Ukuchazwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko ziinkundla akwenzeki kwi-athom; yinkqubo enzima, ngokufuthi ethanda ukuphikisa ukuma kwemeko esemthethweni yase-United States. Ngokweemeko zephawu, ijaji ichaze, ihluze, kwaye maxa wambi icacisa kwakhona intsingiselo yamalungelo akhutshiweyo kumGaqo-siseko. Olu hlalutyo lwandisiweyo luhlolisisa ezi zigqibo zibalulekileyo, iindlela zokutolika abagwebi abasebenzisa, kunye neziphumo ezifikelela kude zokulawula, inkululeko, kunye nebutho labantu ngokubanzi.

Indima yeeNkundla ekutolikeni amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Iinkundla, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo, zisebenza njengeentloko-mthetho zotoliko. Izigqibo zazo zingaba neziphumo ezinzulu kumalungelo abantu kunye namagunya karhulumente. IGatya III lomGaqo-siseko amisa isebe lezomthetho, kodwa amandla akhethekileyo okuchaza umGaqo-siseko ngegunya elibopheleleyo avela kuqheliselo lwangaphambili kunye nokuzithethelela kweNkundla ngamandla [[[FLT:]] Barbury v. Madison[. Ukususela ngoko, ijadicary itolike umGaqo-siseko ngentlobo-mgaqo-siseko ngentlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zelensi, kuquka ne-linstim, kunye nenkism, nenkcubemscristism ephilayo.

I-textation igxininisa kwintsingiselo eqhelekileyo yombhalo womgaqo-siseko njengoko ibinokuqondwa ngexesha lokudityaniswa. UbuShulumente, obunxulumene ngokusondeleyo, bufuna ukuphinda bufumane intsingiselo yantlandlolo kawonke-wonke okanye injongo yokuqala yeziFrames. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuphila ngomgaqo-siseko kuxhasa ukuba amagama abanzi omGaqo-siseko `afana" okanye “ukhuseleko olulinganayo” kufuneka luziqhelanise nokutshintsha kweemeko kunye namaxabiso entlalo. Akukho ndlela inye yokulawula; imigaqo esoloko idibanisa iindlela, kunye nentanda-bulumko etolika yeNkuNkundla ithelelana. Ukuqonda ezi zicwangciso eziphikisanayo kuyimfuneko ukuva ukuba iingxelo zenkundla zifikelele izigqibo ezahlukeneyo.

Igunya leNkundla elichazayo likwafikelela kumlinganiselo wamalungelo. Amanye amalungelo acacile . . njengawokuthetha kwiSinyuso Sokuqala () kanti amanye achazwa njengelungelo lokufumana imvume, elisuka kwinkundla yezotshintsho ezininzi. Inkqubo yokucacisa ifuna ukuqiqa ngocoselelo kwaye idla ngokubangela impikiswano kawonke-wonke malunga neqhayiya elichuliweyo nemisebenzi yenkundla.

Amatyala Angundoqo Kwinkcazelo YomGaqo-siseko

UMthetho wePhondo (uLawulo lweZiko loLuntu)

Eli tyala libalulekileyo lamisela umgaqo wokuhlola, ukuvumela iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba iphelise imithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko. Ityala lavela kwisiphithiphithi sezobupolitika sonyulo lonyaka we-1800, xa uMongameli uJohn Adams ophumayo wamisela iqela “abagwebi basebusuku” kwibhedrin karhulumente. UWilliam Marbury, omnye wabo omiselwe, unobhala weSizwe uJames Madison omiselwe yiKhomishini. IJaji eyintloko uJohn Marshall, ebhalela iNkundla, wayekholelwa ukuba ngoxa uMarbury wayenelungelo lokugunyaziswa, iNkuNkundla ayinako ukumisela imvume yokunikezelwa kwayo ngenxa yokuba umthetho unike loo negunya (udiction 13 weSinyathelo sika-Judiary ka-1789) umlomo ngokwakhe yayingenagunya.

