Iinkqubo zokhetho zisisiseko solawulo-demokhrasi, ukufumanisa indlela amavoti aguqulela ngayo kwigunya lezobupolitika kunye nomelo. Ukukhethwa kwemithetho yonyulo kulawula ubume besizwe, impembelelo kwindlela yokuziphatha yovoti, kwaye kuchaphazela uzinzo loorhulumente. Ukusuka kwiindlela eziqhelekileyo zobuninzi ukuya kulungelelaniso oluntsonkothileyo, amazwe athathe uludwe lweenkqubo ezidityaniswe kwimo-bume, izithethe, kunye neenjongo zobupolitika. Ukuqonda ezi mahluko akuyo izazinzulu zezobupolitika kuphela kodwa kwanabemi abanqwenela ukungenela inkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Iintlobo ezinkulu zeenkqubo zokhetho

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zingahlulahlulwa ngokweendidi ezininzi ezibanzi, nganye enendlela ezahlukeneyo, iingenelo, kunye norhwebo-mpuku. Inkoliso yedemokhrasi isebenzisa enye yeendlela ezine ezingundoqo: Eyokuqala-Past-Post, iPropogal yomelo, i-Votion, okanye iMixokelelwano ye-Electoral Systems. Ngaphantsi sihlola nganye ngobunzulu.

Udidi lweposi

Eyokuqala-iPast-the Post, eyaziwa ngokuba lilungu elinye lobuninzi, yinkqubo elula yokukhetha. KwiFPTP, ilizwe lahlulwe ngokweziqithi ezikwilungu elinye, kwaye abavoti bavotela i-offire enye kubavoti-nye. Umbambeli onenkoliso yamavoti./ukube ungaphantsi kwenkoliso . Le nkqubo isetyenziswa eUnited Kingdom, eUnited States, eCanada, naseIndiya, phakathi kwezinye.

Inzuzo engundoqo ye-FPTP kulula ukuyiqonda, kwaye iziphumo zinokuqondwa ngokukhawuleza. Isoloko ivelisa izinto ezinkulu, inceda oorhulumente abahlukeneyo abanobudlelane. Noko ke, ithanda ukufola amaqela amakhulu nangaphantsi kwe-predirea, nto leyo ekhokelela kumahluko phakathi kolwabelo lwevoti kunye nolwahlulo lwesihlalo. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba i-FPTPP ikhuthaza uvotal kwaye ishiya abaninzi abavoti-mkeli beva ukuba ilizwi labo lichithwe. Umzekelo, kwi-2019 jikelele unyulo lwe-UK isiQelathi sovoti, iphumelele 43,6% yevoti yevoti kodwa ibanjiwe 56.2% yezihlalo ezihlali, ngoxa i-Liberalmocracracda iwina 11.5% ye-votient kuphela ye-R1.

  • Izixhobo zokukhangela ezikhoyo: Iziphumo ezikhawulezayo, uqhagamshelwano olunamandla phakathi koothunywa, utyekelo lokuvelisa izinto ezingundoqo ezidityanisiweyo.
  • Izikhuseli ezisezantsi: Iziphumo eziphazamisayo, ukuchitha ivoti, ukhetho lomvoti olusikelwe umda, kunye nobungozi ekuzingeniseni.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Umelo lwepropotigal lufuna ukulingana nepesenti yevoti efunyanwa liqela elifumanayo ngepesenti yezihlalo eliziphetheyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yi-PR yoluhlu lwamaqela, apho abavoti bakhetha iqela, kwaye amaqela afumana izihlalo ngokulinganayo nesabelo sabo. Amazwe anjenge-Sweden, Norway, kwaSirayeli, kunye noMzantsi Afrika asebenzisa iintlobo zePR.

