UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umi njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, kodwa amazwi awo kuphela awasoloko enikela iimpendulo ezicacileyo kwimibuzo entsonkothileyo yomthetho ephakamayo kwibutho labantu namhlanje. Kulapho ukucaciswa komGaqo-siseko kuba yimfuneko khona. INkundla, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboneni oko kuthethwa ngumGaqo-siseko nendlela imigaqo yawo esebenza ngayo kwimibandela yanamhlanje. Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla eziwuchaza ngayo umGaqo-siseko kubaluleke ngayo ukuqonda indlela omele umgaqo-Merika nendlela amalungelo ethu kunye namalungelo karhulumente achazwa ngayo.

Inkqubo yokucaciswa komGaqo-siseko ichazwe ngokucace kakhulu kunokufunda nje okubhaliweyo. Kwisigqibo sayo sowe-1803 kwi-Marbury v. Madison, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yazingqina yaza yachaza iziseko zamandla ayo ukuqwalasela ubugqeba besenzo sorhulumente wesebe. Eli tyala limisela umgaqo wokuhlola ikomiti, inika iinkundla igunya lokuwisa imithetho nezenzo zikarhulumente ezingqubana nomGaqo-siseko. Ukususela ngoko, abagwebi baye baphuhlisa iindlela ezincutshe neziseko ezingokwenkcubeko zomgaqo-siseko, ngalinye ngesiseko salo siseko kunye neziphumo zalo eziluncedo.

Isiseko Sempinda Yezogwebo

Phambi kokuba kuphandwe iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokutolikwa komgaqo-siseko, kubalulekile ukuqonda isizathu sokuba ukutolikwa kuyimfuneko kwindawo yokuqala. Lo mGaqo-siseko, lo gama uxwebhu olubalulekileyo, lwabhalwa ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo ngolwimi olunokungaqondakali okanye luvule iintsingiselo ezininzi. Umbhalo womGaqo-siseko awuthethi nto kwimibuzo emininzi engundoqo yomthetho womgaqo-siseko, kuquka imibuzo yokuba abaqulunqi bawo kunye nabo baluvumelayo uxwebhu bengenakuba banokude baxele okanye bakhethe ukungakhe badibani. Umzekelo, uLawulo lwesine lukhusela ekuphandweni nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqwelekweni, kodwa ayithethi ngokucacileyo ukuba amapolisa angayiphengululi umnxeba weseli engenasiqinisekiso.

Imfuneko yokutolika ivela kwimiba emininzi. Eyokuqala, ulwimi lomgaqo-siseko lusoloko luphangalele ngabom kwaye lusebenzisa amagama afana "ngenkqubo elindelekileyo," "ukhuseleko olulinganayo," kunye "ukuphengulula okungenangqiqo" okufuna inkcazelo kunye nokusetyenziswa. Okwesibini, iiFramers azinakulindelanga uphuhliso oluninzi lwangoku, ukusuka kubugcisa bezibonelelo ukuya kwimiba yentlalo. Okwesithathu, kwanemiqathango ecacileyo ingaphakamisa imibuzo xa isetyenziswa kwiimeko ezithile ezizinyani. Iinkundla kufuneka zivale umsantsa phakathi kombhalo wesiseko kunye neemeko phambi kwazo, zisenza ukutolikwa komsebenzi ongenakuphepheka nongaphephekiyo kunye nomsebenzi obalulekileyo wenkqubo yokugweba.

Iindlela Ezisixhenxe Ezisisiseko Zokutolika Umgaqo-siseko

Abaphengululi nababambisi abasemthethweni baye bakhetha iindlela eziliqela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza umGaqo-siseko. Xa besebenzisa amandla abo ukuhlolisisa ubuphindu bomgaqo-siseko wesenzo sikarhulumente, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhomekeke kwinkcazelo ethile "methods" okanye "iiimodeli" zokutolika-magama" oko kukuthi, iindlela zokuchaza intsingiselo ethile yelungiselelo elingaphakathi komGaqo-siseko. Ngoxa abagwebi benokugxininisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kwintanda-bulumko yabo egweba, uhlalutyo oluninzi lwemithetho-siseko lubandakanya ukuqwalasela iindlela ezininzi zokucacisa. Nazi iindlela ezisixhenxe ezixhaphakileyo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu:

Ukubhala: Intsingiselo Ecacileyo

Ukubhalwa kombhalo yindlela yokuchaza egxininisa kwintsingiselo ecacileyo yombhalo woxwebhu olusemthethweni. Abachazi bemibhalo bakholelwa ukuba amagama omGaqo-siseko afanele aqondwe ngokwentsingiselo yawo eqhelekileyo ngexesha abhalwa ngalo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kugxininisa indlela amagama akumGaqo-siseko ayeza kuqondwa ngayo ngabantu ngexesha awayenconywa ngalo, kwakunye nomongo apho loo mazwi ayevela khona.

Iingcali zokubhaliweyo zidla ngokukholelwa ukuba kukho intsingiselo ebhaliweyo, kwaye azibuzi imibuzo enxulumene nenjongo yabazobi, abafumani, okanye abalamli bomGaqo-siseko kunye nezindululo zayo xa ifumana intsingiselo ebhaliweyo. Le ndlela ibhekisa koko kuthethwa ngumGaqo-siseko, hayi oko abaFrames basenokuba bakucebile okanye oko abantu banamhlanje banokukuthanda. Abaxhasi bemibhalo bakhangela isichazi magama, iincwadi zomgaqo-siseko, namanye amaxwebhu asemthethweni asuka kwixesha elifanelekileyo ukufumanisa indlela ulwimi olunokuqondwa ngayo.

Indlela yokubhala ifumene impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yangoku. IJaji uNeil Gordow waziwa njengombhali ophambili, kwaye le ndlela isetyenzisiwe kwiimeko ezibalulekileyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zomthetho-siseko. Amandla okubhala axhomekeke kwingqikelelo yayo yokuba ibhalwe ngokungqinelana kwaye inyanzeliswe yintsingiselo ecacileyo yokubhaliweyo, abagwebi ngokungathi bamisela ingqiqo yabo kwaye baphephe ukubeka imilinganiselo ephezulu yokhetho lobuqu.

Ukuqonda Intsingiselo Yantlandlolo

UbuStadom buyingcamango yokutolikwa kwemibhalo esemthethweni, kuquka umbhalo womGaqo-siseko. AbaLawuli boMgaqo-siseko bakholelwa ukuba umbhalo womgaqo-siseko umele unikwe intsingiselo yantlandlolo yokuba wawuya kuba nentsingiselo yasekuqaleni ngexesha lomthetho. Le nkqubo iye yaba nempembelelo engakumbi kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kwaye imela isikolo esiphambili sokucinga ekutolikeni komgaqo-siseko.

