Umbuzo Ohlala Uhleli: Ngaba Inkqubo Yokukhangela Nokulungelelana Iyasebenza?

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela imele enye yeenkalo zobuchule nokuphikisana ngomGaqo-siseko waseMelika. Kwiinkulungwane ezimbini, esi sicwangciso sisetyenzisiwe ngokukhusela naliphi na isebe likarhulumente ekuqokeleleni amandla angathintelwayo ngeli liqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo luhlala lusebenza ngokwaneleyo ukuphendula imingeni yesizwe. Umbuzo wokuba le nkqubo isebenza ngokwenene ayisebenzi nje kwimfundo yemfundo", igalelo lentliziyo yedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Abaxhasi baye baphikisa ukuba inkqubo iphumelele ekuthinteleni ulawulo lwenkohlakalo nokulondolozwa yinkululeko, ngoxa abagxeki bemiqobo bezobupolitika baphikisa ukuba izinto zale ukuyila kwantlandlolo ziguqule ukwenziwa okanye ukungasebenzi kwayo. Olu vavanyo lubonisa ukuba izisemgangathweni, iinkqubo zokwenene zehlabathi, kunye nezixakeko zalexesha linye ukuvavanywa inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela kwayo, ekugqibeleni bavavanyanisa imilinganiselo yayo yenkulungwane yokuqala.

Umthetho obhungayo womGaqo-siseko wokusasaza amandla

Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko badala urhulumente wamagunya ahlukeneyo, bemisa imisebenzi eyahlukileyo kumasebe amathathu alinganayo. Noko ke, baqonda ukuba ukwahlukana nje kwakwanele ukuthintela amandla ekumanyaneni kwisebe elinye. UJames Madison wacacisa ubuchule obungundoqo uNombolo. 51, ephikisa ukuba "ulwahlulo kufuneka lwenziwe ukulwa nebhongo". Inkqubo yayenziwe ukuze isebe ngalinye libe nentshukumisa nezixhobo zomGaqo-siseko ukuze lixhathise ukungeneka kwabanye.

Imvelaphi EngooFilosofi Ekuqiqeni

Iziseko zobuchule zovavanyo kunye nolungelelwano. Izakhelo zezobungcaphephe zaseYurophu, ingakumbi iMontesquieu, umsebenzi wayo uMoya woMthetho (1748) zathi inkululeko yezopolitiko ifuna ukwahlulwa kwemithetho, i-graviti, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba. Amava okulawula kwe-Melika ahamba ngaphaya koMontesquieu ngokudibanisa ubuchule obuthile apho isebe ngalinye linokuxhathisa okanye linyanze abanye. Iingcamango zikaJohn Locle malunga namalungelo endalo kunye nesivumelwano sentlalo-ntlalo-ntle yazisa ukuqiniseka ukuba igunya likarhulumente limele libeke umda kwaye libekelwe kwityala.

Indlela Isebe Ngalinye Elibajonga Ngayo Abanye

Ukuqonda ukuba ngaba umsebenzi uhlola kwaye ulungelelane kufuneka ucaciswe kakuhle izixhobo ezithile zomGaqo-siseko ezikhoyo kwisebe ngalinye. Ezi nkqubo zenzelwe ngabom ukubangela ungquzulwano, zithintela inyathelo likarhulumente lokuthintela izigqibo ezingxamayo okanye ezicinezelayo ngoxa zisavumela ulawulo oluyimfuneko ukuba luqhubeke.

Icandelo elilawulayo lihlola igunya lomthetho nelokugweba

Isebe eliphetheyo, elikhokelwa ngumongameli, lisebenzisa ii-checks ezininzi ezibalulekileyo nxamnye namanye amasebe. I-veto igunya livumela umongameli ukuba anikezele umthetho odluliswe yiKhonklane, nangona iCongress inokuthi ilawule i-veto ngobuninzi obubini obuziisithathu kumagumbi omabini. Ngaphezu kwe-veto, umongameli usebenza njengomphathi-ntloko wamandla axhobileyo, enika impembelelo ephakamileyo kwimicimbi yomkhosi emiselwe yiKhomishini. Umongameli ukwamisela abagwebi bephondo, kuquka iinkundla eziphakamileyo zeNkundla, ezimisela ukuqinisekisa, ukunikela impembelelo engangqalangani kwisebe lekomiti yezomthetho kangalathi. Ngaphezu koko, umongameli unika imiyalelo ethwala ulawulo kunye nezindululo eziphethe umthetho, nangona ezi zingumbandela wokuhlola umgaqo wolawulo lwemithetho, nangona ezi zinto zimiselwe kwimiqatha yemithetho yemithetho yombutho-ngqungquthela kunye neyo.