Iinkqubo ze-PR zivelisa imigaqo-siseko ebonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo uluvo lwamaqela ahlukeneyo. Ziyakwazi ukukhokelela kumaqela amancinane kwaye ngokufuthi zikhokelele kunyuselo oluphezulu lomvoti. Noko ke, iPR ingenza izalathiso ezahlukeneyo apho kungekho mbutho ufumana uninzi, oorhulumente abadibeneyo. Ngoxa iminqophiso ingakhuthaza ukulalanisa, zingakhokelela kwintethezeko okanye kwimiqathango yemiqathango. Ngomzekelo, umhla we-Israel, umqobo osezantsi wonyulo (ngoku we-3.25%) uvelise amaqela amaninzi amancinane kunye nengxoxo yeminqongo yomanyano. I-ITSMSETY yehlabathi lonke ibonelela uthelekiso oluneenkcukacha lwenkqubo ze-PR.

  • Izixhobo ezikhoyo: umgangatho, umelo olubanzi, ukucuthwa kwevoti ezilahlwayo, ukhuthazo lwecandelo ledemokhrasi elininzi.
  • Izikhuseli ezikhoyo: Inokwenzeka yokwahlulwa kwezobupolitika, uqhagamshelwano olubuthathaka, kunye nokuntsonkotha ekubaleni kwevoti.

Ukujija kokhetho olunqatyisiweyo (RCV)

Kwaye kwaziwa ngokuba kukuvota okukhawulezileyo, ukuvota okumiselwe umda kuvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abathathi-nxaxheba ukuze bakhethe indlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti zokuqala ezithandwayo, umvotelwa onezona zimbalwa ezinokukhethwa zitsha zicinywa, kwaye ezo zivoti zithe zasasazwa kukhetho olulandelayo. Le nkqubo iphinda ide ifikelele uninzi. RCV isetyenziselwe kunyulo lwaseOstreliya nakunyulo lwasekuhlaleni kwizixeko ezininzi zeU.S.

Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi i-RCV ikhuthaza abavoti ukuba babhenele ngaphaya kwesiseko sabo, banciphise iphulo elingalunganga kwaye bakhuthaze ukuvumelana. Abaxhasi bangavakalisa iinketho zokunyaniseka ngaphandle kokoyika ukudlala ngevoti yabo. Noko ke, i-RCV intsokothe ngakumbi ukuphatha nokufuna imfundo yabavoti. Kwezinye iimeko, ukudinwa kwebhola encinane (xa abavoti bengathathi khetho olwaneleyo) kungashiya umnqolobi ngobuninzi bomvoti oseleyo, ucuthe umgaqo omkhulu. Fairvota unika ugcino olubanzi kukwenziwa kwe-RVV.

  • Iziphumo zokophula, ukucutha ukuvota, ukuthatha iphulo elincinane elingalunganga, kunye nomelo olungcono lokhetho lomvoti.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izikali ezikhoyo: Ubuntlola, amaxabiso aphezulu olawulo, anokwenzeka ukudambisa ukudinwa, namathuba okubala amade.

Iinkqubo ze-electoral ezixutyiweyo

Isixokelelwano esidityanisiweyo sidibanisa iziqalelo ze FPTP ne PR ukudibanisa amandla azo zombini. Umahluko oqhelekileyo yinkqubo exubeneyo (MMP) yenkqubo yengingqi esetyenziswa eJamani naseNew Zealand. IiVoter zikhupha iivoti ezimbini: enye ye-FPTP yobulali (Ngokuqhelekileyo FPTPP) kunye nenye kuluhlu lweqela. Iqela limisela umlinganiselo opheleleyo wezihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, ngelixa ivota yengi yengingqi ehlala izihlalo zesithili. Nakuphi ukungalingani phakathi kweqela kunye nezihlalo zesithili kulungiswa ngokongeza “ephezulu-phezulu” kwizihlalo kuluhlu lweqela.

MMP igcina umelo lwasekuhlaleni lwe-FPTP ngexesha iqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso. Ingavelisa imidibaniso kwaye iziphumo ezininzi zeziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezilungelelanisiweyo. Kodwa inkqubo intsonkothile, kwaye ulwandiso lwezihlalo zoluhlu lungazalisa ubungakanani bendlu yowiso-mthetho. EJamani, iBundestag ikhule kakhulu ngenxa yokugqithisa nokuhlisa izihlalo, ucelomngeni oluye lwazama utshintsho ukunikela idilesi. [[FLT: 0] iACEOctal Knethwelet yolwazi [[FLT: 1]] inika isikhokelo esihle kwiinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo.

