Uhlolo lwezomthetho lusisiseko solawulo lomgaqo-siseko, lunika iingcebiso kwiinkundla zolawulo ukuba kufunyanwe ubugqeba bomGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho wemithetho kunye nezenzo ezithatyathwa ngamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nezolawulo. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba yonke inyathelo likarhulumente linamathela kumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, likhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye lize lixhase umthetho. Ngokuvumela abagwebi ukuba babethe imimiselo okanye imiyalelo yezolawulo echasene nemiyalelo yezomgaqo-siseko, uhlolo lwezomthetho lusebenza njengovavanyo olunengqwalaselayo kumandla karhulumente. Eli nqaku linikela imvelaphi yalo, imigaqo engundoqo, imimiselo ebonakalisa indalo, imimiselo, imimiselo yendalo, utshintsho lwehlabathi, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo eziqhubekayo ezikuqheliswayo.

Imbali Yempinda Yogwebo

Ingcamango yohlolo logwebo ayizange ivele yenzeke i-nihilo; yavela kwiinkulungwane zeengcamango zomthetho nezezobupolitika. Impembelelo zobuProfente ezisuka kwiinkcubeko ezifana noJohn Locke noMontesquieu, owaxhasa ukwahlulwa kwamandla kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisa, emenze ifleyidia, ewe ngqo kwi-U.S. umGaqo-siseko. Ngexesha lengxoxo ye-radiation, u-Aleksand Hamilton, ukubhala [[FLT:] Fideralist No.[[12]], waphikisa ukuba i-judiary izakuba yi-"edeast" yaye imele ukuba imele ukuba i-ofisi ye-'Althesvity" kwaye iphume i-mthetho ukuba i-mthetho i-grometranstive.

Ukumiselwa okusesikweni komjikelo wogwebo lwezomthetho eUnited States kwenzeka kwityala lengxelo yetyala letyala uMarbury v. Madison. William Marbury, ukumiselwa kukaMongameli John Adams, usekelwe nguNobhala-Sizwe weSizwe uJames Madison ngenxa yegunya lakhe. UJaji omkhulu John Marshall, ebhala kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, ejongene nengxaki yezopolitiki: ukulawula iMarbury kubeka ulawulo oluphezulu, ngoxa ukulawula kukaMandy kuzakubonakala njengobuthathaka bokugweba. Isisombululo sobukrelekrele sobuMongameli sasikuthwala icandelo 13 leMithetho yeSigqi yewaka, egunyazisa ityala le-Writston, ekwakungqungquzwana neMigatho yezo yeNkungathanga. Ngoko, iNkuqinisekisa iPhondo yeSebe lomthetho lomthetho."

Imigaqo Eyintloko Yokuhlolisisa Isigwebo

Nangona kunamandla okuhlola isigwebo, ukusetyenziswa kwaso kuxhomekeke kwimigaqo emininzi esisiseko.

  • I-Cunistiality:[ Umsebenzi ongundoqo wohlolo lwejaji kukugqiba ukuba umthetho okanye inyathelo lolawulo lihambelana nomGaqo-siseko. Ukuba kuvela umGaqo-siseko, uMgaqo-siseko (njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe)/prevails, kwaye umthetho owenzakalisayo okanye isenzo unikwe imposiso. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba akukho mthetho, nokuba uxhaswa nguwo oqhelekileyo, ungayisusa imithetho esisiseko.
  • [[NTL:0] Izixhobo kunye noManyano: Uhlolo lweJaji lusebenza njengesixhobo esiphambili sejaji ngaphakathi kwinkqubo yokukhangela nokulungelelanisa. Ngenxa yokuba abagwebi bamiselwa (ngokufuthi kubomi kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente), bagqunywa kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye bangenza njengabaququzeleli abangakhethiyo xa amasebe ewiso-mthetho okanye alawulayo egqitha igunya labo. Oku kuthintela naliphi isebe elinye ekufumaneni amandla agqithiseleyo.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo: ngokuphelisa imithetho ephazamisa inkululeko eqinisekiswe ngokomGaqo-siseko `njengentetho, unqulo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, okanye ukhuseleko olulinganayo lokuhlola imigaqo-mthetho lusebenza njengekhaka lamalungelo omntu ngamnye nangamanye amancinane. Iinkundla zingakhusela amaqela angathandwayo okanye iingcamango kwiinkokeli ezinkulu, ziqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yesiseko somgaqo-siseko ihlala inentsingiselo nakumaxesha esiphithiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi sezobupolitika.
  • [[FLT:] Ingxoxo epheleleyo ebhekisele kubungakanani obufanelekileyo bokhangelo. [[FLT:] Judicial system icebisa iinkundla ukuba zithobele amasebe anyuliweyo ngaphandle kokuba kukho ukonakalisa okucacileyo komgaqo-siseko, zikhetha ukubamba nokulandela umzekelo. [[FLT:]] Judivivivism [, ngokuchaseneyo, ibandakanya iinkundla eziyalela ngamandla ukuchaza igunya lazo lokuchaza ukungabikho kobulungisa okanye ukwandisa ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Ukucinezeleka phakathi kwezi ntanda zomthetho ezifuna ukuqhuba inkcubeko. [FLT]