Iingcebiso Zomthetho Kumandla eeGqwenga nakuMagunya eeNgwebo

IKhomishini inezixhobo ezininzi zokunyanzela amasebe alawulayo kunye namasebe agwebayo. ICandelo kufuneka liqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli kwikhabhathi, kwijaji yorhulumente, nakwezinye iindawo eziphezulu. Ingqungquthela iphethe amandla engxowa-mali, okuthetha ukuba akukho nyathelo lesebe lesebe lesebe lesebe lowiso-mthetho linokuqhubeka ngaphandle kwenkxaso efanelekileyo. Isebe lemithetho-mthetho lingalawula umongameli kunye nomthetho ophezulu. Ngokubalulekileyo, iBhunga linamandla okungachasisa umongameli, umongameli, umongameli wesiphembelelo, kunye nabagwebi bezomthetho-mthetho-siseko linokutshintsha indlela ephumelelayo yokugweba [[FLT: 0], ukunyotywa, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nokungalungisa.

Ijaji Ihlola Amandla Alawulayo Nawasemthethweni

Isebe lejaji, ngamandla ohlolo lwezomthetho olumiselwe ku uMarbury v. Madison (1803), liyakwazi ukuvakalisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga kunye nezenzo ezithatyathwa lisebe eliphetheyo elingekho mgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lenza ukuba icandelo lejaji libe ngumgcini-mgaqo-siseko obalulekileyo. Abagwebi beSizwe basebenza ukumiselwa kolawulo lwexesha lonke ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, beyikhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye beyivumela ukuba ilawule kwiinkokeli eziphambili okanye amagosa anamandla xa imigaqo yemithetho ephakamileyo ifuna oko. Igunya eliphakamileyo leNkuchaza umGaqo-siseko lithetha ukuba izigqibo zalo zibumba intsingiselo kunye nomgangatho wamandla karhulumente wezizukulwana.

Amatyeli Embali Abonisa Ukuba Unegunya

Imbali yovavanyo nolungelelwaniso eUnited States iphawulwa ngamaxesha abalulekileyo avavanya ubuchule benkqubo. Ezi ziganeko zityhila amandla kunye nobuchule boyilo lomgaqo-siseko.

Iphepha loluhlu loManyano kunye neNkxaso yoKhuseleko

Ngaphambi kokuba umGaqo-siseko uvunywe, i-Anti-Federalist yaphakamisa iimpikiswano ezinzulu zokuba inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yayinganele ukukhusela inkululeko. Bathi umongameli wayenamandla amakhulu, ukuba ijaji yephondo yayiza kuba kude kakhulu ebantwini, kwaye iBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi laliza kuba lilungu elilawulayo. IManyano yowiso-mthetho, ingakumbi iNumeri 47 ukuya kuma-51 abhalwe nguMadison, yaphendula ngokuchaza indlela okwahlula amagunya kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola okusebenza. Ingxoxo ye-ratcation ngokwayo yayiza kuba luvavanyo lokuqala lwenkqubo, ibonisa ukuba ukwenziwa komgaqo-mthetho-siseko kwakuza kumelana nophando olunzulu kwaye kuphuculwe nge-Bill yamaLungelo.

IMarbury v. Madison kunye neNjongo yezeMigaqo

Ityala eliphawulayo leMarbury v. Madison wamisela igunya leNkundla ePhakamileyo lokuwisa imithetho engqubana nomGaqo-siseko. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall wasebenzisa ngenyameko imeko eqhushumbisayo kwezobupolitika, ekhupha amandla okugweba ngeli lixa uthintelo olungqalileyo noMongameli Thomas Jefferson. Esi sigqibo saguqula ijudicary ukusuka kwisakhiwo esibuthathaka ngokulinganiselweyo yaba lisebe elikwaziyo ukuqwalasela zonke iiKhonkqu nomongameli. Ityala lihlala lisesona mizekelo enamandla yendlela yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa izinto ngendlela ezinokuguquka ngayo ngotoliko lwezahlulelo kuneli kunokuba lijikele i-andmentationomGal.

