Ingcamango yenkqubo efunekayo yeyokulawula inkqubo esisiseko yenkqubo yomthetho waseMerika, esekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine. Iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uya kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Iinkundla zichaza lo mgaqo ngokweentlobo ezimbini eziphambili: inkqubo efunekayo, enxulumene nenkqubo esesikweni yenkqubo karhulumente, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo engaphantsi kweye-oxanduva, ekhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekuphazameni kolawulo lukarhulumente. Ezi nkcazelo zityhila zityhila ngokwamalungelo ophawu kunye neemfuno zomfaneleko womntu ngamnye. Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezichaza ngayo inkqubo efunekayo ekuthabatheni umlinganiselo wamandla ombuso phakathi korhulumente nomntu ngamnye.

Ukuqonda iNkqubo elindelekileyo: Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

Inkqubo efunekayo yeyomthetho-siseko waseMerika, esebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya likarhulumente. UHlaziyo lwesihlanu lusebenza kurhulumente wesizwe, ngoxa uMphengululo weCandelo weshumi elinesine udlulisela ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kwizenzo zikarhulumente. Zombini, ziqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela abantu zihamba ngendlela esesikweni nengalinganiyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ikholelwa ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo asiyonkqubo engqongqo kodwa yingcamango eguqukayo evumelana neemeko zetyala ngalinye.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo esesikweni efunekayo ibhekisa kwindlela kunye nenkqubo urhulumente kufuneka ayilandele xa efuna ukuhlutha umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Embilinini yayo, ifuna ukuba abantu bafumane isaziso sesenzo esicetyisiweyo kunye nethuba lokuviwa phambi komenzi wesigqibo ongakhethiyo. Ukwenziwa kobuchule kusuka ku [[FLT: 0]] ii-cells v. Eldridge[ [7976], eyasungula uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo lokulinganisela inzala yobuqu echaphazelekayo, umngcipheko wokungaphazanyiswa kwemigaqo ekhoyo, nomdla karhulumente kwimpumelelo. Iinkundla ziye zasebenzisa olu vavanyo kumacala abanzi emongomongo, ukusuka kwinzuzo yokurhoxilongo lwemali yesikolo.

  • [[UMTL:0] Intwana: abantu kufuneka baziswe ngezityholo okanye izenzo ezichasene nabo ngendlela efike ngexesha, enolwazi olwaneleyo ukulungiselela ukhuseleko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Opportiny ezakuva: Oku kubandakanya ilungelo lokunika ubungqina, ukubiza amangqina, kunye nokujamelana nobungqina obungebubo.
  • Inkundla engakhethi cala: Izigqibo kufuneka zenziwe ngumakhi wobundilele ongenamkhethe okanye umdla wobuqu.

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkqubo yomthetho asilulo uluhlu olusisigxina; iimfuno ezikhethekileyo ziyahluka ngokwesimo senkqubela nezilangazelelo ezisemngciphekweni. Ngokomzekelo, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lifuna ukukhuselwa ngokupheleleyo, ngelixa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala lokugxothwa kwezindlu zikawonke wonke kusenokufuna inkqubo encinane esesikweni. Iinkundla zikwaqonda ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ibandakanya ilungelo lokucebisa kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye, kwezinye iimeko zasekuhlaleni zifuna ukuphelisa amalungelo abazali, uncedo lwesiluleko lusenokufuneka ngokusemthethweni.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kwanaxa iinkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo zilungile. Le mfundiso iyalela urhulumente ekuchaseni amalungelo abekwe "enzulu" kwimbali nesithethe" kunye "ekumiseleni kwingcamango yenkululeko emiselweyo," njengoko icaciswe kwi Shington v. Glucksberg[[FLT] [[FLT] [1997]. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibone isiseko esisisiseko samalungelo phantsi kwenkqubo efunekayo, kuquka ilungelo lokutshata, ilungelo lokukhulisa abantwana, ilungelo lokungabotshelelwangabo nengxaki zenyama. Xa umthetho uthelekelela, ifuna ukuqinisekisa inkxalabo engundoqo, ifuna ukuqinisekisa inzala engqongqo, ifuna ukuqinisekisa inkxalabo engqongqo yomthetho nengenayo.