Amatyala Abalulekileyo Kwimpinda Yezogwebo

Amandla ohlolo lobulungisa aqondwa kakuhle ngemithetho yengqalelo ejikelezile umthetho nebutho labantu baseMelika. La matyala abonisa amandla eNkundla okulinganisela urhulumente ophambayo kunye notshintsho olunzulu lwentlalo.

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Njengoko kuchaziwe, eli tyala lilelona libalulekileyo lohlalutyo lomthetho. Ukubekwa kwegunya leNkundla ePhakamileyo lokuphelisa umthetho ongekho mgaqweni wamisela umthetho wejaji njengesebe elilinganayo kwaye umisele isikhokelo sokudalelwa komGaqo-siseko ehlabathini lonke. Ngaphandle kukaMarbury, ingcamango yobungangamsha betyala isenokuba isoloko iyingcamango eshwankathelayo.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Mhlawumbi ukusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yempinda yophindo lwezomthetho kwinkulungwane yama-20, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yabetha phantsi ireyithi yesizwe esisusiweyo kwizifundo zikawonke-wonke. INkundla edibeneyo, ikhokelwa yiNkqutyana enguMongameli Earl Warren, yabambelela ekubeni "izinto ezilinganayo" zazingalingani ngokwemvelo kwaye zaphula umthetho olinganayo ka Clauskausle we 1450th Amendment Amendment. Esi sigqibo sayibhukuqa i-'i-paste'''' v. Prevecty. Ferguson[[FLD:3] [18]]) yabonisa amandla ejidiary'edentiyo kucagosa.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

[[NTLT:0] .Roe v. Inkundla ikholelwa ukuba ilungelo lebhinqa lokukhetha ukuphelisa ukukhulelwa liyehla ngaphakathi kwelungelo lokuzimela wedwa eliqinisekiswe ngokupheleleyo yi-Curves Procession ye 145 Dementement. Isigqibo sanciphisa imithetho yesizwe ethintela ukuqhomfa nokuqalisa ukumelana nokungavumelani kwezopolitiko kunye nomthetho. [[FLT]] Roe kamva yalawulwa ngumthetho we-Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Health [[FLT:]2] [20], ihlala ingumzekelo wokulungisa imicimbi yobuqu yobuqu kunye nenkqubo efunekayo.

Lochner v. New York (1905)

Lochner v. New York ibonakalisa ukuphikisana kokungaphindwa kohlolo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yagatya umthetho waseNew York olawula iiyure zokusebenza kubabhaki ukuya kuma-60 ngeveki, ifumana ukuba yaphula umthetho "wesivumelwano" phantsi koMphetho-weshumi elinesine. [[FLT:]] I-Lochner inkathi (phantse u1897-197)) yabona iNkubeko lweNkusebenza iiyure ukuya kumashumi amathandathu eveki, ikrwelelo lwezentengiso. Ukugxekwa kwesi senzo ekugqibeleni kwabangela utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, kunye neNkurhonga yeNkundla [[FLT:] Lloch] [[FLT] [5]'ixesha lokuqiqanda-okza, ukucacisa indlela okunga kweNqandanga kweNqalo oluthi oluthi oluthi oluthi oluthiyo oluthiyo oluchaziyo oluthiyo oluthiyo oluthiyo oluthiyo oluchachachazi.

