Indlela Iinkundla Zomanyano NezoRhulumente Ezingavumelaniyo Ngayo Kwiimbambano Zokungavumelani

Iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni ngamalungelo neembopheleleko zeenkampani zisoloko zibandakanya imibuzo ngendlela imithetho etolikwa ngayo kumgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente. Maxa wambi iinkundla zoManyeneyo kunye norhulumente zifikelela izigqibo ezahlukeneyo kwimibandela enxulumene nokuququzelela, ukudala ukungaqiniseki komthetho-siseko nokuqhubeka kwengxubusho phakathi kwemigaqo-siseko, abanini-mali, kunye nabenzi beenkqubo. Ezi mpikiswano zivela kwisiseko esisisiseko solawulo lwamarhulumente aseMelika, apho amagunya ahlala enegunya kumthetho wequmrhulunqe, ukanti inkundla yorhulumente isoloko ingena kwiziphelo ekucombululeni iimpikiswano ezibandakanya imigaqo ye-mthetho-siseko, imimiselo yorhulumente, okanye imicimbi yezoshishino-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko. Isiphumo siso sisixhobo somthetho omnye olawulwa yimiqatha elawulwa yimithetho elawulwa yimithetho elawulwa ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni kutheni kumazwe aseburhulumente okanye kurhulumente.

Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile koogqirha abasemthethweni abacebisa abathengi ngesakhiwo sequmrhu, ukhuseleko, nokuthobela. Kukwabalulekile nakuluntu olubanzi lwezoshishino, ngenxa yokuba ukucaciswa okungqubanayo kungachaphazela yonke into ukusuka ekunyanzelweni kwezivumelwano ukuya kumlinganiselo wamalungelo obuchule beenkampani. Eli nqaku lihlola iindawo ezingundoqo apho iinkundla zikarhulumente norhulumente zikhulula khona kwimibandela yokuqulunqwa, zihlolisisa izizathu zomgaqo-siseko kunye nezomthetho-siseko waloo mithetho ihlayo, zize ziqwalasele iziphumo eziluncedo zamalungelo amashishini asebenza kwimibutho emininzi.

ISisakhelo soMgaqo-siseko esisebenzayo soHlomelo

Ukwahlulwa okusisiseko eUnited States kusisidalwa somthetho wesizwe. Urhulumente ngamnye unesenzo sakhe sombutho wezoshishino esilawula imfuneko yokwakha umbutho, amalungelo abanikeli, imisebenzi yabaphathi, nemiqathango yabaphathi, nemiqathango yetyala elilinganiselweyo. UMgaqo-siseko we-U.Awuniki gunya likarhulumente elilawulayo igunya lemithetho-siseko kwimicimbi yezoshishino eqhelekileyo, nangona iNgqungquthela nganye ikwazi ukwenza imigaqo-siseko (njengeFannie Mae) ngenjongo ezithile zobuzwe. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibhaqa, imicimbi yangaphakathi yombutho, njengegunya, imibutho yemisebenzi yecawa, i-ficiary misebenzi, kunye namalungelo okwabelana amalungelo ekwabelana amalungelo eenkonzo, nangona ilawulwa ngumthetho wezoshishino. Lo mgaqo-mthetho waziwa njengomthetho wesizwe waseMelikan.

Iinkundla zomanyano zibandakanyeka ngokuyintloko kwimibangxuma kwindlela ezintathu: (1) apho ulawulo lweendawo ezahlukeneyo, apho amaqela angabemi bomazwe awahlukeneyo kunye nobungakanani obukwimpikiswano bungaphezulu kwee-$75,000; (2) ulawulo lwetyala lorhulumente, apho ityala libandakanya ukuvela phantsi kwe-U.S. umGaqo-siseko, umthetho wesizwe, okanye ulawulo lwesizwe; kunye (3) nolawulo lokususwa, apho ummangalelwa aqhubela ityala kwinkundla yorhulumente ukuya kwinkundla yesizwe. Xa inkundla yesizwe inegunya, kufuneka isebenzise umthetho wesigqeba phantsi kwe-patstan phantsi kwe-pal , i-Eriersibonelo, kodwa imigaqo yemithetho yesizwe ilandela imigaqo karhulumente. Le nkqubo yezomthetho karhulumente ephakathi kwenkundla yephondo norhulumente.

