Isakhiwo senkqubo yonyulo sesinye sezona zibalulekileyo kodwa ezisoloko zingahoywa izithinteli zendlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi. Indlela yokuvota iguqulelwa kwizihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ezinempembelelo ngqo eziviwayo, indlela amaqela asebenza ngayo kwaye akhuphisana ngayo, nokuba abemi bayayiva na imicimbi yabo. Iinkqubo zolawulo azizo izixhobo ezinamandla ezinokuthi zikwazi ukunyusa okanye ziphelise ukuthanda komvoti. Ukuqonda iimvo zabo kunye neziphumo zabo kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela yokwenyaniso yokumela kwezobupolitika kwilizwe labo nakwezinye iindawo.

Eli nqaku lihlola iintsapho ezingundoqo zesixokelelwano sokhetho. (Okuqala- iPast- iPost, umelo lwePropogal, uDityaniso lweenkqubo, kunye neNdlela yokukhetha eXhushweyo (ukuhlola inzuzo yazo, iintambo, kunye neziphumo zomelo. Ngesiphelo, uzakuba nomfanekiso ocacileyo wesizathu sokuba unyulo lwemithetho lubaluleke kakhulu kwimpilo yedemokhrasi.

Ukuqonda Iinkqubo Zobuchule

Embindini wayo, inkqubo yokhetho yiseti yemithetho emisela indlela abavoti abafakwa ngayo kunyulo abaguqulwa ngayo babe lulwabelo lwezihlalo kwipalamente okanye kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Le mithetho ichaza yonke into ukusuka kubukhulu besithili (indlela abameli abaninzi abanyulwa ngayo kwisithili ngasinye) ukuya kwisakhiwo sokuvota (indlela abachaza ngayo izikhethelo zabo) kwindlela esetyenziswayo ukwabela izihlalo. Ukhetho phakathi kwezi ntlobo-ntlobo zitshintshayo luneziphumo ezinzulu nezithelekelelwayo kumhlaba wezobupolitika.

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zihlulwe ngokweenkqubo ezintathu ezibanzi: izixokelelwano eziziintlobo-ntlobo, iinkqubo zokulinganisa zolungelelwano, kunye neenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo okanye ezixubeneyo. Intsapho nganye ineendidi ezininzi, kwanee-truement ezincinci ngaphakathi kwenkqubo zingakhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo eziphawulekayo. Kwimbali, uyilo lweenkqubo zonyulo lwezicwangciso zezixhobo luyilwe ngezibalo zezobupolitika, amarhanisi, kunye nomgangatho wendlela yequmrhu. Umzekelo, ngaphambili, amathangalasi aseBritane adla ngokufumana ilifa iNkqubo yokuqala yePast- Post, ngelinye ilizwekazi elifumana iproportionation ipropolation yolwams kumzamo wokulawula iintlalo olunzulu.

Uphando lwemfundo lweenkqubo zonyulo, olukhokelwa ngabaphengululi abafana no-Arend Lijphart no-Rein Taagepera, luvelise izinto ezifunyenweyo ezineenkcukacha malunga nonxulumano phakathi kwemithetho yonyulo kunye nomelo. Internationalpolate Institute for Democracy and Electoral Conservation (International IDEA) igcina isiseko sogcino-siseko somyili wenkqubo yokhetho ehlabathini lonke, ivumela abaphengululi nabenzi bemithetho ukuba bathelekise iziphumo kumazwe ngamazwe.

Isiphelo- Sokuqala- Sesiphelo- (FPTP)

Eyokuqala-Past-The- Post, eyaziwa ngokuba lilungu elinye elibanzi, sisona sincinci nesidala sisetyenziswa kakhulu. Umvoti ngamnye uvota ivoti enye kumntu omnye kwisithili (okanye ugunyaziso), kwaye umvoti onenkoliso yabavoti uzuza isihlalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bafikelela kusini na. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kunyulo lwemithetho-mthetho yesizwe kumazwe anjengeUnited Kingdom, iUnited States (olweMbutho weBhunga), iKhanada, neIndiya (yokuvota).