Uluvo lukaMarshall lwayiphepha ngobuchule inkxwaleko engqalileyo noMongameli Thomas Jefferson ngokungavumi ukukhupha i-writ, kodwa kwangaxeshanye lathi liyisiqinisekiso somthetho wesigqeba sokuvakalisa izenzo zokuphunyelelwa kweKhosareji. Oku kungqinelana, nangona kungachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, kwaba sisiseko. Njengoko Marshall wabhala, “Kugxininisa iphondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe lejaji ukuchaza oko umthetho.[FLT][FLT:]

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954): Isiphelo seDe Jure Se Convention

Kweli tyala libalulekileyo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yagqiba ngamxhelo mnye ukuba ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwaphula umthetho i-Ulinganiselo lwe-Claus ye-14th Amendment. Esi sigqibo sayibhukuqa imfundiso engalunganga “yokwahlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo” yemfundiso ye Pnety v. Ferguson[ [1896]. IJaji eyintloko uEarl Warren, ibhala kwiNkundla, yagxininisa ukuba amaziko emfundo azimeleyo ayengalingani ncam, ihlupha abantwana abambalwa abanamathuba alinganayo okufunda kwaye abangele umonakalo wengqondo.

[[NKT.0] Brown yayingesososindululo somthetho somthetho owenziwe ngokusesikweni; yayiyincopho yeminyaka yokulingwa kwe-NAACP LGAVIG, ikhokelwa ngu-Thurfaill Marshall. Imbono yeNkundla yafumana ubungqina bezenzululwazi yentlalo, njengophando olufana no-Kenneth no-Mamie Clark, ukubonisa iziphumo ezimbi ze-paration. Oku kusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi olucacileyo olubonisa indlela ephilayo yomgaqo-siseko, iqonda ukuba intsingiselo yokulinganisa iyakhawuleza ngexesha elithile. Isigqibo sabangela ukuchasana okukhulu kwamanye amazwe, kodwa ekugqibeleni sabangela indlela yamaLungelo e-19649 kunye neSivume somthetho weSikolo somthetho womthetho ka-19656. [FLT][12]

I-Roe v. Wade (1973): Imfihlo kunye nokuvelisa i-Autonomy

Isigqibo seNkundla Roe v. Wade walamkela ilungelo lebhinqa lokukhetha ukuqhomfa phantsi kwelungelo lokuba lizimele, iNkundla ibikhe yafumana kumatyala anje Gristold v. Connecticut [1965]. Ukubhala ngetyala le 7-62], iJaji uHarry Blackmun yakholelwa ukuba ingcamango yeWanethith Amend Amend Remplity yenkululeko yobuqu kunye nokungawamkeli kwe-Gandroundings (ukungamela abantu)] kubandakanya ilungelo elingundoqo lokuzifunela izinto zenga zobuqu ezaziquka isigqibo somfazi ekugqibeleni kwakhe ukumitha kwakhe.

Noko ke, iNkundla yavuma iminqweno esemthethweni yephondo ekukhuseleni impilo kamama kunye nobomi obunokwenzeka. Yadala isiseko esincinane sokulungelelanisa ezi njongo: ebudeni besigqibo sokuqala, esithe gqi kwibhinqa nogqirha wakhe; kwimingxube yesibini, ityala linokulawula ukuqhomfa ukuze kukhusele impilo kamama; kwaye kwicandelo lesithathu lolwando, amazwe angakuthintela ukuqhomfa ngaphandle kokuba kuyimfuneko ukusindisa ubomi bomfazi. Esi sigqibo sabangela ukuqhomfa okukhulu, kokubili okusemthethweni nokusesikweni, kwaye sihlala singumthetho othe kruthathyo kwimbali yeNkundla. Ityala lapheliswa ngu [[FLT] uGawulayo] uGawulayo.

I-United States v. Nixon (1974): Ingxelo yoMongameli

Eli tyala laqinisa umgaqo wokuba akukho mntu, nanguMongameli, ongaphezulu komthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho ngamxhelo mnye ukuba uMongameli Richard Nixon kwafuneka akhuphe iikhasethi kunye namaxwebhu anxulumene nehlazo leWatergate, angavumi ukuba uphando lwakhe lwelungelo elipheleleyo lokulawula. Ityala lavela ekuhlolweni kolwaphulo-mthetho kwikomkhulu leKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic kunye nokwesigqumo se-. Umtshutshisi okhethekileyo uLeon Jaoworski engaphantsi-peniski; uNixon waphikisa ukuba bakhuselwa yi-mfihlolo efunekayo kwisigqibo somongameli kwisigqibo se-Slave.