Kukho iinguqu ezimbini ezingundoqo zobuNqanam. Iintlobo ezintathu ezingundoqo zobuGqaba ezichazwe zinjongo yantlandlolo, ukubhalwa kombhalo, kunye nolwakhiwo olungqongqo. Injongo yokuqala ibhekisa koko iFramers zifuna kona xa zibhala umGaqo-siseko, ngoxa intsingiselo yantlandlolo kawonke-wonke (intsingiselo yexeshana elikhoyo neyamkeleke ngokubanzi) ibhekisa kwindlela umbhalo oqondeka ngayo nguwonke wonke ngexesha lokwenziwa komgaqo-siseko. Intsingiselo yantlangaphandle yemibhalo yesiseko ingaqondwa kwisichazi magama, iincwadi zegrama, nakwamanye amaxwebhu asemthethweni apho umbhalo anokuboleka khona. Ikwanokusetyenziswa kwiziganeko ezingasemva ezingomthetho nengxoxo kawonke ezabangela ukunyuka komthetho.

IJaji uAntonin Scalia mhlawumbi yayingoyena mxhasi waziwayo wobuGaqo-siseko kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Indlela yakhe yagxininisa ukuba intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko yayimiswe ngexesha lokwahlulwa kwaye ayifanele itshintshe ngokusekelwe kwizimo zengqondo ezigqwethayo. Izazi zoqobo ziphikisa ukuba le ndlela inika izizinzo, inkcazo yokugweba, kwaye ihlonela inkqubo yedemokhrasi ngokufuna ukupheliswa okusesikweni kunokutolikwa kwakhona kwemithetho ukuze itshintshe intsingiselo yesiseko.

Uhlalutyo lwembali nemeko

IJaji yembali ijonga kwimbali xa ilungiselelo elithile labhaliswa lize livakaliswe ukuze licacise intsingiselo yalo. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukuhlolisisa iimeko ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa komgaqo - siseko, kuquka iingxoxo zobupolitika, iimeko zentlalo, kunye neengxaki ezithile ababezama ukuzicombulula.

Izigqibo eziphambili zamasebe ezobupolitika, ingakumbi izithethe zawo ezimiselwe ixesha elide, ezingokwembali, zingumthombo obalulekileyo wentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko. Iinkundla ziye zajonga imisebenzi yembali njengomthombo wentsingiselo yezomGaqo-siseko kwiimeko ezibandakanya imibuzo emalunga nokwahlulwa kwamagunya, urhulumente, kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye, ingakumbi xa umbhalo unganikezi mpendulo icacileyo. Umzekelo, xa zitolika ubukhulu begunya lolawulo, iinkundla zisoloko zijonga kwindlela oomongameli kunye noongqungquthela abaye bawaqonda ngayo ngokwembali kwaye basebenzisa ngayo amagunya abo.

Uhlalutyo lwembali lunganikela intsingiselo ebalulekileyo yokuqonda amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi xa umbhalo ungekho mthethweni. Kodwa ke, abahlalutyi baphawula ukuba ubungqina bembali maxa wambi bunokuba bungaphelelanga, buphikisana, okanye bungachazwa ngendlela ekhuphisanayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwimbali engokwembali kunokwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa uMgaqo-siseko kwiimeko zanamhlanje abaFramers bengenakuzicingela.

Uqhelaniso neStar Decis

Uphando ngabagwebi lugqibe ityala ngokukhangela kwisigqibo setyala elingaphambili nelifanayo ngokwemigaqo esemthethweni yokujonga idecisis, ngokufumana umthetho okanye umgaqo kwimeko yangaphambili ukukhokela umgwebo wabo kwimeko yangoku. Imfundiso yokujonga idecisis. `ukuma ngezinto okugqitywe" ligumbi lesiseko somthetho-mthetho waseMelika kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko.

Le ndlela igxininisa ukubaluleka kwemizekelo ekwenzeni izigqibo zomthetho. Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibitolike ngaphambili ilungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko, kamva iinkundla zilandela oko kutolikwa ngaphandle kokuba kukho izizathu ezinyanzelisayo zokuyibhukuqa. Oku kukhuthaza ukungaguquguquki, ukuxelwa kwangaphambili, nokuzinza komthetho. Abahlali namaziko angaxhomekeka kwiinkcazelo ezimiselweyo xa besenza izigqibo yaye beceba ihambo yabo.

Noko ke, umzekelo awugqibekanga. Inkundla ePhakamileyo irhoxisile izigqibo zayo zangaphambili xa igqiba kwelokuba zagqityelwa ngokuphosakeleyo okanye zangasasebenzi. Imizekelo esetyenziswayo iquka Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo, eyabhukuqa iPlesty v. Ferguson imvume yokukhetha uhlanga, kwaye kutshanje, iDobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization, eyarhoxa i Roe v. Wade. Uxanduva phakathi komzekelo nokulungisa iimpazamo lucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kumthetho wesiseko.

Ingcaciso yesakhiwo

Isakhiwo sichaza umGaqo-siseko osekelwe kulwalamano nakumagunya amasebe awahlukeneyo karhulumente. Le ndlela ijonga kwindlela yonke eyakhiwe ngayo kunye nesakhiwo somGaqo-siseko, ihlolisisa indlela amalungiselelo ahlukeneyo adibana ngayo nendlela amisela ngayo isiseko sikarhulumente.

Enye indlela yokutolika umGaqo-siseko ityhila indlela echane ngayo inkqubo yomGaqo-siseko: ulwalamano phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente (ngokuqhelekileyo abizwa ukuba ayahlula amagunya); ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente (obaziwa njengorhulumente); kunye nolwalamano phakathi korhulumente nabantu. Ukucaciswa komgaqo-siseko kuqwalasela indlela uMgaqo-siseko owabela ngayo amandla phakathi kwemibutho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente kunye nemigaqo esekelwe kulo mmiselo.

Ngokomzekelo, xa ehlolisisa ukuba isenzo esithile sikarhulumente sisomGaqo-siseko, umyili wesakhiwo angaqwalasela ukuba siphazamisana na nolungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwamasebe olawulo kunye nowiso-mthetho, okanye nokuba siphazamisana nolawulo lukarhulumente ngendlela engqubana nemigaqo karhulumente. IJaji enkulu uJohn Roberts isebenzise uhlalutyo lwesakhiwo kwiimeko ezibalulekileyo, ihlolisisa indlela amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko asebenza ngayo kunye ukwenza inkqubo engqinelanayo karhulumente. Le ndlela inokuba luncedo ngakumbi xa umbhalo wodwa unganiki mpendulo ecacileyo, njengoko uvumela abagwebi ukuba baqise ngokwemimiselo neenjongo zeMigaqo-siseko jikelele.