Inzuzo yeFPTP

Amandla okuqala eFPTP kukulula kwayo. Abalawuli bayaqonda ukuba bakhetha umvotelwa omnye, kwaye ophumeleleyo nguye onenkoliso yamavoti. Oku kucacileyo kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezikhawulezileyo, ezigqibekileyo ngobonyulo. IFPTP ikwanokuvelisa urhulumente oyinxalenye enye, noko kwiinkqubo ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo, ezinokwenza ukuba ukwenziwa komthetho nokubuyiselwa koxanduva okucacileyo. Abaxhasi bazi kakuhle ukuba liliphi iqela elinoxanduva lokulawula, lenze kube lula ukuvuza okanye ukohlwaya kwi-cumcre.

Enye into ebonakala iluncedo lunxulumano olunamandla oluphakathi kwabameli nabameli. Isithili ngasinye sinelungu elinye elibonakalayo lepalamente abemi abanokusondela kulo ngemibandela yasekuhlaleni. Lo msebenzi wobukhokeli udla ngokuchazwa njengengenelo yeFPTPP, ingakumbi kumazwe amakhulu aneemfuno zengingqi ezahlukeneyo.

Ingxaki yeFPTP

Iimpazamo ze-FPTP zinkulu kwaye zibhalwe kakuhle. Eyona mbambano icacileyo kukungahambelani kwazo: amaqela angawina ipesenti enkulu yevoti ethandwayo kodwa afumane ipesenti encinane kakhulu yezihlalo, okanye ngokuchaseneyo. Ngo-2019 kunyulo lwe-United Kingdom jikelele, iSigqeba se-Conservative Partice siphumelele 43,6% yevoti kodwa 56.2% yezihlalo, ngelixesha iLiberal Democrates yawina 11.5% yevoti kodwa i-1.7.5% yezihlalo. Oku kuxhuzula phakathi kwevoti nezihlalo kungenza inkqubo izive ingenabulungisa kwaye inciphise ukuthemba kwidemokhrasi.

FPTP ikwadala "amavoti avunyiweyo" — amavoti aphoswa ukuphulukana nabameleyo abangagabanga nto ekumeleni. Kwizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo, abaxhasi beqela elincinane basenokuvakalelwa kukuba ukuvota kwabo akunampembelelo, ukurhoxa nokukhuthaza uvotelo apho abantu bavotayo kungekhona kubavoteli abathandayo kodwa lowo usenokuba ungenza udelele ukhetho lwabo oluncinci. Le ndlela igqwetha igqwetha indlela abakhetha ngayo ezona zinto zithandwayo kwezobupolitika.

Ngaphezu koko, i-FPTP ithanda ukuqinisa inkqubo yecandelo elibini, umlinganiselo owaziwa ngokuba nguMthetho kaDuverger. Amaqela amathathu azama ukufumana indawo ephantsi ngenxa yokuba amavoti abonwa njengachithakele. Oku kungalinganisela uludwe lweenketho zenkqubo ezinikezelweyo kuvoti kwaye kubeke phantsi iziphumo ezibalulekileyo ezingaphandle kwemvume ebanzi. Le nkqubo ikwanokuthambekela kwi gerrymering 22: ukutsala imida yesithili ukuze ithande elinye iqela, njengoko ibonwa rhoqo eUnited States. [[FLT: 0] I-ACE Electoral Dogn Wywork Under inika uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwezi ziphumo ngaphaya kolawulo.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Umelo lwepropotional luquka intsapho yenkqubo eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba izabelo zezihlalo zeqela ziphumelela ngokufutshane zihambelana nesabelo salo sovoti ethandwayo. Oku kufunyanwa kwimimandla emininzi apho amaqela akhoyo adweliso, kwaye izihlalo zabelwa ukusebenzisa iindlela ezisetyenziswayo njengendlela eshiyekileyo enkulu okanye eziphezulu kakhulu (umz., d'Hondt okanye iSaint-Laguë). I-PR yinkqubo ephambili yokhetho kwilizwekazi kwiYurophu, esetyenziselwa iipalamente zamazwe afana neJamani (kuhlobo lweBoundag, inkqubo exubeneyo), iSweden, i-Netherlands, ne-Israel.