  • [[NTL: 0] Ekunene ukutshata: Obergefell v. Hodges (2015] yandiswe inkqubo efunekayo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo kumtshato oxhulumeneyo.
  • ekunene ukukhulisa abantwana: Troxel v. Granville [2000] uqinisekisa inzala esisiseko yabazali ukukhokela abantwana babo.
  • ekunene kwi-openserver: [[FLT]] Griswold v. Connecticut (65) yamkela ilungelo kwimfihlo yomtshato, kamva yandiswe kwi [[FLT:]ROE v. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [197]][197]][FLT]][6] LIVEncev. Texas
  • Ekunene ukwala unyango lwezamayeza: Cruzan v. UMlawuli, Isebe lempilo laseMissouri (1990) wamkela ilungelo lomntu ofanelekileyo lokulandula unyango lobomi.

Inkqubo esisiseko ephambili ephambili yeyona ndawo idityanisiweyo yomthetho-siseko, abahlalutyi besithi ivumela abagwebi ukuba bafunde ngokobuqu kumGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, le mfundiso iyaqhubeka ikhusela inkululeko esisiseko kwiinkokeli eziphandayo.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Kwenkqubo

Imvelaphi yenkqubo efunekayo ingalandelwa emva kwiMagna Carta (1215), eqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo oza kuhluthwa amalungelo ngaphandle "komthetho welizwe". Le ngcamango yafuduselwa kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi yaza yafakwa kwimithetho-siseko yangaphambili yelizwe laseMelika. Izifekethiso zeU.S.S. ziquka inkqubela efunekayo yokukhusela kwiSindululo seFite-Mgqomo, nasemva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, iGawula le 145th Amendmend Remplite yandisa ezi zikhuseli kurhulumente. Izigqibo zangaphambili zeNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo zaqalisa ukuqaphela imigaqo ekhusela ngokobuqu. Dred Scott v. [[FLT:] [185]], itolika inkqubo efunekayo kwimfazwe ekhusela ubukhoboka, kodwa emva kwe-evostristriccractic jumple iqala ukubulela imvume.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nokuqalisa kweye-20 kwabonwa ukunyuka kwenkqubo efunekayo yezoqoqosho, "iinkundla ezazisebenzisa ukuwisa imithetho esetyenziswayo njengehlawulo elincinci kunye nemithetho yeyure eninzi kwiimeko ezifana ne Lochner v. eNew York [1950]. Eli xesha liphela ngenkqubo yezezoqoqosho [[FLT:] [iiii-West Coast Hotel v. Parrish [197], emva koko iNkukwamkele ukubukelelwa kwesiseko esibambekayo semimiselo yezoqoqosho. Ngoko, inkqubo efunekayo ibhekise phambili ibhekise phambili kwinkululeko kunye neyobuqu, ngexa inkqubo efunekayo inyuselwe kumthetho, ilungele ulawulo, intlalo lwemfundo.

Ityala elingundoqo leNkundla ePhakamileyo lokuChasa inkqubo yokuLawula

Izigqibo eziliqela eziphawulekayo zibonisa indlela iinkundla eziyitolika ngayo inkqubo efanelekileyo nemiphumo yayo kubemi.

[[UMTL: 0] Roe v. Ukujongwa [[UMGAQO] [[UMTL] [1] (1973) kunye [[UMTL:2] Dobs v. Jackson Amabhinqa 'Aqumrhu lezempilo[[[FL:3] [2022]

[[Nkundla:0] Ingulo elungele ukumiswa kwenkululeko yomfazi , iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi, malunga neminyaka engama-50 kamva, isekelwe kwinkqubo efunekayo, ibandakanya isigqibo sebhinqa sokuphelisa ukukhulelwa. INkundla yamisa isiseko esilungeleleneyo sokulawula inkululeko karhulumente kwimpilo kamama kunye nemfuno yobomi obunokwenzeka. , ibambe ukuba ukuqhomfa akukhuselwanga kakhulu, [ iDobs v. Jackson’s Organization of Health i-e system] ilawula [[FLT:], ibambe ukuba ukuqhola okusekunene akukhunjululwanga kwimbali kwaye ayikhuselwanga yinkqubo encinci yokurhoxakeka. Le nkqubo yokukhupha isisuko ibuyisela umlinganiselo wokuphuma.[FLT][FLT]]]

[[UMTL:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

[[Nkundla:0] IMiranda yandisiwe ngendlela ebanzi efunekayo ngokufuna ukuba abanyanzelisa umthetho bazise abakrokrele ngamalungelo abo ukuba bahlale bethule kwaye bacebise ngexesha lokuncinwa kwegunya. INkundla yaqiqa ukuba ngaphandle kwezi zilumkiso, umanyano olusemgangathweni lwamapolisa luhlazisa ilungelo lokuzihlaziya loMquluko-Mmiselo wesihlanu nxamnye nolwamphambili, olusebenza kumazwe ngenkqubo efunekayo yokuLamla iGawulayo. "Miranda" isilumkiso esiye saba singundoqo wenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho waseMerika, iqinisekisa ukuba abarhanelwayo bayazi indlela yokuzikhusela.