Ukuzingca Nemiphumo Esebenzisekayo

I-Pragmaticism ijonga umGaqo-siseko njengoxwebhu oluphilayo olufanele lucaciswe ngokuqwalasela iziphumo ezisebenzisekayo. Abagwebi abathathi-nxaxheba baqwalasela iziphumo zehlabathi zokwenene zezigqibo zabo, belinganisa iindleko neengenelo zokuchazwa ngokwahlukileyo. Le ndlela iyaqonda ukuba ukucaciswa komGaqo-siseko akuyonto ekwindawo engenanto.

Ngexesha lakhe kwisitulo, uMgwebi uStephen Breyer wayesaziwa ngokusebenzisa le ndlela. Abagwebi abasebenza ngezakhono basenokubuza imibuzo efana nethi: Ngaba le nkcazelo iza kwenza urhulumente abe nempumelelo okanye angabi nampumelelo? Ziziphi iintsingiselo ezisebenzisekayo zokunyanzeliswa komthetho, amashishini, okanye amalungelo omntu ngamnye?

Abahlalutyi bobugcisa baphikisa ngelithi inika abagwebi ubulumko obukhulu kwaye inokubakhokelela ekwenzeni izigqibo ezisekelwe kwiziphumo ezithe ngqo apho abagwebi basebenza khona emva kwiziphumo zabo ezikhethiweyo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukutyeshela iziphumo ezisebenzisekayo kusenokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingasebenziyo okanye eziyingozi, kwaye abagwebi kufuneka babe nengqiqo ngeziphumo zesigqibo sabo. Indlela yokusebenza isoloko idibanisa nezinye iindlela, njengoko abagwebi beqwalasela iziphumo eziluncedo ecaleni kombhalo, kwimbali, kunye nohlalutyo lwesakhiwo.

Ukuqiqa Ngemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Nemigaqo Efanelekileyo

Ukuqiqa Okungokokuziphatha, okudla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-"ethos yomthetho", kuphikisa ngelithi "iingcamango ezithile okanye iinjongo ezithile zokuziphatha zisekelwe kwamanye amagama kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko" kwaye iNkundla imele iphendule ngezi ngcamango zisisiseko ngalo lonke ixesha ingcaciso yayo yetyala. Le ndlela ibonakalisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uquka amaxabiso asisiseko nemigaqo-siseko `eyinkululeko, ukulingana, kunye nokugweba okumele kwazise ukutolika kwawo.

Abagwebi abasebenzisa indlela yokuqiqa ngokuziphatha bangaqwalasela okona kuchazwe kakuhle kukhuthaza isidima somntu, ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko, okanye ukuqhubela phambili amaxabiso omgaqo-siseko. Le ndlela ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo xa bechaza iziqinisekiso ezibanzi zomGaqo-siseko ezifana "nenkqubo ephambili yomthetho" okanye "ukukhusela ngokulinganayo kwemithetho," ebonakala ikhuthaza iingcamango zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha kunokuba ibhekiselele kwimithetho yomthetho engobuchule.

Noko ke, indlela yokuziphatha isenokuba yeyona ndlela ididayo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ivumela abagwebi ukuba banyanzelise iimbono zabo zokuziphatha phantsi kolu hlobo lokutolika komGaqo-siseko, baphinde babhale umGaqo-siseko ngokunempumelelo ukuze ungqinelane nokhetho lokuziphatha olukhoyo. Baphikisa ngelithi kwidemokhrasi, imigwebo yokuziphatha kufuneka yenziwe ngabameli abanyuliweyo, hayi abagwebi abangagunyaziswanga. Abameli baphendula ngokuthi umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo uqulethe imigaqo yokuziphatha, kwaye ukuchaza le migaqo kufuna ukuqiqa ngokuziphatha okuhle kodwa bayazi ukuba imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ebekwe kwimibhalo yomGaqo-siseko.

Impikiswano Enkulu: Imfundiso Yoqobo Ngokuchasene Nomthetho - siseko Ophilayo

Ingxoxo eninzi yale mihla emalunga nokutolikwa komGaqo-siseko isekelwe kwiintanda-bulumko ezingqubanayo ezimbini: ubukho bokuqala kunye nobuGaqo-siseko obuphilayo. Intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko imisiwe kwaye kufuneka ibophe abadlali bomGaqo-siseko. Abaxhasi bomgaqo-siseko abaphilayo baphikisa ukuba umthetho womgaqo-siseko unakho ukuguquka ngokweemeko ezitshintshayo namaxabiso. Oku kungavumelani nokutshintsha indlela abagwebi abajonga ngayo imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko kwaye banentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kumthetho nebutho lamaMerika.

Isikhundla SobuProto - Tongolo

UbuGaqo-siseko budla ngokuthelekiswa njengengcamango yokutolika komGaqo-siseko kunye nobuGaqo-siseko obuphilayo. AbaLawuli bomgaqo-siseko abaphilayo bakholelwa ukuba intsingiselo yombhalo womGaqo-siseko iyatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, njengoko isimo sengqondo sentlalo siguquka, nangaphandle kokusetyenziswa komGaqo-siseko olungisa imbono oyiliweyo oyiphikisayo le mbono, bephikisa ukuba intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko yayimiswe xa ivunywa kwaye inokutshintshwa kuphela kwinkqubo yokulungisa okusesikweni okuchazwe kwiGatya V.

Izazi ngenkcazo ezininzi zolwazi ngezomthetho zinikela iimpikiswano eziliqela ukuze zifikelele. Okokuqala, baphikisa ngelithi intsingiselo emiselweyo yomgaqo-siseko ikhuthaza umthetho ngokwenza umthetho uxelwe kwangaphambili kwaye unyanzelise ukuqiqa. Ukuba intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ingatshintsha ngokweembono zabagwebi zokutshintsha amaxabiso entlalo, ngoko ke kuba nzima ukwazi oko kufunwa ngumthetho. Okwesibini, intsingiselo yomthetho siseko iphikisa into yokuba indlela yokufikelela kwidemokhrasi. UmGaqo-siseko wagunyaziswa ngenkqubo yedemokhrasi, kwaye ukutshintsha intsingiselo yawo kufuneka imfunelo yedemokhrasi efanayo ngokweziko-siseko, hayi ukutolika kwakhona.

