulu ekulawuleni uqoqosho olunzima kunye neenkqubo zentlalo-ntle. Noko ke, umgaqo ongqubanayo uyaqhubeka kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe kunye namaqela orhwebo, apho amazwe asebenzisana kodwa agcine ulawulo olupheleleyo. [ i-African Union kunye ne-ASCT] yezizwe zase-Southeast Asia (INTATE)[FTY:3] isebenza kwizigqibo ezinxulumeneyo nezigqibo zokulungelelana, isithintela amandla azo okunyanzela imigaqo-mthetho e-yo.

Ingxoxo eqhubekayo kumazwe anjengo Myamar (apho abantu abambalwa besizwe bafuna ulawulo loluntu oluzimeleyo) kunye nesiSudan[ (owazama urhulumente olungelelanisiweyo phantsi koxolo lonyaka ka-2009 uquluk'e) ibonisa ukuba ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yesixokelelwano sikazwelonke kungagqiba ukuba ilizwe lifumane uxolo oluhlala luhleli okanye lityibilike kwimfazwe yamakhaya. Xa ummiselo worhulumente uthathwa njengongalungisiyo (umz., umelo ongenakulinganiswa, ugcino-mali), okunene inokuba izikhalo zommandla kunokuba isombulule zona. Ngokufanayo, inkqubo yesizwe ephakathi ingacolisela inkqubo yokwenza ummandla, i-Createrparadiation.

Indima yemiGaqo-siseko nemisebenzi yeSisakhelo soMgaqo-siseko

Zombini iinkqubo zomthetho ezisungulweyo nezilawulwa ngumthetho ezithi ziguqule ulwabelo lwamandla. Kwisivumelwano, okanye ukudibanisa okuqhelekileyo kungasuswa ngurhulumente olilungu, /ukungalawuleki kuvunyelwe. Kwinkqubo karhulumente, umgaqo-siseko uphakamile, kwaye i-secession idla ngokungekho mthethweni okanye inzima kakhulu (njengoko kuboniswa yimfazwe yamakhaya). Umgaqo-siseko ukwasungula iindlela zokuxhasa ulwa namandla, okunokuba ngqongqo (ukwenza umgaqo-siseko onamandla kakhulu) okanye uthambeka.

Iinkundla zomGaqo-siseko zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni imida yegunya. Umzekelo, eUnited States, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yabumba uburhulumente ngamatyala aphawula izinto ezifana *McCulloch v. Maryland* (1819), eyaseka amagunya acacileyo karhulumente wesizwe, kunye * neUnited States v. Lopez* (1995), eyathi yangena kwakhona kumandla karhulumente phantsi koMphathiswa kaCelasme. Amajudicium afanayo akhona eJamani (iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko weNtshona Koloni), iIndiya (iNkundla yeNtshona Koloni), kunye nezinye izikhundla zomkelo.

Isiphelo: Ukukhetha Ulungelelwano Olufanelekileyo

Azikho iinkqubo eziziko lomanyano okanye zesizwe eziphezulu ngokwemvelo; ukufaneleka kwazo kuxhomekeke kumongo wembali, ukwahlukahlukana, neenjongo zobupolitika. Izivumelwano ziphumelela ekulondolozeni ukuzilawula kodwa ngokufuthi azikwazi ukunikezela ngolawulo nomanyano olunempumelelo. Amamanyano ahlasela ulungelelwaniso oluzinzileyo kodwa afuna uxolelwano oluqhubekayo nogcino ukuze kuphephe ukuwelwa okanye ukwahlulwa ngaphantsi kwemikhosi yentengiso.

Kubenzi benkqubo, isifundo esingundoqo yile mibandela yokuyila. Ukusasazeka kwamandla kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kwinyaniso ecacileyo yezwe. Kwezinye iimeko, i-asymetric unityism , apho imimandla eyahlukeneyo inemigangatho eyahlukeneyo ye-Istation---acan ithwala iimfuno ezahlukeneyo. Kwabanye, imodeli exubanisa ujikelezo olululo namandla karhulumente. Ekugqibeleni, impumelelo yayo nayiphi na inkqubo ixhomekeke ekuvumeni kweenkokeli nabemi ukuhlonela imithetho yesiseko, ukungenelana nempikiswano engoxolo, nokubeka imilinganiselo elungileyo elungeleleneyo kwiimfuno zengingqi ezincinane.

Ngokufunda iinkqubo ezilungelelanisiweyo nezilawulwa ngurhulumente, sifumana ukuqonda ngokhetho lwesiseko olubumba uluntu lwezobupolitika. Njengoko ihlabathi lisiba lidibene ngakumbi kodwa likwahlukana, le mizekelo ingundoqo iyaqhubeka inika izifundo ezibalulekileyo zokusebenzisa ulawulo olunempumelelo nolunentlonelo.