Imfundiso [[UMTL:0] I-Irie kunye nempembelelo yayo

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yonyaka ka-1938 , i-Erie Railroup Co. v. iTompkins yaguqula indlela iinkundla zesizwe ezisingatha ngayo iziphakamiso zikarhulumente. [[FLT:]] IERIE[, iinkundla zelizwe] ngamanye amaxesha zisebenzisa umthetho jikelele worhulumente kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, okhokelela kwiziphumo eziphumela ekunyukeni kwemithetho-mthetho yetyala. Kodwa umthetho ukhomba-mthetho owenzileyo unokuthi [[FLT] [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT], iinkundla ezilawulayo ezihlala kwimithetho eyahlukeneyo engokwahlukeneyo, kufuneka zisebenzise umthetho olawulayo, kuquka nokulawula umthetho wetyala. Kodwa ke umthetho umele usebenzise umthetho osemthethweni.

Ngokomzekelo, qwalasela inkundla yesizwe eDelaware echaza ilungiselelo lequmrhu lomthetho wengingqi laseDelaware elingachazwanga ngqo yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseDelaware. Ukutolikwa kwenkundla yephondo kuba ngumzekelo onyanzelisayo kuphela kweso sithili sorhulumente, kodwa akubopheleli iinkundla zikarhulumente zikaDelaware. Ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo kamva ikhupha utoliko oluphikisanayo, ihambo efanayo yenkampani inokuba ngokomthetho phantsi komnye ufundo nongekho mthethweni phantsi kwenye indawo, kuxhomekeka enoba loo meko ikwinkundla yorhulumente okanye inkundla karhulumente.

Iindawo ezingundoqo zokungavisisani phakathi kweeNkundla zoManyano nezoMmandla

Amacandelo alandelayo agxininisa iindawo ezininzi ezincinci apho iinkundla zikarhulumente norhulumente zingavumelaniyo ngokubandakanya imibandela enxulumene nayo. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuntsonkotha neziphumo zehlabathi zokwenene zolwahlulo lwezomthetho lwesizwe.

1. Ukungabi nangxaki nokuphazamisa i-Corporate Veil

Ityala elisikelwe umda luphawu olungundoqo lokuququzelela: abaxhasi abanatyala ngokobuqu kumatyala kunye nezibophelelo zombutho. Noko ke, iinkundla zinga “gqobhoza isigqubuthelo senkampani” zize zifake ababambi-nxaxheba kwityala lobuqu ukuba umbutho usetyenziselwa ukuqhatha, ukuqesha, okanye ukukhuthaza i-sham. Imilinganiselo yokugqobhoza isigqubuthelo yimibandela yomthetho wesizwe, kwaye amazwe aphuhlise iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo. Amanye amazwe afuna ukuboniswa komanyano lwenzala kunye neziphumo ezifanelekileyo; amanye ajolise ekuqhatheni okanye ekusebenziseni kakubi ifomu yenkampani.

Iinkundla zomanyano, xa zisebenzisa umthetho karhulumente kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, ngamanye amaxesha ziye zamkela imilinganiselo yokugqobhoza eninzi okanye engqongqo ngakumbi kuneenkundla zikarhulumente ngokwazo. Umzekelo, ezinye iinkundla zephondo ziye zavumela ukugqobhoza isigqubuthelo ngaphantsi kwento ebanzi “ingcamango yobuqu” kuneenkundla ezifanelekileyo zikarhulumente ezixhase. Ngokuchaseneyo, ezinye iinkundla zephondo ziye zala ukugqobhoza kwanaxa imizekelo karhulumente isenokuyivumela, ikhankanya imbono enamandla evumela ukuvalelwa kwetyala elisikelweyo. Umzekelo ophawulekayo uvela kwiiNkonzo ze-Roffa, Inc. P. Sourceper Sourcers, apho isekethi yephondo ingavumi yokugqobhozwa kwe-Illinoisno kuba ii-Illinonians zangazange zamkele inguqulelo ethile yovavanyo oluchuliweyo, nangona kwangqiniswa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-ondminyaniswa kwe-ognobon.