  • Izixhobo ezikhoyo: umlinganiselo wobutyala basekuhlaleni nolungelelwaniso, ukunciphisa iivoti ezilahlwayo, kwaye unika abavoti ukhetho olubini.
  • Izikhuseli ezikhoyo: Ubuntlola, ukukwazi ukuphindaphindwa komelo, kunye nokunokwenzeka kwendlu yowiso-mthetho enkulu.

Iintlobo-ntlobo Zengingqi Nemvelaphi Yazo

Ngelixesha iindidi ezingundoqo zenkqubo zinika ulwakhiwo olubanzi, uqheliselo lokhetho lwahluka-hlukene kakhulu ngenxa yommandla ngenxa yemibutho yamathanga, inkcubeko yezobupolitika, kunye nendlela yokuyila iziko. Ukuhlolisisa ezi ndlela zengingqi kukhanyisa indlela umongo omelwa ngayo.

Umntla Merika

I-United States neCanada zizikhuseli ze-FPTP. I-U.S. isebenzisa imimandla enye ekwiNdlu yabameli, kunye nempumelelo epheleleyo yeElectoral College ukwenzela unyulo lomongameli. Oku kufakelwe inkqubo yenxenye ezimbini, apho amaqela esithathu ajongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo. Ngokufanayo iKhanada isebenzisa i-FPTPP kumgangatho wesizwe, nangona ilizwe linonobuninzi obunamandla obuqhubekayo benkqubo yengingqi ngenxa yamaqela eqela afana neBloc Québécois. Iindwendwe zotshintsho lokhetho kumazwe omabini zifumene iphecangcamza kodwa zifakwe kwimiqathango yemiqathango yokwayo neengxaki zokutshintsha imithetho emiselwe.

I-Europe

IYurophu yeyona ndawo ithe tye ngokweentlobo-ntlobo mazwe asemntla nawaseNtshona Yurophu anjenge Sweden, iDenmark, kunye neNetherlands asebenzisa umelo lolungelelwaniso, akhuthaza iinkqubo ezininzi kunye nolawulo lomanyano. IJamani neNew Zealand (ezisoloko zidityanisiwe kunye neYurophu kwizifundo zokulinganisa) zisebenzisa i-MMP. I-United Kingdom ne-France ngokweeNtlanganiso yasetyenziswa yiFPTPPPPP, kodwa ngoku iFransi isebenzisa inkqubo ye-entlobo ezimbini ezingqukuva ukwenzela iNdibano yesizwe. Amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu, i-communist-ast-comnists zidla ngoku ukwamkela ukudityaniswa okanye iinkqubo zePR ukuphepha ulwano xa kusenziwa i-PR. I-European Union ngokwayo isebenzisa uhlobo lwePR kwipalamente yayo, kunye namazwe angamalungu avunyelwe ukuba akhethe indlela yayo ixesha elide njengoko ilungele.

Asia

I-Asia inikeza umzobo odityanisiweyo. I-Indiya, eyona nkqubo yedemokhrasi inkulu ehlabathini, isebenzisa i-FPTP ezuzwe njengefazwe kulawulo lwamaBritane. Oku kuncedise kwinkqubo ye-macartic elawulayo kwimbali yayo enkulu (Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Indian) kwaye kamva yahluka-hlukene kakhulu kodwa yahlukene nemithetho yeendawo ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo kumgangatho wesizwe. IJapan isebenzisa inkqubo yokuvota enxulumeneyo (ixhaswe) apho abavoti baneFPTPPP kunye nenye iPR yeqela lephondo; la malungu amabini azimele, ayahluka kwiMMP. Umzantsi Korea kwakhona isebenzisa inkqubo exubeneyo kodwa isandul'ukwayayamkelwe ulwando. Amazwe amaninzi ase-Southsia, njenge-Thailand kunye ne-Indonesia, amkela iinkqubo ezintluntlukwano-PTR okanye i-R, kunye neendawo zobuzwe.