UKorematsu . waseMelika (1944)

Korematsu v. United States imi njengentsomi elumkisayo yokuma kade komthetho ngexesha lemfazwe. Inkundla yaxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwentsebenziswano yabemi baseJapan ngobude beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, isebenzisa umgangatho othe ngqo wokuhlola kwimiyalelo yabalawuli nakumkhosi. Kamva igwetyelwe ngokubanzi, eli tyala libonisa ukuba uhlolo lokugweba alunakwenzisi tyala; lingavumela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu xa iinkundla zingakufuni ukuqwalasela ngokunentsingiselo inyathelo likarhulumente.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Umqondiso wale mihla, Obergefell v. Hodges, wayekholelwa ukuba ilungelo lomtshato wobufanasini ukhuselwe phantsi koMsebenzi woLawulo lweMsebenzi weshumi elinesine noKhuselo lokulinganisa luka-Claus. Umthetho owenziwe waphelelwa lixabiso kumtshato ofanayo we-663, ubonise uhlolo lokwandiswa kwenkululeko yobuqu nokubonakalisa amaxabiso asusela phambili, kwanaphambi kokuchaswa kwemithetho ye-Gractica.

Inkqubo Yohlolo Logwebo

Ukuhlola okusesikweni akuzenzekeli; kudla ngokuvela kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo yokukhupha ityala okanye ngeengxaki ezithile zomgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo ibandakanya iinkqubo eziliqela zokugcina amasango ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla azingeni mbambano okanye ukungenelela ngaphambi kwexesha kwiimbambano zezobupolitika.

Okokuqala, iqela kufuneka libe [ lime.

Xa ityala libekwe kakuhle phambi kwenkundla, inkqubo yokuzihlola ityhilwa ngokwemigangatho. Amaqela angenisa iinkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni ezichaza iimpikiswano zawo, acaphula amalungiselelo afanelekileyo omgaqo-siseko, imimiselo, kunye nemizekelo. Impikiswano engoonomlomo ivumela abagwebi ukuba babuze amagqwetha kwaye bavavanye imida yokuqiqa kwabo. Inkundla ngoko izenza ngabom ngasese, ivelise uluvo olubhaliweyo oluchaza indlela yokuqiqa. Uluvo lungabamba umthetho (“iqiqaqazelo”) okanye iwubethe phantsi (“ olungaqinisekiswangaqinisekiswanga”). Kwiimeko zokungagunyaziswa, icebo lidla ngokuba umthetho ungabi nako ukunyanzeleka; i-constigation isenokudlula inguqulelo ehlaziweyo evumelana neemfunomkelo zomgaqo-siseko.

Imicimbi yezomthetho engqongwe yingcebiso

Ngaphandle kwendima yayo ephambili kulawulo-siseko, uhlolo lwezomthetho lusahlala lungumbandela wengxoxo enkulu. Abahlalutyi baphakamisa ubunzima [[FLT: 0] bokubala imimandla : abagwebi, ngokuqhelekileyo abangakhethwanga nabanandipha ubomi, abasebenzisa amandla okubhukuqa imithetho emiselwa ngabameli abanyuliweyo bedemokhrasi. Olu xinezelo phakathi kwegunya lejaji nolawulo lwedemokhrasi oluqhelekileyo luyinkxalabo eqhubekayo.

Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba uhlolo logwebo luyiyo kanye ekhusela amalungelo asisiseko kwizilangazelelo ezidlulayo zoninzi. Baphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko luxwebhu oluchaseneyo nomthetho oluyilwayo, lubeka imigaqo ethile engaphaya kokufikelela kwezobupolitika eziqhelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yokumiswa nokuqwalaselwa kwemimiselo yoluntu inika iindlela ezingangqalanga zokuziphendulela.