Inzuzo yePR

Eyona nzuzo icacileyo yePR kukwahlula kwayo. Amaqela amancinane angawina izihlalo ngokuhambelana nenkxaso yawo, okuthetha ukuba uludwe oluninzi lweembono zobupolitika lumelwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kungakhokelela ekwenzeni okuzinzileyo inkqubo ebonakalisa umahluko wonyulo. Abami abaxhasa iqela elincinane bazibona iivoti zabo ziguqulelwa kumelo lokwenene, oluthanda ukwandisa ulwaneliseko lwevoti kwaye ukujika kwizifundo ezithelekisayo.

PR ikhuthaza iinkqubo ezininzi, ezinokukhuthaza uhlolo kunye nokulalanisa. Ubalo luqhelekile kwiinkqubo zePR, lunyanzelisa amaqela ukuba anxibelelane kwaye akhe isivumelwano kunokuba afake inxaxheba kuzo zonke izinto ezizonwabisayo. Oku kungakhokelela kwimigaqo eqinileyo nelungeleleneyo kwixesha elide, njengokuba ukujijeka okukhawulezileyo kupheliswa ngamandla amaqela. Ukongeza, iPR inciphisa impembelelo yokuvota ngobuchule, ekubeni ukuvota iqela elincinane ku "aphoswanga" — kunegalelo kwisabelo sesihlalo seqela lonke.

Iingozi zePR

Abahlalutyi bathi i-PR ingakhokelela kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezihlukeneyo namaqela amaninzi amancinane, nto leyo ebangela kube nzima ukwenza oorhulumente abazinzileyo. I-Itali kunye ne-Israel ziye zafumana amaxesha okujika kaninzi korhulumente ngenxa yokungalungelelani okungalungelelaniyo. Kwipalamente ezahlukeneyo, amaqela amancinane angenalo ulwahlulo lukhulu anokufumana igunya eligqithisileyo, njengoko kuboniswa kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu apho amaqela angenamdla aye akwazi ukukhupha imvume yemithetho.

Enye i-drack luqhagamshelwano olubuthathaka phakathi kwamaqumrhu kunye nabameli ngabanye. Kwizithili ezininzi, abavoti bangaziva bengenanto ingako kumalungu athile epalamente, kwaye ulawulo lweziphene lungachaphazeleki ngqo kunakwisithili esinye. Ulawulo lweqela lusoloko lulawula uluhlu lwabaqulunqi, lubanika amandla abalulekileyo okuba ngabanyulwa nabanciphi abasabelayo. Ezinye iinkqubo zePR zifuna abavoti ukuba bakhethe phakathi kwemihlathi evaliweyo engenawo amandla okuphembelela inkqubo yobalo, nangona iindidi ezivulekileyo zifana noko kusetyenziswa eFinland naseBrazil.

Iinkqubo ze-electoral ezixutyiweyo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezixutyiweyo zizama ukudibanisa iinzuzo zombini i-FPP ne-PR ngokuba nemigangatho emibini yomelo: iseti yeendawo ezinelungu elinye apho omnye umvote- onyuliweyo ngobubanzi, kunye neseti yezihlalo ezabelwe ngokulinganayo ukubuyisela nakuphi na ukuphambuka kwiziphumo zesithili. Umahluko ongcono oziwayo yinkqubo ye-MEmperpoion (MMP) esetyenziswa eJamani, eNew Zealand, kunye nePalamente yaseScottle. Olunye uhlobo, oluxubethiweyo-MMEmperetarian Majoliare (MM), lusebenzisa uvo olufanayo ngaphandle kwenkqubo yecomputha, njengoko kubonwe eJapan naseMzantsi Korea.