Okwesithathu, iingcali zoqobo zimi ngelithi intsingiselo emiselweyo yomgaqo-siseko ikhusela amalungelo abalulekileyo nemigaqo ekuphelisekeni ngokutshintsha kwemimoya yezobupolitika. Umzekelo, abaqulunqi bacinga ukuba ukuLandliswa kweMigaqo yeshumi elinesine kusoloko kulwalela ucalulo lohlanga (ukusuka ekulawulweni kwayo ngo1868, ukuya kwisigqibo esiphosakeleyo seNkundla ePhakamileyo esixhasa i-paration ePlessy v. Ferguson (1996), kwisigqibo eBrown ngo195, ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla. Phantsi kolulo, ukukhusela komGaqo-siseko ukulingana akuguquki ngokusekelwe kwisigqibo esikhoyo okanye nangathandwangathandwangathandwangakhoyo nangakho kulo lonke ixesha.

Ukusondela komGaqo-siseko ophilayo

Abaxhasi bomgaqo-siseko abaphilayo banembono eyahlukileyo. Baphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko kufuneka utolikwe ngokweemeko zale mihla, amaxabiso, nokuqonda. Ulwimi olubanzi lomGaqo-siseko (iixesha elifana "lokuqhuba," kunye "lokuqhuba," nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga" kufuneka kuqondwe ukuguquka njengoko ukuqonda kwebutho labantu ezi ngcamango kukhula.

Abaxhasi bobuGaqo-siseko obuphilayo banikela ulungiso oluninzi lokufikelela kwabo. Okokuqala, baphikisa ngelithi iziHlamli zaMalungiselelo zasebenzisa ngabom ububanzi, ulwimi oluqhelekileyo kumalungiselelo amaninzi omgaqo-siseko ngenxa yokuba bafuna umGaqo-siseko ulungelelanise neemeko ezitshintshayo. Ukutolikwa okuqinileyo, kobuNtloko, baphikisa, kungenza umGaqo-siseko uphelelwe lixesha kwaye ungakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki zale mihla. Okwesibini, abaxhasi bomgaqo-siseko babonisa ukuba ukufumanisa ukuba "intsingiselo yantlandlolo" yemiqathango" isoloko kunzima okanye ayinakwenzeka, njengoko ubungqina bembali bungaphelelangaphelelanga okanye buphikisana.

Okwesithathu, baphikisa ngelithi ezinye iinkcazelo zobunzululwazi beziya kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingamkelekiyo. Umzekelo, ukuba sitolika umGaqo-siseko ngokusekelwe kwiingqiqo ze-18 okanye ze-19 kuphela, singagqiba kwelokuba amabhinqa akanalo ilungelo elisemthethweni lokusebenzisa unyango olulinganayo, okanye ukuba ubugcisa bale mihla bungakhuselwanga ngomgaqo-siseko. AbaLawuli bomGaqo-siseko bakholelwa ukuba imigaqo yemithetho yomgaqo-siseko imele isetyenziswe ngeendlela ezivakalayo kwibutho labantu abali ngeli xesha.

Abahlalutyi bobuGaqo-siseko abaphilayo baphikisa ngelithi inika abagwebi amandla amaninzi kwaye ibavumela ukuba banyanzelise iimfuno zabo zomthetho phantsi kolu hlobo lokutolika komGaqo-siseko. Ukuba intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ingatshintsha ngokusekelwe kumaxabiso ajikelezayo, ngubani ogqibayo ukuba ngawaphi amaxabiso? Oku, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi, ngabagwebi abangamiselwanga abazenza ezi zigqibo, abathobeli bobudemokhrasi.

Indlela Iinkundla Ezizisebenzisa Ngayo Ezi Ntetho

Enyanisweni, amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo akasoloko exhomekeke kwindlela enye yokuchaza imbono yodwa. Uhlalutyo oluninzi lwemithetho-siseko lubandakanya ukuqwalasela izinto ezininzi kunye neendlela ezinokusetyenziswa. Okusesikweni kungaqala ngentsingiselo yayo yantlandlolo, kuqwalasele intsingiselo yayo, kuhlolisise imizekelo enxulumene nesakhiwo, kwaye kuqwalaselwe iziphumo ezisebenzayo zenyathelo elinye.

Abagwebi abahlukeneyo bagxininisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezisekelwe kwiintanda-bulumko zabo zokugweba. Ezinye izigwebi zibophelelekile ngokuqinileyo kwinkcazo yantlandlolo okanye kwimibhalo ebhaliweyo, ngeli xesha ezinye zinikela uxanduva olungakumbi kwimizekelo okanye iziphumo ezisebenzisekayo. Ngoko ke ukuqanjwa kweNkundla kuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indlela umGaqo-siseko ochazwa ngayo. Njengokuba amalungu eNkundla etshintsha, ngokufanayo nendlela aqhuba ngayo indlela yokutolika komgaqo-siseko kunye, ngenxa yoko, izigqibo zayo zomgaqo-siseko.

Qwalasela indlela eyahluke ngayo indlela yokuchaza indlela enokuthi isetyenziswe ngayo kumzekelo oqinileyo. IsiHlaliso sesine sikhusela "ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungenangqiqo". Inkundla zifanele zifumanise njani ukuba uphando oluthile "lungenangqiqo"? Umbhali wemibhalo uya kuqwalasela oko "ukungabi nangqiqo" okuthethwa ngowe-1791 xa uHlaziyo lugunyaziwe. Owenziweyo uqobo angahlola ukuba ziziphi iintlobo zokuphengulula iziqu eziqondwa njengendlela engekho ngqiqwenileyo. Ijaji yenthi yendlela yokuhlola imbono yangaphambili ingakhange ijonge indlela iinkundla ezichaziswe ngayo ukungaqini kwemeko ezifanayo. U-pragmatist uya kuqwalasela iimfuno eziluncedo zomthetho ezilungelelaniswayo nxamnye nezilangazelelo zobuqu. UmGatho-mthetho ophilayo angaqwalasela okokuba zizinto zezo zezobugcisa kunye nezithethe zale mihla.

Ezi ndlela zahlukeneyo zingakhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ngaba uHlaziyo lwesine lukhusela okuqulethwe yiselfowuni? Umbhali wezogcino angaphawula ukuba abasebenzi besakhelo abanakucinga ngefowuni, kodwa babuza ukuba nguwuphi umgaqo osekelwe kuMmiselo wesine ohlaziyiweyo nendlela osebenza ngayo kubugcisa bezi mini. Umxhasi womgaqo-siseko ophilayo angaphikisa ukuba ukulindela ukuba umntu abe wedwa kulwazi lwamanani kufuneka achaze. Zombini ezi ndlela zifuna ugwebo nokuqiqaqalisela ngaphandle kokufunda nje umbandela.