Ingxaki Yamanzi Nolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Ihlazo leWatergate lee 1970 labonisa amandla enkqubo okugcina umongameli ephendula ngee-checks ezilungelelanisiweyo kumasebe amaninzi. Uphengululo lwengqungquthela lwatyhila ukusetyenziswa kakubi kolawulo, kuquka ukuqhekeza, ukuxhobisa, kunye nemigudu yokuthintela okusesikweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela uMongameli uNixon ukuba akhulule itepi yeNdlu emhlophe, angakufuni ukuphumelela kwelungelo lolawulo lwegunya. Ukujongana nento ethile yokungaqululeki, uNixon warhoxa ngoAgatefeyi: akukho njongo yesakhem, nokuba kutheni okanye igunya, limi phezu komthetho. Noko ke, intlekele yabonisa ukuba inkqubo ixhomekeke kakhulu kwingqibelelo nakukhalipha kwabantu abasebenza kwisebe ngalinye, ngokufanayo nakumsebenzi womsebenzi woluntu.

Ulwando Lomsebenzi Omtsha Nolawulo Olulawulayo

Umongameli uFranklin Roosevelt's New Deal wabonakalisa ulwandiso oluphawulekayo lwegunya likarhulumente, ngokukodwa igunya elilawulayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaqala yabetha izijungqe eziliqela eziphambili zomthetho, yakhokelela uRoosevelt ukucebisa ukuba ingxubusho yenkundla yokupheka yetyala yetyala ngo1937. Nangona icebo lasilela kwezobupolitika, isiganeko sabonisa ukuxinezeleka okunamandla phakathi kwamasebe ngexesha lengxaki yesizwe. Ekugqibeleni, iNkuNkundla ishenxiso ishenxise ukuhlaza i-jurisprudentine ye-New Decial, ibonisa indlela iingqini ezinokuthomalanisa ngayo phantsi koxinzelelo lwezopolitiki nezo zoqoqosho ngoxa kusekho imidalingo yomgaqo-siseko. Eli xesha lihlala lifundisa ukuqondwa ngendlela yokuqonda indlela inkqubo esetyenziswa lisebenza xa elinye isebe livavanya imiqatha yayo.

Ucelomngeni Lwenkqubo

Iimeko zobupolitika zale mihla zibangela ucelomngeni lokusebenza nokusebenza kakuhle kwee-checks kunye nokulungelelana. Abahlalutyi bathi le nkqubo ayisebenzi kakuhle, ngoxa abaxhasi bemiqathango bemi ngelithi isebenza njengeyilweyo, nangona iphantsi koxinezeleko olungazange lubonwe.

Ukwandiswa Kwezobupolitika Nomthetho

Ukubekwa kwemimandla okugqithisileyo kwenza kwaba nzima ngakumbi ngeNgqungquthela ukwenza imisebenzi yayo yomgaqo-siseko, kuquka iimbopheleleko zolawulo lwayo. Xa ukunyaniseka kweqela kulawula ukunyaniseka koburhulumente, isebe lewino-wignogration lingamathidala ukukhangela umongameli weqela elinye. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa iBhunga kunye nomphathi-mikhosi wolawulo oluphezulu lilawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, i-gridlock lock inokuthintela ukudlula komthetho ofunekayo. Abafaki-mthetho balindele ukungqubana kwemiqathango kodwa abazange balibone kwangaphambili iqondo lokuchola kwendlela ezenzeke kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ukuba ukuchasana ngokunekileyo kwemeko yencam yephondo kwaphuluvo kwaphulwe inkqubo, ngoxa abanye bephikisa ukuba i-gridrot ayiyo yimbonakalo yoyilo yomgaqo-mthetho-grot , hayi isiphene.