Ukungavumelani okunjalo kubangela ukungaqiniseki kwabo batyalayo kunye namagqwetha abolekiweyo. Umboleki-tyala omangalela umbutho kwinkundla yenkundla yephondo angajongana nomgangatho owahlukileyo wokukhuhla ityala kunaxa lihleli kwinkundla yephondo, kwanaxa umthetho omnye welizwe ulawula ngokungenagama. Oku kungaxelwa kwangaphambili kungachaphazela izenzo zokubolekisa, uhlolisiso lomngcipheko, kunye nendleko yetyala kumashishini amancinane.

2. Amalungelo oMbutho phantsi koLawulo lokuqala

Enye yeendawo eziphikisana kakhulu ekungavisisani ibandakanya amalungelo oMphetho wokuqala wezibonelelo. Iinkundla zoManyano-ukuhlahlela/ukuNyusa Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ngokukhethekileyo, iye yandisa ukhuseleko lwenkampani olukhululekileyo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. IsiC[FLT][12] [2010] [2010], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela kwelokuba amaziko anelungelo lokusebenzisa imali kwizibhengezo ezizimeleyo zezopolitiki, isigqibo esilwonakalisa imithetho ethile yezentengiselwano yemali yemali yelizwe. Ngokufanayo, Burwell v. [i-Lobby Versers, Inc.[FLT] [FLT3], iNkuvoluvo olunolwazi oluthelweyo oluziweyo, (206]), iNkunye imicimbi yonqulo ekwaneenzelela i-R.

Iinkundla zelizwe, noko ke, azilandelanga ngendlela efanayo ukucaciswa okude okufanayo. Iinkundla ezininzi eziphakamileyo zelizwe ziye zachaza umgaqo-siseko wazo wesizwe ukuvumela umgaqo-siseko othe ngpha kwemali yezopolitiko. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeMontana okokuqala yaxhasa ukuvalwa kwetyala kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo nasemva kokuba ] kwetyala lenkundla yelizwe , iphikisa ukuba urhulumente unomdla onyanzelekileyo wokuthintela ukonakala. Le nkundla ephakamileyo ye-U.S. iNkungamela okuphezulu kufutshane kwasiphikisa eso sigqibo, kodwa ukuxinzelelana kobugqeba. Xa ucelomngeni kumthetho wenkundla yelizwe phantsi komgaqo-mthetho, iziphumo zingahluka koko kunokwenzeka kwinkundla yorhulumente phantsi komGatho-siseko. Le nqonga i-ophu-mthetho ichaza indlela edibana ngayo ngomntu olawulwa ngayo ngogqesholo-siseko.

3. Imithetho yoBurhulumente enxulumene nolawulo

Imithetho yokwabiwa kovimba womanyano, enjengoMthetho weSibonelelo wowama-1934 kunye noMthetho weSibonelelo woTshintshiselwano ka-1934, imisela izibophelelo kunye neemfuno ezichasene nezorhwebo oluthengiselelweyo. Le mithetho inyanzelwa ziinkundla zesizwe kunye neKhomishini yokungagunyaziswa kwe-Exchange. Noko ke, ulawulo lweziko lenkampani ngokwalo, ukuquka unyulo lwabalawuli, ukuncedisana namalungelo ovota, kunye nemisebenzi yokuzigcina ziintlawulo.