Izinto Ezinempembelelo Ekucacisweni KomGaqo-siseko

Ngaphandle kweendlela eziqhelekileyo zokutolika, oothunywashe abaliqela abasebenzayo bachaphazela indlela iinkundla eziwuchaza ngayo umGaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kunika uluvo olupheleleyo lokwenziwa kwesigqibo somgaqo-siseko.

Indima Yolwaphulo - mthetho

Njengoko kuchazwe ngaphambili, imizekelo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni komGaqo-siseko. INkundla Ephakamileyo ilandela izigqibo zayo zangaphambili, idala umthetho womGaqo-siseko oyakheka ngokutsha-gqaba ngokuhamba kwexesha. Le mfundiso yokujongwa kwamehlo ikhuthaza uzinzo nokuxelwa kwangaphambili, kodwa ikwathetha ukuba ukuchazwa komgaqo-siseko kuphenjelelwa zizigqibo eziqokelelwe zeenkundla zexesha elidluleyo.

Ngoko, ubunzima obunikwe imizekelo bungahluka. Abanye abagwebi bajonga imizekelo njengesakhelo esiphantse sifane sisokwe, ukubhukuqa izigqibo zangaphambili kuphela kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga. Abanye bakulungele kakhulu ukubhukuqa imizekelo abayijonga njengenzayo ephosakeleyo okanye engavumelani nentsingiselo yantlandlolo. Oku kungavumelani ngendima efanelekileyo yemizekelo yinkalo ebalulekileyo yokutolikwa komGaqo-siseko.

Imilinganiselo yeQumrhu kunye neLifa leMveli

Nokuba ngaba abagwebi bayavuma okanye akunjalo, amaxabiso entlalo-ntle kunye neemeko zanamhlanje ngokungenakuphepheka ziphembelela utoliko lomgaqo-siseko. Abagwebi ziziphumo zexesha nenkcubeko yabo, kwaye indlela abayiqonda ngayo imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko ibunjwe lihlabathi elibangqongileyo. Oku akuthethi ukuba abagwebi banyanzelisa nje uluvo oluqhelekileyo ngokulula //rather, ukuqonda kwabo iingcamango ezifana "lolwamdla," kunye "nenkqubo engaphambili" ichazwa ngolwazi lwangoku, amaxabiso, neemeko.

Umzekelo, ukuqonda kwethu oko kukuthi "isohlwayo esingaqhelekanga" kuye kwaguquka njengoko iimbono zebutho labantu ngesohlwayo zitshintshile. Izenzo zakha zagqalwa njengezivumelekileyo `njengokubethwa kwasesidlangalaleni' okanye ukubulala abantwana ngoku ziqondwa njengezichasene noMphetho-mva-mthetho wesi-8. Ukuba le ndaleko imela ubuGawula bomgaqo-siseko obuphilayo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo emitsha kumbandela wengxoxo entsha.

Isibakala Esingqalileyo Setyala Ngalinye

Ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko akuyonto ingabonakaliyo. IiNkundla zitolika umGaqo-siseko kwimeko yamatyala athile abandakanya izibakala ezithile kunye neemeko ezithile. Iinkcukacha zetyala zinokuba nempembelelo ephawulekayo kwindlela imigaqo yomGaqo-siseko esetyenziswa neqondwa ngayo.

Ngokomzekelo, amatyala oMgaqo-nkqubo wesine obandakanya ukuphengululwa angaphethula kwizinto ezifana nokuba uphando lwenzekile kwikhaya okanye kwimoto, enoba umntu ulindele ukuba kubekho imfihlo esengqiqweni, enoba kukho iimeko eziziimeko eziziimeko, kunye nezinye iinkcukacha eziziinkcukacha ezininzi. Ngoxa umbhalo womgaqo-siseko uhlala ufana, ukusebenza kwawo kuyahluka ngokwemeko ethile. Le meko ngenkani kuvumela ukusetyenziswa okucacileyo kwemigaqo yesiseko kodwa kukwakhokelela ekuntsonkothelweni nasekungaqiniseki.

Ukukhathalelwa kwezentlalo

Iinkundla zikwaqwalasela oothunywashe abasemthethweni xa kutolikwa umGaqo-siseko. Ezi ziquka inkxalabo ngendima efanelekileyo yeenkundla kunye namanye amasebe karhulumente, imida yobuchule bokugweba, nokusebenza kwendlela yokucacisa eyahlukeneyo.

I-Pudientialism ithintela abagwebi ekumiseleni imithetho ebanzi yamatyala anokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo, kwaye icebisa iinkundla ukuba ziphumeze indima elinganiselweyo. Bambi abagwebi bakholelwa ukuba iinkundla kufuneka zibonakalise ukuzibamba zize zithobele amasebe ezobupolitika kwimibuzo emininzi, zithabathe inyathelo kuphela xa kukho ukwaphulwa okucacileyo komGaqo-siseko. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba iinkundla zinembopheleleko yokunyanzelisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ngokungqongqo kwanaxa ukwenjenjalo kufuneka kuphenduliswe izenzo zamagosa anyuliweyo.

Iinkundla zikwaqwalasela ukuba ziyakwazi kusini na ukucombulula ngokunempumelelo imiba ethile. Umzekelo, imibuzo ebandakanya imigwebo entsonkothileyo yenkqubo, ubuchule bobugcisa, okanye ulwabiso lovimba isenokufaneleka ngokulunge ngakumbi kwisigqibo sowiso-mthetho okanye solawulo kunokuba kubekwe isigqibo sezomthetho. Ezi ngqwalasela zobulumko zingaphembelela indlela iinkundla eziwachaza ngayo amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko nokuba zikhetha ukungenelela kwiimbambano ezithile.

Impembelelo Yokucaciswa Komgaqo - siseko Kumthetho WaseMerika

Iindlela ezisetyenziswa ziinkundla ukuchaza umGaqo-siseko zinempembelelo enzulu kumthetho waseMelika nakwibutho labantu. Ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko kubumba umlinganiselo wamalungelo omntu ngamnye, ulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo namasebe karhulumente, kunye nesigqibo semibandela emininzi yeengxaki zebutho labantu.

Amalungelo Nabantu Ngabodwa

Indlela iinkundla eziwachaza ngayo amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko achaphazela ngokungqalileyo amalungelo nenkululeko abantu baseMerika abanayo. Izigqibo eziphathelele inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, amalungelo obuqu, imigaqo efanelekileyo, kunye nenkuselo efanayo zonke zixhomekeke kwindlela yokuchaza umGaqo-siseko. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucacisa zinokukhokelela ekukhuseleni amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Umzekelo, ilungelo lokuzimela wedwa qha qha, elingakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko ````ukutolika''. Ezinye izigwebi zifumene amalungelo obuqu acacileyo "kwi-"liberty" ekhuselwe yi-Century Procession Claus, lo gama abanye beyigatyi le ndlela njengengasekelwanga ngokwaneleyo kumbhalo womgaqo-siseko. Ezi ngcamango zichaza iiziphumo zehlabathi zokwenene kwimibandela esuka kumalungelo okuzala ukuya kulwazi lwezo.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya Nomanyano

Ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko kumisela ukwabiwa kwegunya phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente karhulumente kunye naphakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente. Imibuzo ngegunya eliphakamileyo, amandla ombutho, kunye nolawulo lorhulumente konke kufuna ukutolikwa kwamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko malunga nobume kunye negunya likarhulumente.

Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucacisa zingakhokelela kwisigqibo ezahlukahlukeneyo ngale mibuzo. Umzekelo, amandla eBhunga afanele achazwe kangakanani ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe? Inkundla zifanele zithobe kangakanani kwiinkcazelo zesebe eziphezulu? Yiyiphi imida emele isetyenziswe kugunya likarhulumente loMmiselo weshumi leSindululo? Iimpendulo zale mibuzo zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiindlela zokutolika ezisetyenziswa ziinkundla.

Iimbambano Zezentlalo Nezopolitiko

Inkoliso yemibandela yentlalo nezobupolitika eyahlulayo ekugqibeleni iba yimibuzo efuna utoliko lomgaqo-siseko. Imibandela efana nokuqhomfa, ukutshata okuneemvakalelo ezifanayo, ukuvuma, amalungelo emipu, inkxaso-mali yephulo lezemfazwe nenkululeko yonqulo konke kuqwalaselwe ngokutolikwa komGaqo-siseko.

Indima yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ekucombululeni ezi mpikiswano yenza ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko kube kweyamkelekileyo ngokwemvelo ngengqiqo yokuba kuchaphazela iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zomgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, abagwebi abaninzi nabaphengululi abasemthethweni bayavuma ukuba ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko kufanele kusekelwe kwiingqiqo zomthetho nomgaqo-siseko, hayi kukhetho lwezopolitiko. Ucelomngeni lukwahlula phakathi kwenkcazelo esemthethweni esemthethweni kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezichanekileyo.

Ukugxekwa Neengxoxo Ezingendlela Yotoliko

Indlela nganye yokucacisa ijongene nokugxekwa, kwaye kukho impikiswano eqhubekayo malunga nokusondela okufanelekileyo nokunempumelelo. Ukuqonda oku kugxeka kunceda ekukhanyiseleni ucelomngeni olukhoyo kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko.

Utyekelo Lobuntsundu

Abahlalutyi bemfundiso yokuqala baphakamisa iimpikiswano ezininzi. Okokuqala, baphikisa ngelithi ukufumanisa "intsingiselo yantlandlolo" yamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kudla ngokuba yinto engenakwenzeka okanye engenakuqondwa. Ubungqina bembali bungangangaphelelanga, buphikisana, okanye bungathethi nto ngemibuzo engundoqo. Izazi ngembali ezahlukeneyo zingafikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo malunga nentsingiselo yantlandlolo, zicebisa ukuba le ndlela ayinanjongo ingabaxhasi bayo.

Okwesibini, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ukwenziwa koqobo kunokuthi kukhokelele kwiziphumo ezingamkelekiyo. Ukuba sibotshwe ngolwazi lwe-18 okanye lweshumi elinesi-19 lobuxhakaxhaka, umGaqo-siseko awunakukhusela kwiintlobo ezininzi zale mihla zocalucalulo okanye urhulumente ophazanyisiweyo. Isizukulwana sabaFramers samkele ubukhoboka, sikhanyele amalungelo alinganayo, kwaye asinakukwazi ukucinga ngezobugcisa bezi mini okanye amalungiselelo asekuhlaleni.

Okwesithathu, abahlalutyi bayasithandabuza isizathu sokuba sibotshwe ziimbono zabantu ababephila kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo nababengameli babemi abapheleleyo (njengamabhinqa, abantu abangamakhoboka, nabanye babekhutshwe kwinkqubo yezobupolitika). Kwidemokhrasi, kutheni kumele kubekho abafayo abalawulayo abaphilayo?

Izicelo zobuGaqo-siseko obuphilayo

Inkcazo ephambili kukuba inika abagwebi ubulumko obukhulu kwaye ibavumela ukuba banyanzelise amaxabiso abo phantsi kolu hlobo lokutolika komGaqo-siseko. Ukuba intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ingaguquka ngokusekelwe kwimilinganiselo yentlalo etshintshayo, abagwebi banawo amandla okulungisa umGaqo-siseko ngokunempumelelo ngaphandle kokuqhuba inkqubo yokulungisa okusesikweni.

Abahlalutyi bakwaphikisa ngelithi ukulawulwa komgaqo-siseko kuthoba ingxengxezo yomthetho ngokwenza intsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko ingabi nakutshintshwa kwaye itshintsheke. Ukuba umGaqo-siseko uthetha nayiphi na into abagwebi abacinga ukuba ithetha intsingiselo yaloo milinganiselo yale mihla, ngoko ke ayiwanyanzeli ngokwenene amandla karhulumente okanye awawakhuseli amalungelo ngendlela eqinileyo nethelekelelwayo.

Ukongezelela, abahlalutyi bayathandabuza ukuba imilinganiselo enjani efanele igqalwe njenge "ibandakanya imilinganiselo engokwentlalo" kwibutho labantu elalahlukeneyo elineembono ezikhuphisanayo, abagwebi bagqiba njani ngokokuba ziziphi imilinganiselo zanamhlanje? Ngokutsho kwabo, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi, abagwebi bagqibela ngokumisela imilinganiselo yesithethe esiphezulu somthetho kunokuba babonise ukuvumelana okubanzi kwebutho labantu.

Ucelomngeni Lokwalathisa Kwezogwebo

Iingxoxo ezininzi ezingendlela yokutolika umGaqo-siseko zixhalabisa ngokusemthethweni. Kwibutho labantu elilawulwa ngedemokhrasi, kutheni kufuneka abagwebi abangenagunya lokulawula ubomi babo bangakwazi ukubhukuqa izigqibo zabameli abanyuliweyo? Le ngxaki yokuziphikisa iye yakhathaza abaphengululi nabagwebi abasemthethweni ukususela ekusungulweni kwabo.

Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucacisa zinikela iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo kulo mbuzo usemthethweni. Izazi zoqobo ziphikisa ngelithi abagwebi basemthethweni xa benyanzelisa umGaqo-siseko njengoko wawuqondwa ekuqaleni, benganyanzeli iimbono zabo kodwa kunokusebenzisa umthetho njengowiso-mthetho. AbaLawuli bomGaqo-siseko bangathi ukufaneleka komthetho kuvela ekucacisweni kwemigaqo-siseko ngokweemeko zanamhlanje, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uyaqhubeka ufanelekile kwaye usebenza.