Enye impikiswano inxulumene nophicotho lophindo. Abanye abaphengululi baxhasa indlela "yomgaqo-siseko ophilayo" evumela intsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko ukuba iguquleke ngotshintsho lwentlalo, ngaloo ndlela ibangela ukuba uhlalutyo oluqinileyo lwezomthetho luphinde lwenzeke. Abanye baxhasa ubuGaqo-siseko, obuthi isithi abagwebi bafanele batolike umGaqo-siseko ngokwentsingiselo yasekuqaleni, benyanzelela iqhinga lenkundla. Ezi ngcamango ziphikisanayo zichaphazela ngendlela abagwebi abasebenzisa ngayo uphando lwetyala ekusebenzeni, nto leyo ekhokelela ekupheliseni iziphumo eziphezulu kwityala le-24.

Ukuphengululwa Kwezogwebo Kwamanye Amazwe

Uhlolo lwezeejaji lukude lee nesiko laseMerika elikhethekileyo. Ulawulo-melo oluninzi luye lwayivumelanisa le ngcamango nezithethe zalo ezingokwasemthethweni, nto leyo ephumela kwimizekelo eyahlukeneyo yolawulo lomgaqo-siseko.

I-United Kingdom

I-United Kingdom isebenza phantsi komgaqo wolawulo lomthetho wolawulo , ithetha iinkundla azinakubekela bucala umthetho oyintloko odluliselwe yiPalamente. Uhlolo lwezejaji kwi-UK lulinganiselwe ekuhloleni ubulunga bezenzo zegunya kunye nomthetho wesibini, iqinisekisa ukuba zihlala zikwimo yegunya lomthetho okanye umthetho oqhelekileyo. Noko ke, amalungelo e-Humantion Act uhlolo olubuthathaka: iinkundla zinokukhupha “impikiswano yezenzo zokungahambelani." ukuba umthetho ungqubana neNkulumbuso yaseYurophu elwela amalungelo abantu, kodwa awubotshelekanga. Inkundla ephakamileyo yeNkuNkundla [2] [FLT] [FLT] [FF] [4] [ill])).[9]

I-Jamani

[[[FLT:]] Inkundla yezomGaqo-siseko ePhakathi (Boundsefonsessungstet) iyakwazi ukubetha umthetho oweyisayo [ iSiko soMthetho [[[FLT:]] [iiNkundla] (iGundesfecusfingz]], umgaqo-siseko welizwe. Inkundla iphulaphula izikhalazomgaqo-siseko kubantu ngabanye, kunye nomthetho-siseko othe ngqo nongaqondangame oqaliyo oqalwa ngurhulumente okanye iinkundla ezisezantsi. Izigqibo zisebenza kuwo onke amanye amasebe karhulumente. Imodeli igxininisa ngokuqinile kumalungelo angundoqo, kwaye inkundla iye yasebenzisa inkqubo kwiinkqubo zokulungisa ii-data, intetho ekhululekile, kunye nomzekelo we-Europe, [FFFON] [5] [FT]

I-France

IFransi ngokwembali yalwa nendima enamandla kubagwebi ekuhloleni umthetho, ixhasa ubukhulu bolawulo lwepalamente. IBhunga leKhonthistiali (Ikonkementi) wenziwa ngo1958] njengequmrhu elihlola ukuma komgaqo-siseko wemithetho phambi kokuqulunqwa kwabo. Ekuqaleni, nguMongameli kuphela, uMongameli, okanye iintloko zamagumbi epalamente ezikhompa enokuthi ibhekisele kwiBhunga. Utshintsho olukhulu lwangonyaka ka- 1974 lubhekisele kumalungelo angama-60 okanye ama-60 e-senator, uqinisa indima yeBhunga lomthetho. Ngowama 2010, ukuveliswa koMgaqo-siseko we-siseko soburhulumente, okanye i-Puthomo-siseko (PT) [FT] ugunyaziso olufanelekileyo lomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko [Fofficlat]

I-India

Inkqubo yezobulungisa yaseIndiya iphakathi kweyona ibanzi kwilizwe eliqhelekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya inamandla okuphelisa ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko ukuba ayawonakalisa “umgaqo-siseko”, imfundiso eqaliswe kuqala ekwakhiweni iKavanabata v. Urhulumente weKerala[FLT] [127] [1]). Le mfundiso ikhusela iimpawu ezingundoqo njengomthetho, ukuzimela kwezahlulelo, kunye nolawulo lolawulo lwesizwe ekungakhutshekisweni kwana nePalame. Iinkundla zamaIndiya zikwakhothamo ezithelela uluntu ngokubalulekileyo, zivumela nawuphi na umceli wokucela amalungelo abo bangena entlalo. I-Aravian ayikhangeli nje ngokuhlola igunya loluntu.