Iingenelo Zenkqubo Ezixutyiweyo

Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo zingafumana zombini umelo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nolungelelwano. Kwi-MMP, abavoti baphosa amavoti amabini: esinye se-paratili kunye nesinye soluhlu lweqela. Izihlalo zoluhlu zabelwa ukuzisa isihlalo sombutho ngamnye siphela sihlanganyela kwisabelo somdibaniso nesabelo sawo sokuvota, ukulungisa izakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo ezivezwe ngamaphondo amaqela ahlukeneyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho njengeqela ibonisa ukuthanda komvoti-mvume ngexesha umvoti ngamnye uthelwe ummeli wobulali.

Olu manyano lunganyusa ukuganana kovoti ngokunika okungcono kwezizo zombini ezikhoyo. Amaqela amancinane angaphumelela kwizihlalo kuluhlu, ngelixesha amaqela amakhulu ehlala eneengcambu ezinamandla zesithili. IJamani neNew Zealand zibone ulawulo oluzinzileyo kunye neziphumo zolungelelwaniso, kwaye iinkqubo zawo ezixubeneyo zisoloko zibekwa njengemizekelo kumazwe acinga utshintsho. Uluntu olunobunzululwazi lweNguqu [[FLTL:1] lunika iingcaciso ezifikelelekayo zendlela yeMMP esebenzayo.

Iingozi Zenkqubo Ezixutyiweyo

Ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo exutyiweyo lucelomngeni lwabo olukhulu. Abavoti kufuneka baqonde umahluko phakathi kweevoti zabo ezimbini nendlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo yokuvota. EJamani, ingcamango ye "izihlalo eziphezulu" kunye "nezihlalo ezikumgangatho ophezulu" zingadidanisa kwanakwizingeni zezobupolitika. Olu bunzima bungakhokelela kumgangatho ophantsi wolwazi lomvoti kunye neempazamo ezinokwenzeka kwibhokisi yebhola.

Enye imbambano kumandla okusebenzisa ubuchule obucwangcisiweyo. Amatheko angazama ukudlala inkqubo ngokuqhuba abatshayeli besithili abanamandla ngexesha elinye ngexesha loluhlu lwevoti. Kwezinye iinkqubo ezixubeneyo, abavoti abahlula amatikiti abo basenokungaqondi ngokupheleleyo impembelelo yezigqibo zabo. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo ye compalacation evelisa iziphumo ezingalindelekileyo, njengaxa iqela lifumana izihlalo ezininzi zesithili kunokuba belinelungelo lokufumana phantsi kolwahluzo olulungeleleneyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwipalamente eyongeziweyo kunye "nobanzi elizihlalo" ukubuyisela ulwano lolwahlulo.

Ukujija kokhetho olunqatyisiweyo (RCV)

Uvoto olunyuliweyo olunyuliweyo, olwaziwayo njengovota olwenziwe ngokukhawuleza okanye olukhethwayo, lusetyenziswa kwisithili esinye kwaye luvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abaza kukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala yechookice, umvoti ngevoti yokuqala encinane etshayelwe, kwaye iibhola zabo zifakwe kwilungu elilandelayo elilandelayo elibekwe kwibhola yomnye. Le nkqubo iphinda de kube ngumqobo omnye wesinyuko esikhulu. i-RCV isetyenziselwa unyulo lwesizwe (ngendlu yabameli) kunye ne-Ireland (yokubameli) kunye nokhetho oluninzi lukarhulumente eUnited States, kuquka neMinneapolis, iSan Francisco, neNew York City.

Inzuzo yeRCV

RCV iqinisekisa ukuba uphumelele uninzi luxhasa (okanye noko luninzi oluvunyiweyo oluvotelwayo emva kokukhupha imijikelo). Iphelisa iziphumo zomonakalo, apho umvoti wesithathu wahlula ivoti kwaye uvumela umncomi omncinci ukuba aphumelele. Abaxhasi bangaxhasa ukhetho lwabo lokuqala ngaphandle kokoyika ukudlala ngevoti yabo, kuba ibhola yabo iza kuthumela kumntu okwinkonzo yokhuselo ukuba ukhetho lwabo lokuqala lususiwe. Oku kukhuthaza iphulo elilungileyo njengeqela elifuna uluhlu lwesibini lwechoyinti.