Umbuzo osemthethweni uba ngoqatha ngakumbi xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yenza izigqibo eziphikiswayo ezibhukuqa imithetho ethandwayo okanye zimisele amalungelo amatsha. Nokuba izigqibo ezinjalo zibonwa njengezifanelekileyo zisoloko zixhomekeke kwiimbono zomntu ngokuchaza umGaqo-siseko ngokufanelekileyo kunye nendima efanelekileyo yeenkundla kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Ikamva Lokucaciswa KomGaqo-siseko

Ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko kuyaqhubeka kuguquka njengoko abagwebi abatsha bedibana neNkundla, kuvela imbambano entsha, yaye kukhula iingcinga ezingokwasemthethweni. Izimo nemibuzo emininzi isenokuyiguqula ikamva lokucaciswa komGaqo-siseko.

Ukubaluleka KobuBhalo

Inkcubeko iye yanempembelelo engakumbi kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. INkundla yangoku iquka abagwebi abaliqela abachaza njengeemfundiso zantlandlolo okanye abasoloko besebenzisa iingcinga zoqobo. Olu tshintsho sele luchaphazele imfundiso yomGaqo-siseko kwiindawo ezisusela kumalungelo emipu, ukuya kumthetho wokulawula de kuse ekuqhomfeni.

Noko ke, uqobo lwayo luyaqhubeka luguquka. Izazi zale mihla ziphucule iindlela zazo, zahlula phakathi kwenjongo yantlandlolo nentsingiselo kawonke-wonke, kunye nokuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsonkothileyo zokuhlola imbali. Kukwakho impikiswano ekhoyo phakathi kolwazi lwantlandlolo malunga nendlela yokusingatha iimeko apho intsingiselo yantlandlolo ingacacanga okanye apho isetyenziswa kuyo ikhokelela kwiziphumo zengxaki.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye namalungelo omgaqo-siseko

Utshintsho lobugcisa obukhawulezayo luzisa ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo lokutolikwa komGaqo-siseko. Imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko ebhalwe ngenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19 isebenza njani kunxibelelwano lwezigulana, kubuchule bokuyila, nakweminye imigangatho yejini nezinye iinqobo zale mihla? IiNkundla kufuneka zifumanise ukuba imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko ifikelele njani kwiimeko ezikhoyo.

Ngaba uLawulo Lokuqala lusebenza njani kwiimigangatho zezentlalo-ntle? Ingaba urhulumente ungakwazi ukulawula ubugcisa obuvelayo ngeendlela ezinokuthi zifakelwe amalungelo omGaqo-siseko?

Ukucaciswa nendima yeNkundla

Ibutho labantu baseMerika liye laqhekeka ngakumbi, yaye iNkundla Ephakamileyo ayikhange iwakhusele la maqela. Amadabi okuQinisekisa kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo aye aba ngabalawuli abaphezulu, abaququzeleli nabanamava abagxininise kakhulu kwindlela abanokuwuchaza ngayo umGaqo-siseko kwimicimbi ephikisanayo.

Oku kuphakanyiswa komthetho kuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokufaneleka kwenkundla kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukuxhasa intsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko. Abanye abaqwalaseli baxhalatyiswa kukuba ukuba iNkundla ijongwa njengenye nje intlangano yezobupolitika, izigqibo zayo ziya kulahlekelwa ligunya labo lokuziphatha kwaye zithotyelwe. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ukucaciswa okungokomGaqo-siseko kubandakanya ukuxabisa izahlulelo kwaye ukuvuma oku kunyaniseke kakhulu kunokuqhatha ngokungathi kuyinyaniso ukutolikwa komatshini okanye kwezobupolitika.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Kubemi Nakubo Bayimithetho

Ukuqonda intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko asiyonto nje efundiswayo, kodwa inentsingiselo esebenzayo kubemi, kumagqwetha nakwabaqulunqi bemithetho.

Kubemi

Abami bayangenelwa ngokuqonda indlela iinkundla eziwuchaza ngayo umGaqo-siseko kuba zibasiza baqonde amalungelo abo nemiqathango yamandla karhulumente. Xa iinkundla zikhupha imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko, ukuqonda iindlela ezisetyenziswayo zokucacisa oko kunceda abemi baluhlolisise enoba bayavumelana na nengqiqo nokuba isigqibo sibonakala sisekelwe kumthetho okanye sibonakala sisekelwe kwiziphumo.

Ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko kukwabalulekile ukuze abe nenxaxheba kwiphondo. Xa abemi bevota oomongameli kunye nabaphathi-mbutho, baphembelela ngokungangqalanga ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko ngokuchaphazela otyunjwe kwiinkundla zephondo. Ukuqonda iintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo zokutolika kunceda abemi benze ukhetho olunolwazi olungakumbi ngokuphathelele abachongi abagwebi kunye namagosa anyuliweyo abamiselayo nabaqinisekisa.

Kubo Bagwebi Namagcisa Asemthethweni

Kumagqwetha, ukuyiqonda ingcaciso yomGaqo-siseko kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukuchasa amatyala omgaqo-siseko. Xa kuthethwa ngawo, amagqwetha kufuneka aqonde ukuba ziziphi iindlela zokucacisa ezinokuvakala kubagwebi abathile nendlela yokudibanisa iingxoxo esebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucacisa. Igqwetha eliphikisana phambi komgwebi wezokuqala liya kugxininisa iingongoma ezahlukeneyo kunezomgwebi onikela ingqwalaselo engakumbi okanye iziphumo eziluncedo.

Iingcali zomthetho kufuneka zihlale zihambelana nenkqubela-phambili kwinkcazelo yezomGaqo-siseko. Njengoko ukwenziwa kweNkundla Ephakamileyo kunye neendlela zokucacisa iinguquko, imfundiso yomGaqo-siseko iyaguquka. AbaLawuli kufuneka baqonde ezi inguqulelo ukuze banike abaxhasi icebiso elichanileyo nokuze balindele ukuba iinkundla zinokuyilawula njani imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko.

Abenzi benkqubo

Amagosa alawulayo kufuneka aqwalasele imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko xa kusenziwa inkqubo. Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezinokuwachaza ngayo amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kunganceda abayili bemithetho yokwenziwa kwezomthetho-siseko ukuba bamelane nocelomngeni lomgaqo-siseko.

Abenzi benkqubo nabo banendima ekulungiseni ukuchazwa komgaqo-siseko ngokutyunjwa nokuqinisekiswa kweejaji zesizwe. Indima yeBhunga lomgaqo-siseko ekuqinisekiseni ii-monees ezilawulayo inika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kubalawuli ngokomthetho kwimpembelelo yexesha elizayo kumgaqo-siseko wokutolikwa.