Iinkundla zomanyano ngamanye amaxesha zisebenzisa “umthetho oqhelekileyo wemibutho” apho umthetho karhulumente ukhutshwa okanye apho imigangatho karhulumente efanayo ithathwa njengeyimfuneko. Umzekelo, kwindawo yesuti ezifakelweyo, iinkundla zikarhulumente ziye zamisela imiyalelo engakumbi yokucela eyahlukileyo kwimigangatho yenkundla yenkundla. Umthetho we-liturestiation Litigaties Reformation ka-1995, owenziwe ngomthetho wesizwe wemithetho ekhethekileyo ukwenzela izenzo zomgangatho we-oomasigratya, kodwa inkundla yezomthetho elawula imigaqo engqinelanayo phantsi komthetho isenokusebenzisa imilinganiselo ethambekileyo. Njengo mphumo, amarhafu angakhetha ukuligatha kwenye yezinye izinto ezisekelwe ekuphumeleni kwendlela yokuhamba kwelizwe ukuya ekulahlweni. Oku kuthengiswa kokuthengwa kokunga kwento kungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezingqubanayo ze-om.

4. Ukutyholwa Kwabantu Neendlela Ezingafaniyo ZoMthetho

Ngenxa yokuba imibutho ithathwa njengabemi bobume bayo bobabini bokubandakanya kunye nendawo yabo ephambili yoshishino ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, iimbambano ezininzi zeshishini ziphela kwinkundla yorhulumente. Xa ikho, inkundla yesizwe isebenzisa imithetho enyuliweyo yomthetho karhulumente ekuhlala kuyo. Le mithetho ingayalela inkundla ukuba isebenzise umthetho wemo yokubandakanya kwimicimbi yangaphakathi okanye umthetho welinye ilizwe kwimicimbi yetort okanye kwizivumelwano. Iinkundla zikarhulumente, zomgaqo womgaqo, zisebenzisa imithetho yazo yokukhetha, onokuthi ukhokelele kwimithetho eyahlukileyo yolawulo.

Qwalasela umbutho owenziwe eDelaware kodwa owenziwe ngentloko eKhalifoniya. Isuti yomxhasi efakwe kwinkundla yesizwe yaseKhalifoniya ingasebenzisa umthetho wequmrhu laseKhalifoniya ukuba inkundla ifumanise ukuba iKhalifoniya inomdla onamandla kule mbambano. Isuti efanayo eziswe kwinkundla yesizwe eCalifornia, phantsi kolawulo oluhlukeneyo, ingasebenzisa imithetho yeKhalifoniya, enokuthi ikhokelele kumthetho kaDelaware. Isiphumo `````umxhasi-' angazisa' isenzo somqobo, oko kumele kusebenze imilinganiselo yokucela, kwaye intelekelelo ekhoyo (i-stsoko yomthetho efuna ukunyuswa. Olu hlobo lwengxabano alunanto nje lungathethwayo; lubhalwe kwiimeko ezifana [[FLG:0].[11] .[FPlaf]] iiNkonzo ze-Exmask , apho inkundla zezomthetho zimele zisebenzisa khona iinkundla zomthetho zomthetho ezilawula ulawulo ezingekho mthethweno zomthetho, kodwa zihlala zisebenza.[12]

Ukhukuliso neMiba yokuXhotyiswa

Omnye umthombo wokungavumelani usuka kwimfundiso yesizwe etshayelelweyo. IBhunga linokuwukhulula ngokuphandle umthetho karhulumente okanye ngokucetyiswa ngemithetho karhulumente. Xa iqhinga lokulawula kwemicimbi yequmrhu, iinkundla zesizwe zisenokufunda ukucinywa okubanzi, ngoxa iinkundla zikarhulumente zisenokuwufunda ngokufutshane ukugcina igunya lesizwe. Umzekelo obalulekileyo ngumthetho weNational Bank Act, olawula iibhanki zesizwe. Iinkundla zesizwe zibambe ukuba uMthetho ude udele imithetho ethile yombuso, uvumele iibhanki zamazwe ukuba zikhuphe inzala yemali kwilizwe lazo. Iinkundla zikarhulumente ziye ngamanye amaxesha zawachasa lo mthetho ukuba ulawule umgaqo-mthetho owiso