I-RCV ikwanciphisa intshukumisa yokuvota. Ngenxa yokuba abavoti bangabeka abathathi-nxaxheba ngokunyanisekileyo kunokuba bakhethe ezincinci kwizinto ezimbi ezimbini, inkqubo echanekileyo ibamba ukhetho lomvoti. Ingakhokelela kumelo oluninzi olungafaniyo, njengokuba iminqoqo yabavoti ingenza amalahle kumacala ababhenela kwicandelo elibanzi elinqumla abavoti.

Iingozi zeRCV

Ugxeko-lwazi olungundoqo lwe-RCV luntsonkothileyo lwalo olunxulumene novoti elula. Abanye abavoti bafumana inkqubo ephantsi ididanisa, ikhokelela kwimiba ebhaqiweyo ebhaqiweyo, enokuthi izaliswe ngokungalunganga kwaye ingabinakubalwa. Kwimithetho apho i RCV intsha, amaphulo okhetho ayimfuneko, kwaye kwanangoko, imilinganiselo yempazamo ingaba ngaphezulu kuneyo ngaphantsi kwe FPTP. Inkqubo yokubala izakucotha, njengokuba imijikelezo emininzi yothumelo kufuneka ibekwe, maxa wambi iziphumo zokhetho zithathe iiyure okanye iintsuku.

Enye inkxalabo yeyokuba i-RCV ingavelisa iziphumo ezingalinganiyo xa zisetyenziswa kwimimandla eninzi (njengoko ikwindawo ephantsi, eyaziwa njengevoti enye edlulisiweyo). Noko ke, xa isetyenziswa kwimimandla enye, i-RCV ayithethi ngeziphumo ezisisiseko zokurhoxa phakathi kwevoti yeqela elinolwahlulo kunye nesabelo sesihlalo; iqinisekisa kuphela ukuba umnqolobi kwisithili ngasinye unenkxaso enkulu. Ngokubhekele phaya, ezinye izifundo zicebisa ukuba i-RCV ingabalela abavoti bambalwa ukuba basasazekile, njengoko abathandi babo benokungafumani mvume yokuqala yokuhlala kwimimandla ejikeleze.

Impembelelo Ebanzi Yenkqubo Yee - Electoral Defashoni Yomelo Lwezobupolitika

Ukukhethwa kwesixokelelwano sokhetho akuchaphazeli nje kuphela indlela izihlalo ezisasazwa ngayo − ibumba wonke umqondiso womelo lwedemokhrasi. Imilinganiso emithathu ibaluleke kakhulu: ukubotshwa kovoti, ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yeqela, nokusabela kwenkqubo.

Ubungqina nokubuya

Uphando oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zolungelelwaniso zithambekela ekubeni nomvoti ophezulu kunendlela yokujika. Isizathu sicacile: kwi FPTP, abavoti abaninzi abahlala kwisihlalo esikhuselekileyo bavakalelwa ukuba amavoti abo angenanjongo, abavunywa ngokucinezelekileyo. KwiPR, zonke iivoti ezibalwayo kumelo lweqela lonke, zinika abemi intshukumisa eyomeleleyo yokuba nenxaxheba. Ugcino-lwazi lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe lubonisa ukuba ujikelezo-ava-phakathi kumazwe ane PR lumalunga no-5-7 amanqaku aphezulu kunakumazwe nge FTPPPP, kwanasemva kokulawula ezinye izinto ezifana nokuvota okunyanzeleka. Iinkqubo zomxubeko zidla wokuwela phakathi.