Imiyalelo yegunya nesenzo esingahambisaniyo

Abalawuli babo bobabini bajolise ngokuya bephethukela kwimiyalelo yabalawuli, imicimbi, kunye nezibhengezo ukuze bafeze iinjongo zabo ngaphandle kwemvume yoburhulumente. Ngoxa imiyalelo yabalawuli iye yasetyenziswa ukususela kulawulo lweWashington, umlinganiselo wabo kunye nobuninzi babo buye bakhula ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba le ntsingiselo ilula ukulwahlula amagunya ngokuvumela umongameli ukuba angakwazi ukutshintsha ngokobuqu. Abameli baphendula ngokuthi imiyalelo yegunya iyimfuneko xa iBhunga lingavumi ukuthatha inyathelo lokucinezela imibandela kwaye le miyalelo ihlala iphantsi kovavanyo lokwahlulelwa nokubuyiselwa koomongameli abalandelayo. Ulwandoqo lwemeko, ngokudityaniswa kwayo, ulawulo, ulawulo, kunye nemisebenzi yezomthetho kwisebe eliphetheyo, banika ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kulwahlulo lwemithetho-ograbhurhosawo.

Amadabi okuQinisekisa oMgaqo-siseko

Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa abagwebi besizwe iye yaba yenye yeenkundla zemfazwe ezilwayo kweyeMelika. Indima yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ekunikeni icebiso nemvume yokuququzelela ikomiti iguqukele kwidabi lemfazwe apho iimfazwe ezilwayo zidla ngokugquma ingqiqo yeemfaneleko zomthetho. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-monicbuster kwimimiselo yokugweba, kulandelwa lukhetho lwenyukliya olubizwa ngokuba lukhetho lwe-minee, lubonisa umzabalazo onyukayo phezu kwemimiselo yokugweba. Le mfazwe ineziphumo ezingaphaya komntu ngamnye, nto echaphazela ukuthembeka kolawulo lwejadiksi. Xa inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa isuka isuke isuka i-eval-eval, i-judicary isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola engakhethi mbombo.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Kwiingqikelelo Zale Mihla

Uhlolisiso olucacileyo lweziganeko zanamhlanje lubonisa indlela ezisebenza ngayo izinto ezihlolayo nezilungelelanisayo phantsi kweemeko zangoku. Olu hlolisiso lubonisa ukuba le nkqubo iyakwazi ukumelana nokuqina kwayo.

Umthetho Wokunyamekela Onokufumaneka

Ukudlula, ukuzalisekisa, nokuhlola okusemthethweni koMthetho weNtolongo yeAffordal Care (ACA) phakathi kowama-2010 nowama-2015 kwadibanisa onke amasebe amathathu akwindawo entsonkothileyo yokudlala ulawulo lwezonyango. Ingqungquthela yawudlulisa umthetho wesimo sesizwe emva kwengxoxo enzulu. Isebe elilawulayo, phantsi koomongameli i-Obama ne-Trump, lawuzalisekisa kwaye kamva lazama ukulungisa umthetho ngezenzo zolawulo lwezolawulo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yahlola i-ACASCARRR ngezenzo ezininzi, ngokuphawulekayo iLigatya le-Sizwe loBusi bobuso-Ententers [[FLT] v. Selius [2012], apho inkundla yezomthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho wezopolitiko], kwanezo zezomthetho, kwanezomthetho, kwanezo zityhilwa nakusetyenziswayo.

Inkqubela-phambili yeNkcubeko engamashumi amabini

Ukuququzelelwa kweenkqubo nxamnye noMongameli uBill Clinton, uDonald Trump, kunye nenkqubo yokungagqibeki ngokwayo kuye kwavavanya inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko yokuhlola amandla olawulo. I-Clinton-1999 yaphumela ekuhendweni kweNdlu yeNtsimi, njengoko zombini iTrump ezi zenzayo kwiwaka elinamashumi amabini aneshumi elinesibhozo namashumi amabini anamashumi amabini ananye. Ezi ziganeko zaphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko malunga nokokuba yintoni ebangela ukuba ityala elingenakukhutshwa kwaye nokuba ngaba ukunyaniseka kwe-Clinton kuye kwenza inkqubo eluncedo yokuvavanywa kwe-presigqe. Abagxeki bephikisa ukuba ukungalungisi kobunga kusisixhobo esinyulu, ngoxa abaxhasi bemi bemi ngelithi umgwebo womthetho we-Statentervel ayizange ingqine. Le mpikiswano idizarhala i-'injini ye-antracrac'iant.