[[UMTLL: 0] I- Shashington v. Glucksberg (1997)

[[NTLT:0] Glucksberg, iNkundla yakwalela ukuvalwa komsebenzi okusezantsi wokuzibulalayo kweWashington. Isigqibo sacacisa indlela emxinwa: ukuze kuboniswe ilungelo elisisiseko phantsi kwenkqubo efunekayo, kufuneka ibe "ngokufanelekileyo, ngokunzulu, isekelwe kwimbali nesithethe" kunye "nesizathu esivakalayo kwingcamango yokuzikhulula okuyalelweyo". Inkundla ayifumani sithethe sinjalo sokunceda ukuzibulala nokusebenzisa uhlolo olufanelekileyo, iphakamisa uvalo. Le meko ibonakalisa indlela yobulumko yeNkulwano lwangoku ekwandiswa kwesithethe.

[[FLT: 0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

[[Nkundla:0] yafumanisa ukuba ilungelo lokutshata lingunozala , iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ilungelo elisisiseko lokutshata lisebenza kwizibini ezingokwasemgangathweni omnye ngaphantsi kwenkqubo efunekayo kunye nerejista elinganayo yeGama eliGqibeleleyo le 144th Amendment Amendment. INkundla yafumanisa ukuba ilungelo lokutshata lingumdlalo ongundoqo wobuqu, kwaye ukususa izibini ezingobezo zobudlelane ezingokwasemtshatweni kwaziwanyanzelisayo zikhanye nesidima esilinganayo. Oku kwabonisa amandla aqhubekayo enkqubo efunekayo engaphantsi komcimbini wobuqu ekukhuseleni ulwalamano lobuqu, phezu kwakonako olunzima oluvela [[FLT:]

Ukufuna Abemi: Amalungelo Neemeko

Iinkcazelo zezeejaji zenkqubo efanelekileyo zineziphumo ezibanzi kubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi, ziphembelela yonke into ukusuka kubulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kumthetho wentsapho kunye nezobumfihlo bemivo.

Ukukhusela Ukukhutshwa Komphumo Ophosakeleyo

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkqubo esesikweni ikhusela abemi kwisenzo sikarhulumente esizimeleyo. Umzekelo, phambi kokuba isikolo sikawonke-wonke simise umfundi kangangeentsuku ezilishumi okanye ngaphezulu, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ebekwe kwi- Gos v. Lopez [1897] ukuba umfundi makafumane isaziso kunye nethuba lokuchongwa. Ngokufanayo, kumongo wezikhuseli zezentlalo, urhulumente kufuneka anikele ukuchotshelwa ngaphambi kokuba anqumle iinzuzo. Ezi khuseleke abantu baqinisekise ukuba babe nethuba elifanelekileyo lokukhuphisana nezigqibo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela indlela abaphila ngayo, inkululeko, okanye impahla.

Iityala Ezifanelekileyo Nomelo Olusemthethweni

Ilungelo lokucebisa kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, eliqinisekiswe yiSithandathu soMphetho-mvandedwa kwaye elisetyenziswa kumazwana ngenkqubo efanelekileyo Gedeon v. Waingrid [1963], liqinisekisa ukuba nabamangalelwa banalo ufikeleli-mthetho. Ngokukhawuleza iNkundla iqaphele ukuba inyathelo elifanelekileyo lifuna uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko phantsi srickland v. Washington[FLT][19984] [kuMatyala asekuhlaleni]. Nangona kungekho lungelo lasemthethweni kwisiluleko, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukusungula igqwetha iimbono ezingundoqo apho amalungelo anjalo angokomzali exhotyiswe kumthi, njengoko kucetyiswe kwiNkurtment:[FLT] [5] [5]