IJaji enkulu uWarren Burger, ebhalela iNkundla, wavuma ilungelo lokufumana ilungelo lokunxibelelana nomongameli kodwa wabambelela ekubeni ayinako ukudlula iimfuno ezingundoqo zenkqubo efunekayo kwisaphuli-mthetho esiqhubekayo. Inkundla yayalela ukuba iikhasethi zikhululwe, yaye ekugqibeleni yatyhila ukubandakanywa kukaNixon kwigqubuliso, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni aphume. United States v. Nixon[FLT:] [FLT]] [1] yaqinisekisa indima yejajidiary ekuqinisekiseni ukuphendula, kwanakumgangatho ophezulu karhulumente. Yamisa nesakhiwo selungelo lokulawula ilungelo lokulawula, elifuna ukubhaliswa ngokuchasene nezilangazelelo zobulungisa. [FLT:]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Umgangatho womtshato

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo owell v. Hodges wasemthethweni womtshato ongokwabelana ngokwesini kulo lonke ilizwe, eqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokutshata liyinkululeko esisiseko ekhuselwe yi-Certive Procement and Ulwelotement Clausss of the Idefanceth Reconfment. Ukubhala ngobuninzi bama-5/4, uMgwebi weJaji uAntho u-1979 ukholelwa ukuba umtshato umiselwe kwingcamango yomntu ngamnye kwaye ilungelo lokutshata likwandisa izibini ezifanayo ezikwi-ex. Isigqibo somthetho owiswe kwimithetho kunye nomthetho owiswe ngokuthintela umtshato ngokuchasene nezibi ezithene.

INkundla yasekela indlela yayo yokucinga ngemigaqo emine: ilungelo lokuzikhethela ngokobuqu ngokuphathelele umtshato, inkxaso enikelwa ziintsapho, ukukhuselwa kwabantwana neentsapho, nesibakala sokuba umtshato ungundoqo wolungelelwano lwentlalo. UKennedy wasebenzisa imbono yakhe kwisithethe esiphilayo somgaqo-siseko, ephawula ukuba “ukungalungisi kungokokuba singasoloko siyibona ngamaxesha ethu.” Isigqibo samazwe anyanzelekileyo ukuvuma ukuba imitshato efanayo eqhutywa ngamanye amazwe kwaye saphawula inyathelo elibalulekileyo kumlo weLGBTQ+. Uluvo lukawonke lwatshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo kwiminyaka engaphambili, sibonakalisa indima yeNkubonakalisa nokutshintsha kwentlalo.

Ukudideka Kwezicatshulwa ZeNkundla

Oku kuthethwa zezi zityholo ziphambili kudlulela ngaphaya kwenkundla. Ziphembelela inkqubo kawonke-wonke, zimisela imigaqo yoluntu, zichaphazela ubomi bezigidi zabantu baseMerika. Ukuqonda la matyala kubalulekile kubafundisi nakubafundi ngokufanayo. IiNkundla azicombululeli nje kuphela iimpikiswano; zichaza intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ebopha bonke abadlali bezoburhulumente, zidala isiseko samalungelo abomsihlabeleko.

Impembelelo Kumthetho

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zisoloko zikhokelela kutshintsho kumthetho. Umzekelo, isigqibo [ku- Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo ayizange isuke ngokuzenzekelayo ishenxise izikolo, kodwa yanikezela isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokudlulisela uMthetho wamaLungelo waMalungelo oMgaqo-siseko wokulawula ukugcinwa kwabantwana ka-19649 kunye neSivumelo samaLungelo samaLungelo sika-19565. Ngokunjalo, [[FLT:]] Ofells v. Hodges uwiftods[Foct:] uluthelo olungenanto lumisela ukuvalwa kwemithetho ekwasemthethweni efanayo, igalelo lwemithetho elawula ukugcinwa komthetho wokukhulisa abantwana, ukukhuthaza ukuphatha ngokusemthethweni, ukurhola, ilifa, nokulungisa iinzuzo zenkundla zetyala, okanye ukurhoxabelana, ukurhoxabela ityala, ukurhola ityala, ukurhoxazuluza, ukurhola, ukutshintsha, ukutshintsha, ukutshintsha,

Ngaphezu koko, iNkundla yamaBhunga maxa wambi isenokusabela kwizigqibo ezingathandwayo ngokumisela izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko, nangona le nkqubo inqabile yaye kunzima.

Ukuphazamisa Imbono Kawonke - wonke

Amatyala aphezulu anokuguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwimicimbi yenkxwaleko. Ukulawula kubonise ulwamkelo olwandisiweyo, nangona lukwakhuthaza inkcaso. Ngokucacileyo, uguqulo lwemeko yezemfundo efanayo, ukugxininisa indima yenkundla ekubonakaliseni nasekulungiseni amaxabiso enkcubeko. Ukurhwabeza ulwazi phambi nasemva kwesigqibo kwabonisa ulwamkelo olubanzi, nangona lukwaneengxubene nenkcaso. Ngokunye, Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo inceda ukuchasana nemeko engokwasemthethweni echasene nomthetho, ukuphembelela amalungelo abantu. Noko ke, ulwalamano phakathi kweNkulawula noluvo lwasekuhlaleni lukho: ngamanye amaxesha, ikhokeleleka namanye amaxesha, kwaye ityala.