Isitshixo sokuthatha indawo malunga nokucaciswa komGaqo-siseko

Imigaqo emininzi ebalulekileyo ivela ekuhloleni indlela iinkundla eziwuchaza ngayo umGaqo-siseko:

  • [[Utshintsho:0] Ukwenziwa komsebenzi akuphepheki: Umbhalo womGaqo-siseko kuphela awuphenduli yonke imibuzo, yenza utoliko lube yimfuneko nongenakuphepheka.
  • Iindlela ezikhoyo: Iinkundla zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokutolika, kuquka ukuchaza imibhalo, ukwenziwa koqobo, imizekelo, uhlalutyo lwesakhiwo, pragmatism, kunye nokuqiqa ngokokuziphatha.
  • Abagwebi abavumelani ngeendlela: Akukho sivumelwano apho indlela yokutolika ingcono, kwaye abagwebi abahlukeneyo bagxininisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezisekelwe kwiintanda-bulumko zabo zogwebo.
  • Ingxoxo yemicimbi: Indlela iinkundla eziwachaza ngayo umGaqo-siseko achaphazela ngayo amalungelo omntu ngamnye, ulungiselelo lukarhulumente, kunye nesigqibo semibandela emikhulu yentlalo nezobupolitika.
  • i-metacity ibalulekile:[ utoliko lomgaqo-siseko luvela kwimeko ezithile, luphenjelelwa zizibakala, imizekelo, kunye noqwalaselo olusebenzayo.
  • [[Utshintsho:0] Utshintsho lwezimo lusuka: lufikelela kutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko njengoko abagwebi abatsha bedibana neNkundla kwaye becinga ngokusemthethweni.
  • I-Legitacy iyakhuphiswana: iimbono ezahlukileyo ngokucaciswa okufanelekileyo zibonisa ulwahluka-hlukeneyo lokuqonda ngokomthetho wetyala nendima yeenkundla kwidemokhrasi.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi malunga nokuchazwa komGaqo-siseko, oovimba abaninzi bakhona. Iziko lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe linikela izinto zokufundisa, kuquka iingcaciso ezineenkcukacha ezahlukeneyo zeendlela zokucacisa kunye nendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo kumalungiselelo athile omgaqo-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko oNxibelelwano unika iimbono ezininzi kwilungiselelo ngalinye lomGaqo-siseko, ukubonisa indlela abaphengululi abaneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokutolika umbhalo ofanayo.

I-website yeNkundla ye- echaza iimbono zeNkundla, ivumela abafundi babone indlela ezisebenzisa ngayo izigwebo ezahlukeneyo kwiimeko ezikhoyo. Ukufunda iimbono zeNkundla Ephakamileyo qho. Ngokukhethekileyo amatyala apho abagwebi baphikisanayo kwaye babhale iimbono ezahlukeneyo `````acan''''''.

Kwabo bafuna ukuqonda okunzulu, iincwadi ezininzi namanqaku acacisa umgaqo - siseko ngeenkcukacha. Abaphengululi abasemthethweni bayaqhubeka bephikisana baze baphucule iingcamango zabo, yaye emva kwale ngxoxo yobuchule banokunikela uluvo ngendaleko eqhubekayo yeengcamango zomGaqo-siseko. Iincwadi zemicimbi yezemfundo yomthetho neezifundo zomgaqo - siseko zikwanikela iindlela ezilungelelanisiweyo zokuqonda indlela iinkundla eziwutolika ngayo umGaqo-siseko.

Ukongezelela, imibutho ekwicandelo lezobupolitika elikwindawo ehlukeneyo `````kusukela' kwi- ye-Melika e-Intelligence Union kwi Fateralist Society[]]] . inikezela iimbono kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko kunye neziphumo zayo kwimibandela ethile. Ngelixesha le mibutho ineembono ezithile, ihlola iimpikiswano ezivela kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo inganceda ekukhuliseni uluvo olupheleleyo lwengxoxo ecacisayo.

Isiphelo

Ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko kuyintsonkothile, kuphikiswana, kwaye kungumphumo womthetho waseMerika. Iinkundla kufuneka zimisele oko umGaqo-siseko kuthethayo nendlela osebenza ngayo kwimibandela yangoku, zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza ezibonisa iintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo zomthetho kunye nokuqonda indima engokwahlukeneyo yokugweba. Ingxoxo phakathi kobuBhoqo-siseko bokuqala kunye nobomi imela ukungavumelani okusisiseko nokuba intsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko imiswe okanye iyaqulukwa, neziphumo eziphawulekayo zendlela egqityelelwa ngayo iinkundla.

Akukho ndlela inye yokuchaza efikelele ulwamkelo lwendalo yonke, kwaye abagwebi bayaqhubeka bengavumelani ngeziphi iindlela ezifanelekileyo nezisebenzayo. Ezi mpikiswano azichaphazeleki nje kuphela kwiziphumo zehlabathi lokwenene kwimicimbi esukela kumalungelo omntu ngamnye ukuya kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente ukuya kwinkqubo yentlalo. Njengoko ukwenziwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nemibuzo emitsha ephakamayo yesiseko, iingxoxo malunga nokuchazwa okufanelekileyo ziza kuqhubeka zibumba umthetho nebutho labantu baseMelika.

Ukuqonda indlela achazwa ngayo umGaqo-siseko kunceda abemi babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi, kuvumela amagqwetha ukuba akhuthaze ngokukholisayo, kwaye kuvumela abakhi bemithetho ukuba benze imithetho ehlonela imiqathango enxulumene nomGaqo-siseko. Nangona iingxoxo zinokuba luxanduva oluntsonkothileyo nolusekelwe kubuchule, imibuzo esisiseko: Ithetha ntoni umGaqo-siseko? Ngubani ogqibayo? Yaye iinkundla zifanele zibuthelekise njani ukunyaniseka kwiimfuno zangoku?

Le mibuzo ayinazimpendulo ezilula, kodwa ukuxambulisana nayo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda idemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. UmGaqo-siseko uhlala usisicwangciso esisebenzayo sokulawula ngenxa yokuba iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zichaza kwaye ziyisebenzisa kwiimeko ezintsha, zisebenzisa iindlela ezibonisa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngomthetho, idemokhrasi, kunye nokusesikweni. Logama nje umGaqo-siseko uqhubeka uwumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, ukutolikwa komgaqo-siseko kuya kuhlala kuyinto ebalulekileyo neyamkeleka kubomi bomthetho-Merika kunye nobezobupolitika.