Ukuzimela Kwam Nokwenza Izinto Ngesiqu Samanani

Ubuxhakaxhaka buzisa imingeni emitsha kwinkqubo efunekayo. Njengoko abameli bakarhulumente beqokelela ubuninzi bengxelo ze-data yamanani, iinkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise amalungelo obuqu kunye neemfuno zomthetho. Carpeent v. United States (208), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ifuna isiqinisekiso sokufikelela kwiingxelo zembali zeseli-indawo, icaphula ukhuseleko lweSine se-Gandla lokuzimela lwe-mfihlolo-mfa yomthetho. Ngexesha eli tyala ligqityebileyo phantsi kwe-si-5, libonisa inkxabalo ebanzi yokuba abemi banelungelo lokungamele balubeke ngokukhululekile. [[FLT:] [FL2]

Iingxaki Neengxubakaxaka

Phezu kwazo nje iinkuselo ezomeleleyo, iingxaki ezibalulekileyo zisekho. Ukubekwa umthetho ngokugqithisileyo kukhokelele kwinani elikhulu lamatyala amancinane athwele izigwebo ezinzulu, ngokufuthi egqitha imigaqo esemthethweni. Ukusilela ukunikela umelo olusemthethweni olwaneleyo, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo zokukhusela uwonke, kuthetha ukuba abamangalelwa abaninzi bajongene nezilingo ze-okdwa. Imithetho eninzi ye-ofessi ivumela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ngaphandle kokunyanzelelwa yingozi, ukuphakamisa inkxalabo efunekayo malunga nokuswela kwesakhono nokuva abanini bempahla. [[FLT: 0]] Iqela lemiqathangongoma yemibalelwano ibala ibangela ukuba i-almodeli yemeko eyingozi, ukuvalela, ukugweba, ukuvala i-parleactive, kunye nezigqibo ezibangela ukuba isixokelelwano kwenkqubo ezinokungenwa yinkqubo yovavanyo okanye i-data yomgqweqwe.

Utyekelo Lwakutshanje Nekamva Lenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Isalathisi senkqubo asihlali sihleli. ICHOVAID-19 ixhobisa iinkundla ukuba zicombulule imiyalelo yempilo yexesha likaxakeka ethintelayo / umzekelo, izigunyaziso, izigqumo, iimfuno zokugoma, kunye nokuvalwa kweshishini. i-Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn. ICukomo[[[FLT:] [2020], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yahlasela ukuhla kwemidatha kwemida yokuyamfa yonqulo ekwizindlu zonqulo njengokwaphula imigaqo yokuziqhelanisa, kodwa kwakhona ityala laphakamisa uxinzelo phakathi kwempilo kawonke-wonke kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Njengoko ibutho labantu lijamelene nezisongelo ezintsha zokwenziwa kobuchule boburhulumente, ubuchule bolawulo, kunye nobugcisa bokuhlola, iza kuqhubeka ukucombulula imida yemida yemibutho yootho yootho yootho yonqulo lwamabimbini.

Ukwenziwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kutshintshile kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kunye noninzi oludla ngokulinganisela ukwanda kwenkqubo encinci efunekayo. amaDobbs angumzekelo ocacileyo. Amatyala exesha elizayo angaphinda aphinde ajonge umlinganiselo wamalungelo elungelo kwi-mfihlo, amalungelo okudlulisa abantu abatsha, nemida ye-ISGeneral. Abaphengululi nabasemgaqweni babhekisa ngokubhekele phambili kwinkqubo elungileyo nesixhobo sokukhusela iGawulayo [

Ukunika Abemi Amandla Ngenkqubo Efanelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo asiyondlela engokwasemthethweni nje engaziwayo; iluncedo enokuthi ummi ngamnye afune ukukhuselwa ngayo. Ukwazi indlela ehamba ngayo yenkcubeko neyokuyila inkqubo efunekayo kwenza abantu bavavanye ukuqhatha korhulumente, bafuna ukuviwa kakuhle, nokukhusela inkululeko yabo esisiseko. Imfundo, uncedo olusemthethweni, kunye nokungakhuselwa koluntu kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo efunekayo ingaphezu kwesithembiso esiphilayo. Ngoxa indaleko yesiseko isenokuguqula izinto ezithile, isenokuguqula ukhuseleko oluthile, ummiselo ongundoqo wokuba akukho mntu ufanele ahluthwe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye ukuphathwa kakuhle kwempahla ngaphandle kokuphatha kakuhle kuhlala kuyinto engundoqo ekwamkelekileyo kwezobulungisa baseMerika.