Umgcobo

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ziphembelela ngamandla inani lamaqela akhuphisanayo kwaye aphumelele izihlalo. I-FPP ixhasa ukhuphiswano olunezahluka-hluka ezimbini, ngeli lixa iPR ivelisa iinkqubo ezininzi. Inani lamaqela likwachaphazela uhlobo loorhulumente ababumbeneyo abakhiweyo. Kwiinkqubo ezimbini ezihlukeneyo, ulawulo ludla ngokutshintsha unyulo phakathi kwemida emibini ebanzi; utshintsho lwenkqubo lungakhawuleza luphinde lube luphinde lube lukhulu. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zePR, uthethwanotho lweqela luvelisa inkqubo yolwandiso lwenkqubo yokwenza, kodwa ngokuvumelana okubanzi. [[FLT.0] umsebenzi owenziwa nguMichael Gallagher noPaul Mitchell[FLD:] unika ushwankathelo olubanzi lwendlela yokwenza ngayo inkqubo yokuguqula impembelelo yenkqubo yombane.

Iziphumo zoMgaqo-nkqubo nomelo oluNcinci

Isakhiwo senkqubo yonyulo singanento enokuba negalelo nakuphi amaqela kwibutho labantu abameleyo. Kwi-FPTP, iqela elincinane elijoliswe kwilizwe elithile ngamanye amaxesha lingaphumelela ukuba libumba uninzi kwimimandla ethile (njengoko kunjalo kulwimi oluncinane eKhanada). Noko ke, imimandla eyahlakazekileyo ngokugqithisileyo `njengeqela elincinane elinamaqela ezahlukahlukeneyo-amaqela esizwe asasazekileyo aqengqeleke kwimimandla emininzi. Isixokelelwano se-PR, ingakumbi esona sinemiphetho esezantsi kunye nobukhulu besithili, sityekele ekuveliseni izindlu zocawane ngolu hlobo, uhlanga, namaqela esizwe. Amazwe amaninzi anePR aneepesenti engqungqungquluko, ngokwenxenye ngenxa yokuba amaqela alungelene kwimiqatha yoluhlu lwawo olubanzi.

Iziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo nazo zahlukile. Kwinkqubo zolawulo olukhulu, iinkqubo zisoloko zibonisa izikhethelo zovoti bamajelo-ndaba kwaye zingaguquguquka kakhulu ziguquka kakhulu zitshintshe iinguqu kurhulumente. Kwinkqubo zolungelelwaniso, iinkqubo zithambeka zibonakalisa ungqinelano olubanzi, neepateni ezizinzileyo zokuchitha imali kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yentlalo ekhusela amaqela angakhuselekanga. Iingcali zezoqoqosho zezopolitiko ezithelekisayo zifumanise ukuba ukumela ulungelelwaniso lwengeniso ephantsi kunye nokuthengwa kwemali kawonke-wonke kwintlalo-ntle, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba inkqubo inika ilizwi lokufumana ingeniso encinane enokuthi ngenye indlela icekelwe.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zikude neenkcukacha zobundlobongela obungathanga cala. Ziyimithetho esisiseko ebumba indlela amandla asasazwa ngayo, indlela abemi ababandakanyeka ngayo nezobupolitika, nendlela indlu yowiso-mthetho ezibona kakuhle ngayo iinguqu zebutho labantu eliyisebenzayo. Eyokuqala-Past inika ucalucalulo kunye nomelo lwezwe kodwa kwixabiso lolungelelwaniso kunye nolwahlulo-kungaguquguquki. Umelo lwendawo luqinisekisa okusesikweni kodwa lunokuntsontaxabanisa kwaye ludanisa amaqhina oluntu. Iinkqubo ezidibanisiweyo zizama ukudibanisa angcono kuzo zombini, kodwa ziveza ukuntsonko.

Kubemi nabenzi benkqubo ngokufanayo, ukuqonda ezi ndlela zorhwebo kubalulekile. Akukho nkqubo yonyulo ifezekileyo, kodwa ezinye zilunge ngakumbi zifaneleke ngokwemo-zulu kunye namaxabiso. Abo bakhathalela ukumela kwedemokhrasi kufuneka babandakanye noyilo lwamaqumrhu abo abakhethayo, bakhuthaza utshintsho oluhambelana nemigaqo abathi bajongene nayo kakhulu.