Abafundisi nabafundi kufuneka baqonde ukuba izigqibo eziphawulekayo zisoloko zisebenza njengezixhobo zemfundo. Baba yinxalenye yencoko yesizwe, bafundelwa ezikolweni, baphikisana ngamajelo eendaba, bacelw'ekisa ukuthatha inxaxheba. Iimbono zeNkundla zizenziwe ngocoselelo. /iiinkcukacha zeNkundla ./iiincwadi ezibhalwe ngobuchule, zinokuphembelela okanye zingazeyiseli, kwaye iingcinga zabo zimilisekile kwintetho yexesha elizayo.

Impembelelo Kwimiba Yexesha Elizayo

Izigqibo ezisungulwe zimeko zencopho yembali kwixesha elizayo, ukwenza ulwakhiwo olusemthethweni oluchaphazela indlela amalungelo achazwa ngayo kwaye akhuselwa ngayo. Oku kuqhubekeka kubalulekile ekugcineni uzinzo kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Imfundiso ye [[FLT: 0]]status[[[FLT:] [1] (ukuvumela isigqibo sime) (ulawulo) lukhokela iinkundla ukuba zilandele imithetho yangaphambili ngaphandle kokuba kukho isizathu esinyanzelisayo sokuzilawula. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] Barribury v.[FLT][FLT][5][FLT] [FLT]] umiselo olumiselwe iqhinga lokuhlola, olucatshuliweyo phantselwe phantselwe kucelomngeni ngalunye lomthetho. [FLT] [FLL]] [4]

Noko ke, umzekelo awugqibekanga. Roe v. umi malunga neminyaka engama-50 phambi kokuba ulawule ngokulawula Dobs. Ukuvuma kweNkundla ukubhukuqa ideko kugxininisa ukutshintsha kwentsingiselo yendlela yomgaqo-siseko. Iimeko zexesha elizayo ziza kuqhubeka zicombulula imida yamalungelo afana nemfihlo, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Umzekelo, emva [[FLT:] Ogberg], iinkundla zithetha ukuba ngaba imiqathango yonqulo-tetho ekwayalulo, ukuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nolungeleneyo phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo nolu lwabiwo-mthetho.

Impembelelo kumatyala azayo ikwayandisa indlela yokuchaza. Xa iNkundla imkela indlela yokubhala okanye yokwenziwa kwegama lokuqala kwelinye icala, loo ndlela isoloko isetyenziswa kwiimeko ezilandelayo. Umzekelo, ukuguqukela kweNkundla kutsha ngakwimeko yesiBili yoMgqino-mva, njengo Ijiko leKolunte[FL]] ye-Griography [2008] kunye [[FLT] ne-New York Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT:] [202]] [202] [iiiiiiiiiphewu, iphembele indlela iinkundla ezisezantsi ezivavanisa ngayo imiqathango yompu. Indlela yokusebenza (okanye ukujika kwemipu)

Isiphelo

Ukutolikwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko ziinkundla yinkqubo esebenzayo eqhubeka iguquka. Iimeko ezingundoqo `ukusukela ku uMarbury' ku[FLT:]] "Obergefell[[]]. . "Iyahlula indima ebalulekileyo yokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, ukuqinisekisa amandla karhulumente, nokuqinisekisa okusesikweni. Ezi zigqibo azisombululi nje kuphela iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela; zibhengeza imigaqo yesomgaqo-siseko ebopha onke amasebe karhulumente kwaye zizise amalungelo ommi ngamnye. Njengokuba abaqeqeshi nabafundi besenza ezi zigqibo zomthetho, banegalelo ekuqondeni ngokunzulu imigaqo yomthetho-siseko kunye neemfuno zentlalo-ntle. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kweNkundla yezopolitiki, namasebe elungele ukucaciswa ngoo oorhulumente abahlala kwicandelo abahlala phantsi kwecandelo, ukuqwalathisa ngolwazi olunelo lwezinzo lomthetho, sino olulungelelanisayo lomthetho, sino lwazinzo lomthetho, si