I-Afrika

Iinkqubo zokhetho zaseAfrika zibonisa ubuzwe bobupolisa kunye nokhetho lwasemva komkhethe. Amazwe amaninzi e-Anglophphone (umz., Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya) asebenzisa iFPTP, enokuthi ibonise ucalulo lwezizwe ngokudala uxhathiso lwezinyanzelo. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-South Africa yamkela inkqubo yeqela elipheleleyo lePR emva kocalucalulo ukuqinisekisa umelo lolwahlulo lwabemi bayo abahlukeneyo. Amanye amazwe, njenge-Lesotho---Topiya-, asebenzisa iinkqubo ezixubeneyo. Ukhetho lwenkqubo lwendlela oludla ngokuthatha izithuba ngozinzo: Amazwe ase-PPP lubonakala lukwiziko lodwa, ngexa amazwe ajongenezonyuko oluphezulu kwimilo yemilo. [FL:][1]

Latin America

Amazwe amaninzi aseMzantsi Merika asebenzisa umelo lolungelelwaniso, ngokufuthi enoluhlu oluvulekileyo oluvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abathathi-nxaxheba emapati. IBrazil, i-Argentina, kunye ne-Mexico yimizekelo. Lo mmandla unembali yenkqubo yobumongameli, imigaqo enyuliweyo yengqungquthela kunye namandla aphezulu. Amanye amazwe, njengoChile, aye asuka kwinkqubo ye-binomical ukuya kuphucula umelo. Ukwanda kwe-PR kunegalelo kwiinkqubo ezininzi kodwa kwanakumaqela omongameli anokungagqibelela.

Oceania

I-Australia imela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ekuvotelweni okuqingqiweyo kwiNdlu yabameli kunye nohlobo lwePR (uvoti edluliswayo enye) yeNdlu yeeNtsimikazi. Le ndlela idibene iqinisekisa ukuba zombini urhulumente uzinzileyo kunye nomelo olulungelelanisiweyo kwindlu ephezulu. INew Zealand yashiya iFPTP kwiMMP ngo1996 emva kwe-astendum, kwaye ukususela ngoko iye yafumana oorhulumente abalungelelanisiweyo abaninzi kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho eyahlukeneyo. Amazwe aseziqithi zalapha ePasifiki asoloko esebenzisa i-FPTPP okanye ubuninzi obulula kwimimandla ekwimimandla enye, maxa wambi ngemibutho yolawulo lwesithethe iphembeleko.

Impembelelo Kulawulo Nolawulo - melo

Iinkqubo zeElectoral azipheleli nje ekunikeni izihlalo; zilolonga umgangatho wedemokhrasi, ulawulo oluphumelelayo, nokuganana kwabemi.

Umelo nolwazelelelo

Iinkqubo zePR ezikwinkqubo yePportigation zidla ngokuvelisa iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezibonisa ukuma kwamanani neengcamango zebutho labantu. Amabhinqa, amaqela amancinane, kunye namaqela amancinane afumana izihlalo ezingaphezulu phantsi kwe-PR kunengaphantsi kwe-FPTP. Umzekelo, inkqubo yePR yaseSweden isoloko iphumela ekubeni imelo lwamabhinqa angaphezulu kwa-40% epalamente yayo. Ngokuchasene noko, i-FPTP isoloko iphazamisa amabhinqa kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abambalwa ngenxa yokufuna ukuzuza isitulo esinye esifumana isihlalo. Noko ke, iFPTPPP inokusoloko inyusa umelo lwendawo, njengoko isithili ngasinye sinommeli ophendula ngqo.

Ukuzinza nobuchule bukarhulumente

Utyekelo lwe-FPTP lokuvelisa iinkalo eziphambili ezidibeneyo, ezizinzileyo ezikhokelela kurhulumente abanokuphumeza inkqubo ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa oorhulumente abaphambili bangakwanga zizinto ezinqwenelekayo ezincinane baze badlulise umthetho wokuba intlalo-ntle yoluntu. Ngokwahlukileyo, iinkqubo ze-PR, ukunyanzelisa kunye nokulalanisa ngemibutho edibeneyo. Ngelixesha oku kunokucotha ukwenza isigqibo, kudla ngokuphumela kwimigaqo enandipheneyo. Amazwe afana neJamani aye akwazi ukumelana nezivumelwano ezizinzileyo kangangamashumi eminyaka, kanti abanye, njengoSirayeli, baye bafumana unyulo oluqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuwa kweminye imikhosi. Umahluko ongundoqo asiyo kuphela inkqubo kodwa inkcubeko kunye neenkcubeko zezopolitiko.