Ilungelo Elilawulayo Nolawulo Lwebutho

Iimpikiswano phakathi kwesebe eliphetheyo kunye neKhomishini ngokuphathelele ukufikelela ulwazi kunye nokunikela ubungqina ziye zakhula kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Oomongameli baye baqinisekisa ilungelo eliphezulu lokuvala amaxwebhu nokuthintela abasebenzi abaphezulu besebe ukuba banikele ubungqina phambi kweBhunga, ngelixa iikomiti zequmrhu ziye zaphendula ngeepona neengxelo zokungathobeli. Ezi mpikiswano zidla ngokuphelela enkundleni karhulumente, zinyanzelisa ijaji ukuba isalathisi sibonise imida phakathi kwegunya lobuphathi-ngqungquthela negunya elinegunya eliphakamileyo. Isigqibo sezi ngxabano, enoba ngemithetho yenkundla, okanye ngokulalanisa kwezobupolitika, simisela ukusebenza okusebenzisekayo nokulungelelaniswa kwemeko yezolawulo zale mihla.

Ukuthembana Koluntu Nomthetho weziko

Ukusebenza kwe-checks kunye nolungelelwano ekugqibeleni kuxhomekeke ekuthembeni kukawonke-wonke kumaqumrhu karhulumente. Xa abemi bethemba ukuba inkqubo ilungile kwaye amagosa aza kubekwa ityala, amasebe asenokuwasebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo amagunya awo. Noko ke, ulawulo luye lwancipha ngokuphawulekayo [[ ukususela ngoo1960, ngenxalenye encinane kuphela yamaMelika abonisa intembelo kwiBhunga, i-Phondo, i-Priciencion, okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo. Oku kukhukulingwa kwemali kulula ukuthothomalalisa ulawulo lwenkqubo kwaye kunokuthi kukhokelele kwiziphumo eziyingozi, kuquka ukuxhasa izisombululo zolawulo okanye ukungakhathaleli kwi-demo-demokhrasi. Ukubuyisela intembelo kukawonke kufuna kungekuphela kokuhlola nokulungelelanisa umsebenzi nokulungelelanisa okufanelekileyo kodwa kwabemi nokweyomgqesho.

Isiphelo: Ngaba Inkqubo iyasebenza?

Umbuzo wokuba ngaba inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ayizivumi iimpendulo ezilula okanye ezingekho. Le nkqubo iye yabonakalisa ukumelana okuphawulekayo kwiinkulungwane ezimbini, ukusinda kwemfazwe yamakhaya, uxinezeleko lwezoqoqosho, iimfazwe zehlabathi, kunye nokutshintsha okunzulu kwebutho labantu. Iye yathintela ukuvela kobuzwilakhe norhulumente womgaqo-siseko ngamaxesha oxinzelelo olunzima. Iinkqubo ezenziwe ngabasebenzi zihlala zisebenza: oomongameli bayavavanywa yiBhunga neenkomkhulu, iBhunga lijongene nogxeko-mthetho kunye nomphathi-maqumrhu, kwaye ijaji kufuneka ixhomekeke kwamanye amasebe ukuzalisekisa izigqibo zayo.

Noko ke, inkqubo ijongene nocelomngeni olunzulu oluvavanya amandla ayo okusebenza ngendlela ecetywa ngayo. Ukukhula okugqithisileyo kwegunya elilawulayo, ukubekwa kwezahlulelo zolawulo, nokuthotywa kwentembelo yoluntu konke kusongela ulungelelwaniso olucekethekileyo olumiselwe ngabasebenzi besakhelo. Le nkqubo isebenza kakuhle xa isebe ngalinye lisebenzisa igunya lalo ngenkathalo, xa amagosa ebeka ingqibelelo equlunqweni kungenelo olugqithisileyo, kwaye xa abemi bebamba onke amasebe anokuphendula ngokuthabatha inxaxheba ngolwazi.

Impendulo epheleleyo isenokuba kukuba ukuhlola nokulinganisela kusebenza xa abantu besebenza. Isakhiwo somgaqo-siseko sinika isiseko, kodwa impumelelo yenkqubo ixhomekeke kubuntu kunye nozibopho lwabo basebenza kuso. Kwixesha lolwahlulo olunzulu lwezopolitiko kunye notshintsho olukhawulezileyo, ukulondoloza ulungelelwano lwamandla kufuna ukuphaphamisa, ukubophelela kwezentlalo-ntle, kunye nokuzibophelela kwimigaqo-siseko. Umbuzo awukho nje kuphela ukuba inkqubo iyasebenza, kodwa ukuba abantu baseMelika baza kuqhubeka kusebenza kuyo ukuze balondoloze inkululeko yabo kunye namaziko abo edemokhrasi.