CanadaName

I- Ikharethi lamaLungelo neNkululeko (19982) yasungula uhlobo oluthile lokuhlola okugweba. Iinkundla zingabetha imithetho echasene namalungelo etshayelelo, kodwa iSicangca siquka [ i-[FLT:] emileyo i- (Ulwahlulo 33) oluvumela iindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba ziwise imigaqo ethile yecandelo elithile yexesha leminyaka emihlanu ehlaziyiweyo. Oku kubandakanya umlinganiselo wamandla ogwebo nolawulo lwedemokhrasi. [5] [5] [5]

Ukubaluleka Kokuzihlolisisa Ngeejaji

Uhlolo lwezomthetho lubalulekile nakuwuphi na umyalelo womgaqo-siseko onqwenela ukumisela igunya likarhulumente nokukhusela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izenzo zikarhulumente zihambelana nezakhiwo ezimiselwe kwangaphambili zomthetho, uhlolo lomthetho luxhasa umthetho ````````````umgaqo-mthetho'''''.] umgaqo wokuba akukho namnye, kuquka namagosa aphezulu, angaphezulu komthetho. Inika inkqubo enoxolo, elungelelanisayo yokucombulula iinjongo zomgaqo-siseko, ithintela ukungaphazamisi komthetho okanye ugonyamelo.

Ngaphezu koko, uhlolo lomthetho lukhusela amalungelo angundoqo [[FLT: 1] ngokuchasene nobuzwilakhe boninzi. I-Democratic commentations, ngexa ibalulekile kulawulo, ingamisela imithetho ephazamisayo okanye ecinezela amaqela angenabungozi. Xa iinkundla ziyenza ingasebenzi imithetho enjalo, ziqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo angundoqo akalawulwa yiminqweno eqhelekileyo. Isigqibo kwi Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo ingumzekelo onamandla: ngaphandle kokuhlola kogwebo, i-gqwele yesikolo isenokuqhubeka kangangamashumi eminyaka eenyanga phantsi kwenkqubo enkulu.

Ekugqibeleni, uhlolo lwetyala lukhuthaza ukuphendula koburhulumente. Ukwazi ukuba izenzo zabo zinokuba phantsi kovavanyo lomthetho, iindlu zowiso-mthetho kunye namagunya anegunya kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba zenze ngokwemida yomGaqo-siseko. Oku kuthintela kukhuthaza ukuqulunqwa ngenyameko kwemithetho, ukuhlonelwa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, nokunamathela kumalungelo asekelwe kwimigaqo esekelwe kwiqumrhu.

Isiphelo

Uhlolo lwezomthetho luphawu olubalulekileyo, olunamandla, noluyimpikiswano yolawulo lwale mihla. Ukusukela ekusungulweni kwalo ku- Marbury v. Madison ekusebenzeni kwayo kwimpikiswano zale mihla malunga yimfihlo, ukulingana, namandla aphezulu, inika inkqubo yemigaqo yolawulo yolawulo lomthetho kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente. Ngelixesha iingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni nokuziko lomlinganiselo ziyaqhubeka, ukuqonda okungundoqo kusenyanzelekile ekulondolozeni imida yemithetho-siseko, ekukhuseleni inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, nasekusekeleni umthetho wakhe. Ukuqonda imbali, imigaqo, kunye notshintsho lwehlabathi lonke luxhobisa abemi kunye nezifundiswa zezomthetho ngokufanayo ukuqhubana ngokunentsingiselo nokuqhubekeka kwalo inguqulelo yalo cwangciso-nkqubo olubalulekileyo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlolisisa umbhalo opheleleyo wezigqibo zephawu eligqitha Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho , iirekhodi ezisemthethweni zenkcazelo ye i-Oyez project[, ubuncwane beNkundla yezobuGaqo-siseko yaseJamani [[FLT]], kunye nePalamente ye-UK yenkcazelo ekwi i-astertacification.