Igalelo

Uphando lubonisa ngokuqhubekayo umvoti ophezulu osuka kumazwe omelo olulinganayo noluthelekiswa nabo bane-FPPP. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-PR inciphisa ukuvota okulahlwayo kwaye inika abavoti ukhetho olunentsingiselo engakumbi. Ukuvota okunyuliweyo okunyuswe ngokunyuswa kokhetho kukwanyusa inkxaso ngokuvumela abavoti abatsha ukuba baxhase abatsha abancinane ngaphandle kwempembelelo elahlekileyo. Noko ke, ukuntsonkotha kunokuthintela abavoti abathile; e-Australia, inyanzelela ukuvota impembelelo yokwenene ye-RCV ekujikeni.

Ukuphendula nokunganyaniseki

I-FPTP yenza uqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kommeli nesithili selizwe, olunokukhulisa ukuphendula: abavoti bayazi ukuba ngubani oza kuvuza okanye ukohlwaya. Kodwa oorhulumente abasebenzisanayo kwiinkqubo ze-PR banokungaqiniseki ukuba baphenduleli, njengokuba abavoti bengazi ukuba liliphi iqela elinokunconywa okanye batyhole ngemigaqo-nkqubo. Kwelinye icala, iinkqubo ze-PR ezindweliswe zingenza uqwalaselo lomntu ngamnye, njengoko iinkokeli zeqela zilawula ukhetho. Ukuvula umgangatho we-PR kuzama ukulungisa oku ngokuvumela abavotisi ukuba babonise izikhethelo zomvoti. Umgangatho worhlawuli ababo ababotshelelwayo ababotsheleli kwinkqubo ethile; oothunywa bemiciko abafana nemithetho yezempempela yemali neyo ezizimeleyo zibaluleke kakhulu.

Ukukhula Kwemikhwa Notshintsho

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral azimi ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Amazwe amaninzi asandul'ukuphucula iinkqubo zawo ukucombulula iimpazamo ezibonakala zilungile. Ukuguqulwa kwe-FPPP ukuya kuMMP ngo-1990 ngumzekelo ophawulekayo. IKhanada isoloko iphikisana ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngotshintsho, nangona kungekho nguqulelo yesizwe. Amanye amazwe nezixeko amkele ukhetho olusemthethweni, kwaye uMaine ngoku usebenzisa lona kulo lonke unyulo lwezwe. EAfrika, umgaqo-siseko weKenya wawawasungula inkqubo eyahlukileyo. Kukho nenzala ekhulayo kwidemokhrasi yolawulo-melo kunye (ukukhetha kwemizimba ethile). Izinto zobugcisa zokuvota kunye nenkqubo yokucima, ezifana ne-Internetcape, zisenokuphinda zisetyenziswe ngendlela yonyulo, nangona ukhuseleko nokhuseleko luhlala lunezinto ezininzi.

Isiphelo

Umahluko weenkqubo zonyulo ehlabathini jikelele ubonisa ukuntsonkotha kolawulo-demokhrasi. Inkqubo nganye iquka ukuthengiselana phakathi kobulula kunye nokulungelelana, uzinzo kunye nokungaguquguquki, ukuphendula kunye nokumela. Akukho nkqubo inye egqibeleleyo; ukhetho olulungileyo luxhomekeke kumongo welizwe, ilaphu lentlalo, kunye nezinto eziphambili zezobupolitika. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nabemi, abaqonda le migaqo-nkqubo kunyathelo lokuqala ekungeneleni okunolwazi ngedemokhrasi kubomi bedemokhrasi. Njengoko amazwe eqhubeka ebhenela, ngoko nako imigaqo esetyenziswa ngabantu bawo ekukhetheni iinkokeli zawo. Ngokubhekiselele kwezi nkqubo zentlalo-ntle kunye nezingamandla zezobupolitika.