Kwimeko yetyala lenkampani, i-Unicee Income Security Act (ERISA) ikhulula imithetho emininzi karhulumente “eyenzelwe ukungenelela ku-". inzuzo yelungiselelo. Iinkundla zomanyano zinike u-ERISA ukumiselwa kwenkcazelo ebanzi, ukuyeka ukubeka umthetho karhulumente wokuchaphazeleka kwemisebenzi yequmrhu okanye ukukhanyelwa ngokuphosakeleyo kweengenelo. Ngokuchasene noko, iinkundla zeli lizwe ziye zafumana imithetho karhulumente yokusinda ekucinezelweni, ingakumbi apho umthetho karhulumente ungangqubani ngqo ne-ERISA engaphantsi kwe-Erisa. Oku kudala umsebenzi wesingqino: ukuzibanga komsemzinikazi weshishini ngenxa yeengenelo zemali ezinokuphumelela kwinkundla yenkundla kodwa aziphumeleli kwinkundla yesizwe, okanye ubuqhophololo, ngokuxhomekeke kwingxelo yenkundla yenkundla yokuzibon.

Impembelelo kwiishishini nakumgaqo-siseko

Kumaziko kunye nabaququzeleli bawo abasemthethweni, ukungavisisani phakathi kweenkundla zikarhulumente norhulumente kwenza iingqwalasela ezifanelekileyo ukususela ngexesha impikiswano iphakama. Ukugqiba enoba kukuchanaba kwinkundla yorhulumente okanye yephondo kungachaphazela umthetho wesithuthi osetyenziswayo, imithetho ye-procedve, isantya seziphumo, kunye nokuhlola. Amashishini asoloko egqala igunya lokususwa njengentshukumo yeqhinga, kodwa ukususwa kungasoloko kufumaneka okanye kuluncedo. Ukhetho lwe-omfono lunokuba luncedo njengokufuneka kwetyala ngokwalo.

Ukongeza kubuchule bokuzidityanisa, ezi ngxubakaxaka zilawula izigqibo zequmrhu. Iinkampani ezisebenza kwiimeko ezininzi kufuneka ziphendule ngenxa yokuba kungenzeka ukuba inkundla yesizwe kulawulo olunye nenkundla yephondo kwenye iza kuchaza ilungiselelo elinye lomthetho weshishini. Oku kungakhokelela kwizenzo zolawulo ezithe tyekelele phambili, njengokuthobela ngokungqongqo imicimbi yequmrhu nokugcinwa kolwazi olunzulu, ukumelana nomgangatho ophezulu ofunekayo wokuhlola.

Abenzi bemithetho kunye nabamisi-mthetho baye bazama ngamaxesha athile ukuvisisanisa umthetho wequmrhu kunye norhulumente, kodwa utshintsho olubanzi luye lwabonakala lungenakufumaneka. IZiko leMithetho yeLaw yeKhompyutha yoLawulo kunye neModel Business Corporation Act (MBCA) zinika imigaqo yentelekelelo, kodwa azikhonzi. Amazwe amkela i-MBCA ngokwamanqanaba ahlukahlukeneyo, kwaye iinkundla zesizwe ziyaqhubeka ziyitolika ngokungaguquguquki.

Imbono Yekamva Nemfuneko Yokukhanya

Xa ujonga phambili, iingcebiso ezininzi zinganyusa okanye zinciphise ukungavisisani phakathi kweenkundla zorhulumente norhulumente ekubandakanyeni imiba. Umthetho onyusiweyo wemithetho yequmrhu lokuziphatha kwenkampani (ngokomzekelo, ngokweemfuno ze-ESGG zokusasaza, imithetho yokuchana kwezokonakala, nemimiselo yogcino-lwazi-lwazi-engenakunqandwa iza kumema iingxabano ezintsha ezichaseneyo zomthetho. Ukuvuma okukhulayo kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuva amatyala enkampani nokufumana imithetho eqaqambileyo kunganciphisa imiqobo ethile kodwa kwakhona kungaphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngemida yegunya likarhulumente.

Enye indlela ethembisayo yokucacisa kukuphuhliswa kolawulo lwemiba ethile yequmrhu elilawulayo. Umzekelo, abanye abaphengululi baye bacebisa ukuba kuvunyelwe ukuba iinkampani ezithengiselwana ngokuphandle zifake imigaqo-nkqubo ethile yequmrhu (njengokuba uvotelwa nononomphathi) kuphela kwinkundla yesizwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-athom. Noko ke, iingcebiso ezinjalo zijongene nenkcaso enzima evela kumaphondo ethi ixabise indima yazo njengeeveranda zomthetho wequmrhu. Ukufaneleka kwayo nayiphi na ingxubeko exhomekeke kwisenzo somanyano, esihlala singaqinisekwa.

Okwangoku, amashishini kunye noogqirha abasemthethweni kufuneka bajonge indlela ejikelezayo. Izigqibo zokukhangela kwimimandla engundoqo (ingakumbi iDelaware, apho iNkundla yeCancery imisela uninzi lomthetho wequmrhu) kunye neziphaluka zephondo ziyimfuneko. Iimali ezinjenge [ ICornell Information Institute of reformation complification [[[FLLF]]] [iiii-1] inika uhlolo olubanzi lwezikohlolo, ngelixa isiseko solwazi olukhoyo olunjengo [[FLT:][FLT]] [FLTY]]] [FLTY]] izibonelo ezisekwelinge [[FLT3]]] Izigwebo eziphezulu] [[FLT]] [igslegsvomss .[4] Inkundla zeqhinga elinguquququalisayo lomthetho, kunye nezomthetho.[5]

Isiphelo

Ukungavisisani phakathi kweenkundla zikarhulumente norhulumente ekubandakanyeni imiba enzima yorhulumente waseMelika. UmGaqo-siseko unika ingqwalaselo ephambili ekulawuleni intlangano kunye nemicimbi yangaphakathi, kodwa iinkundla zezorhulumente ngokungenakuphepheka ziba ngabachazi-mthetho besizwe, bomGaqo-siseko, okanye ukwahluka-hluka-hluka kobumi kusebenza. I-Erie[[FLT]] imfundiso ezama ukuvisisanisa iziphumo ezincinci, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwangqina ukungafezeki, ingakumbi kwimimandla yomthetho edityaniweyo okanye ejikeleza ngokukhawuleza. Ityala, imicimbi epheleleyo, imicimbi engaphakathi, imiqathango, imigaqo, kunye nokugwetywa yimfundiso embalwa yemfazwe apho ukuchasana kwezomthetho.

Kubantu abanolwazi olungokwasemthethweni nabaphathi-mashishini ngokufanayo, ukuqaphela ukuba ezi ngxabano asiyondlela nje yokusebenza yemfundo. Kulo mgaqo-nkqubo, ukuthobelana kwenkampani, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukuxelwa kwangaphambili kokusingqongileyo okusemthethweni apho amashishini asebenza khona. Njengoko uqoqosho lukhula nokwanda konxulumano oluphakathi koorhulumente kunye nemisebenzi yequmrhu eliphindaphindiweyo, imfuneko yokucacisa okungakumbi ````````inkqeqeqele ngomthetho, ukhokelo lweNkundla ephakamileyo, okanye ulawulo lomthetho-orhulumente luyaqhubeka lucinezela. De kube ngoko, ingxoxo phakathi kolawulo norhulumente iya kuqhubeka ichaza imida yemithetho edibanisa umthetho eUnited States.